Ethics Exam 1

What are five characteristics of professions?

(1) Mastery of an esoteric body of knowledge, (2) Autonomy, (3) Formal Organization, (4) Code of Ethics, and (5) a Culture of Practice.

According to Michael Davis, what is a profession?

A profession is a number of individuals in same occupation voluntarily organized to earn a living by openly serving a moral ideal in a morally permissible way beyond what law, market, morality, and public opinion would otherwise require.

[2.3] The Principle of the Utilitarian Model

An action is morally permissible just in case it maximizes overall utility

[3.1] Moral Epistemology is about

Knowledge of morality

[3.1] Applied Ethics

Professional Code of Ethics

According to Antropocentrism/the traditional Western Ethics, why do we have an obligation to protect the environment? (Choose Two)

We should value and care for the natural world because of its importance to moral agents. Because we have an obligation to pass on to our children an environment that is in as good a shape as we found it.

[1.3] According to the Preamble of NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers, engineers must perform under a standard of professional behavior that requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct. The services provide by engineers require [answer], impartiality, fairness, and equity, and must be dedicated to the protection of the public health, [answer], and welfare.

honesty, safety

[1.4] The following are provisions selected from the ACM Code of Ethics. Choose those provisions that can represent the aspirational attribute of ethics. 1. 1.4 Be fair and take action not to discriminate. 2. 2.8 Access computing and communication resources only when authorized to do so. 3. 2.2 Acquire and maintain professional competence. 4. 2.7 Improve public understanding of computing and its consequences. 5. 3.6 Create opportunities for members of the organization to learn the principles and limitations of computer systems.

4. 2.7 Improve public understanding of computing and its consequences. 5. 3.6 Create opportunities for members of the organization to learn the principles and limitations of computer systems.

Which of the following best describes Antropocentrism?

Antropocentrism is the belief, common in western ethical theory, that nonhuman natural objects have value only as they contribute to human being.

[2.3] The Utilitarian Model

For evaluating actions, not persons

[2.3] The Respect for Persons

For evaluating persons, not actions

[3.5] Social Contract Theorists asserts that states/governments were founded on an underlying social contract. However they have different views on the role of government. Thomas Hobbes

Government has absolute political power. Government's role is to protect both negative rights and positive rights

[3.5] Social Contract Theorists asserts that states/governments were founded on an underlying social contract. However they have different views on the role of government. John Locke

Government's power is limited; its role is to ensure natural justice is properly implemented and to protect basic rights and liberties

[3.5] Social Contract Theorists asserts that states/governments were founded on an underlying social contract. However they have different views on the role of government. John Rawls

Government's role is to protect basic rights and liberties in a society where inequalities can be legitimately demonstrated

What is the theoretical origin of organizational disobedience?

Henry David Thoreu's notion of civil disobedience

Is it possible to form consensus in an organization? What does a Cultural Relativist would say? How about a Subjectivist? Subjectivist

It is impossible to have consensus because morality is an individual judgment. Moral disagreement is not soluble.

Is it possible to form consensus in an organization? What does a Cultural Relativist would say? How about a Subjectivist? Relativist

It is possible to have consensus because morality is based on what a culture or society agrees to act. As such moral disagreement is soluble.

What should Jim do? Why?

Jim should not do it and let the in-house department bid what they think is appropriate. The cost shouldn't be the only thing that is taken into consideration when making the contract. Things such as the cost/part, the production rate, and the quality rate should also be taken into account.

Which of the following best describes Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)?

LCA is a "cradle-to-give" analysis of the environmental impact of a product or a process. It can be useful in making decisions regarding environmental impact, although it does not provide such analysis as cost or marketability.

What are two aspects of the notion of Standard Care?

Legal tendency and "service-centered"

Which provision(s) of NSPE code of ethics could help Mary Andrews meet her ethical challenge?

Mary could use "engineers shall not complete, sign, or seal plans and/or specifications that are not in conformity with applicable engineering standards. If the client or employer insists on such unprofessional conduct, they shall notify the proper authorities and withdraw from further service on the project," or "engineers are encouraged to adhere to the principles of sustainable development in order to protect the environment for future generations."

What should Mary do? Why?

Mary should either convince her company to make the change or get the government involved and force every company to make the change. The substance concerns her and also they do have he ability to remove it, so they should take the precautions and remove it.

[3.1] Normative Ethics is about

Moral principles

[3.1] Meta-Ethics is about

Nature of moral principles and concepts

Should Tom accept the vendor's invitation to play golf together?

No, Tom should not accept the invitation, he would not be following the provision "engineers shall not promote their own interest at the expense of the dignity and integrity of the profession."

[1.3] Does a professional organization's code of ethics apply to its member only?

No, it applies its professionals, whether they are member of the organization or not.

[3.3] Does Utilitarianism imply that, under certain circumstances, a physician might be morally justified in killing one of his patients to save the lives of five others?

No, while Utilitarianism says that "each person should perform those actions that promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people," it does not encourage sacrifices.

Which of the following describes Paternalism the best?

Paternalism occurs when individuals. governments, or corporations override the ability of others to decide what they should (or should not) do in the interests of those others. The incentive of overriding the decisions of others is for their own good.

What are three attributes of Engineering and Computer Ethics?

Preventative, Prohibitive, and Aspirational.

One may appeal to universal human rights in making a case for globalized engineering: not only can those rights be justified by the ethics of Respect for Persons, but also by the Utilitarian consideration. 'Education' is listed on the United Nation's International Bill of Hume Rights. Some dispute that the appeal to universal human rights might not be of a great help in working toward globalizing engineering, especially standardizing engineering education. What might be their reason?

Some countries may not have the economic resources to support the claims to a minimal education and subsistence.

Which of the following description best describes the Washington Accord (1989)?

The Washington Accord (1989) is probably the most important single attempt to standardize criteria for engineering education. It recognizes "substantial agreement" among the signatories in the requirements for engineering education: engineers in the accredited jurisdictions are expected not only to meet minimal technical standards in their education but also maintain their competency and abide by a code of conduct.

According to some critics, one of the issues in the Challenger and Columbia disaster cases is the presence of "groupthink." Which of the following situations illustrates this concept?

The belief of virtually all engineers at NASA that the organization was so corrupt that dissent was useless

Which of the following descriptions best define the term, the value of values?

The value of values is concerned with organizational value with a service-centered orientation. Organizational values are defined by the customers, investors, and communities in which organizations choose to operate. The value of values emphasizes what others get from our [organization's] effort.

Nonantropocentric ethics holds that__________.

at least some natural objects other than humans have value in themselves, apart from their usefulness to human beings. Organic life cannot exist without the supportive ecosystem, so that the entire ecosystem has moral status.

[3.6] According to Aristotle, virtues are means poised between extremes. A virtue is "the mean by reference to two vices: the one of excess and the other of deficiency." (I.e., the Doctrine of the Golden Mean: moderation in all things ). Matching Virtues with their extremes Courage

cowardice and foolhardiness

Which of the following statement is the definition of sustainable development in the Brundtland Report?

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Which of the following is NOT one of the strategies for an moral agent to act ethically without having to make choice.

familar with the law

[3.5] Alan Gewirth suggested a three-tiered hierarchy of basic rights. What are they and which tier do they belong? the rights to life, physical integrity, and mental health

first tier

[3.6] Why are the Virtues important? Courage is a good thing because

life is full of dangers, and without this virtue we would be unable to cope with them

Among three attitudes toward the environment, sub-minimal attitude, minimalist attitude, and progressive attitude, which one does Interface Carpet's "Mission Zero" illustrate?

progressive attitude

[3.5] Alan Gewirth suggested a three-tiered hierarchy of basic rights. What are they and which tier do they belong? the rights to maintain the level of purpose fulfillment (the rights not to be deceived, the right to informed consent to unusual risks, the right not to suffer broken promise)

second tier

[3.6] According to Aristotle, virtues are means poised between extremes. A virtue is "the mean by reference to two vices: the one of excess and the other of deficiency." (I.e., the Doctrine of the Golden Mean: moderation in all things ). Matching Virtues with their extremes Honesty

self-deprecating and boastfulness

[3.6] Why are the Virtues important? Generosity is desirable because

some people will inevitably be worse off than others and will need help

[3.6] According to Aristotle, virtues are means poised between extremes. A virtue is "the mean by reference to two vices: the one of excess and the other of deficiency." (I.e., the Doctrine of the Golden Mean: moderation in all things ). Matching Virtues with their extremes Generosity

stinginess and extravagence

The LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) method has four phases: (1) the goal and scope definition, (2) the Inventory analysis, (3) the impact assessment, and (4) the Interpretation phase. If a company is listing the relevant inputs and outputs of a product is made, the energy, water, materials used, and identifying environmental releases, which phase is this company at?

the Inventory analysis

A whistle-blower is a team player who calls a foul play on his own team. What are two criteria for whistle-blowing?

the action reveals information that the organization does not want revealed to the public or some authority the action is done out of approved channels

Why is whistle-blowing morally obligatory, according to Richard DeGeorge?

the employee has documented evidence that would convince a responsible, impartial observer that his view of the situation is correct and the company policy is wrong.

[3.5] Alan Gewirth suggested a three-tiered hierarchy of basic rights. What are they and which tier do they belong? the right to try to acquire property and wealth.

third tier

[3.6] Why are the Virtues important? Loyalty is important because

this virtue is essential to friendship; friends stick by one another even when they are tempted to turn away from them

[3.6] According to Aristotle, virtues are means poised between extremes. A virtue is "the mean by reference to two vices: the one of excess and the other of deficiency." (I.e., the Doctrine of the Golden Mean: moderation in all things ). Matching Virtues with their extremes Loyalty

unfaithful and blind obedience

[3.6] Why are the Virtues important? Honesty is needed because

without this virtue relations between people would go wrong in myriad ways

[3.2] Subjectivism says that rightness and wrongness are determined by 1. the community 2. features of the world 3. individual emotions, opinions or judgments 4. the divine commands

3. individual emotions, opinions or judgments

[2.4] Describe steps in applying Practical Ethics Toolkit to solve a moral problem.

1) Recognize that there is an ethical problem 2) Understand the facts of the situation 3) Understand what options are available 4) Understand the consequences that come with the options 5) Test the option you come up with 6) Explain why you made the choice you did 7) Act on the option 8) Reflect on the outcome of your option

[2.2] Cody is an engineer assigned by his company to oversee the design of a plant in Country X. As a professional, he understands environmental imperatives in his engineering code and in federal law in the US. Cody soon discover that laws concerning the environment in Country X different from US laws. The plant he is building will produce more pollution than would be allowed in the US, but does not violate the environmental standards in the foreign country. He decided to design the plant with an energetic effort to find an economical remedy to the pollution problem without offending his host country or by applying in a simple his home-country values. What Cody has decided to do is apply which or the following? 1. A Creative Middle Way solution 2. A Line-Drawing Exercise 3. The Golden Rule 4. The Self-Defeating Approach

1. A Creative Middle Way solution

[2.2] Nadya works at a customer-orientated company and believes that the company should have a clear policy on bribery. She suggests her boss, the CEO of the company, that the company should have a clear policy on bribery and define clearly under what circumstances can an employee accept a gift a vendor. What Nadya decides to do is apply which of the following? 1. A Line-Drawing Practice 2. A Creative Middle Way Solution 3. The Golden Rule 4.The Self-Defeating Approach

1. A Line-Drawing Practice

[2.2] When applying line-drawing techniques to consider whether or not the test case is an instance of bribery, one should compare the features of a paradigmatic case of bribery and that of the test case. How many feature(s) a test case must have in order to be an instance of bribery? 1. All of the features of a paradigmatic case of bribery 2. Most of the features of a paradigmatic case of bribery 3. One of the feature of a paradigmatic case of bribery 4. Some of the features of a paradigmatic case of bribery

1. All of the features of a paradigmatic case of bribery

[3.6] What is the good of man, according to Aristotle, is ________________. 1. An activity of the soul in conformity with virtue 2. An activity of the soul in conformity with fairness. 3. An activity of the soul in conformity with justice. 4. An activity of the soul in conformity with what is right.

1. An activity of the soul in conformity with virtue

[2.3] John is a mechanical engineer at MEC Engineering. MEC currently buys most of their industrial parts from Ensure Quality Industrial, but John has been unhappy about the quality and price of the parts from Ensure Quality Industrial. Maya is a sales representative for an up-and-coming parts supplier called Premium Parts. Maya and John, who had worked together previously, go to the same church, and after Sunday service, Maya offers to buy John lunch to discuss the ways they can work together. Question 5-1: If John were to tell Maya that her invitation was inappropriate because it gives Premium and Maya an advantage that other possible suppliers do not have, he would be making which kind of claim? 1. An application claim 2. A conceptual claim 3. A moral claim 4. A factual claim

1. An application claim

[3.1] Which of the following area studies professional code of ethics? 1. Applied Ethics 2. Moral Epistemology 3. Common morality 4. Ethical Theories

1. Applied Ethics

[3.3] Why is the Principle of Utility universalistic? 1. Because Utilitarianism provides an objective moral principle. principle derived from natural law. 2. Because the Principle of Utility requires us to count everyone's happiness, not just one's own or others. 3. Because the Principle of Utility requires all of the decision makers to make a different in the society. 4. Because the Principle of Utility implies that all moral rules are general.

2. Because the Principle of Utility requires us to count everyone's happiness, not just one's own or others.

[3.4] According to Kant, reason has intrinsic value because it is something that distinguishes us from the other animals. We can self-reflect and determine our course of actions. In this sense, we say that reason is an end in itself. But why does Kant say, "reason alone can determine an action to be right or wrong"? (Choose the best answer). 1. Because an act out of self-interest or inclination does not have moral worth. An act out of reason, good will has moral worth. 2. Because the consequences of an action decides the moral value of that action. 3. Because no action can be made with one's desires. 4. Because no action can be made rationally.

1. Because an act out of self-interest or inclination does not have moral worth. An act out of reason, good will has moral worth.

[3.3] Why did John Stuart Mill assert that it's better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates being dissatisfied than a fool satisfied? 1. Because he argues that some pleasure, such as intellectual pleasure, has higher quality. 2. Because he thinks that pleasure is happiness; happiness is pleasure 3. Because he respects Socrates. 4. Because he advocates the Golden Rule principle.

1. Because he argues that some pleasure, such as intellectual pleasure, has higher quality.

[3.1] Why are moral judgements normative? 1. Because moral judgments are evaluative: they do not simply describe what the object of knowledge is like. But they evaluate the object of the judgment. 2. Because moral judgements are concerned with if we understand right or wrong. 3. Because moral judgments are about life and death. 4. Because moral judgements are about the object of the judgments, not their evaluation.

1. Because moral judgments are evaluative: they do not simply describe what the object of knowledge is like. But they evaluate the object of the judgment.

[3.1] Why is moral reasoning a normative matter? 1. Because moral reasoning is concerned with whether what is proposed is right or wrong. 2. Because moral reasoning is not concerned with what is proposed is right or wrong. 3. Because moral reasoning is about debating what is right and what is wrong. 4. Because moral reasoning is concerned what will happen to us, what others think of us, or how we feel about what has happened.

1. Because moral reasoning is concerned with whether what is proposed is right or wrong.

[3.3] What are common criticisms against Utilitarianism? (Choose 2) 1. Conflicts with personal integrity/ loyalty 2. It follows what the Golden Rules require 3. It is a self-defeating approach. 4. No objective principle is provide for it only considers pain and pleasure. 5. Conflicts with the value of justice

1. Conflicts with personal integrity/ loyalty 5. Conflicts with the value of justice

[3.2] What does the meta-analysis of Relativism imply? 1. Cultural Relativism is both descriptive and normative. 2. Subjectivism is the source of all other ethical theories. 3. Subjectivism is descriptive, not normative. 4. Realism is not a good ethical theory.

1. Cultural Relativism is both descriptive and normative. 3. Subjectivism is descriptive, not normative.

[2.2] Which of the following is (are) useful for actually resolving moral controversies rather than merely classifying them? 1. Finding a creative middle way 2. Line drawing 3. Identifying factual issues 4. Clarify conceptual issues 5. Deciding the concept is applicable to the case

1. Finding a creative middle way 2. Line drawing

[1.4] The following are provisions selected from the NSPE Code of Ethics. Choose those provisions that can represent the preventative attribute of ethics. 1. III.1.a: Engineers shall acknowledge their errors and should not distort or alter the facts. 2. II.1.c.: Engineers should not reveal facts, data, or information without the prior consent of the client or employer except as authorized by law or this Code. 3. III.2.c: Engineers are encouraged to extend public knowledge and appreciation of engineering and its achievements. 4. III.9.c: Engineers, before undertaking work for others in connection with which the engineer may make improvements, plans, designs, inventions, or other records that may justify copyrights or patents, should enter into a positive agreement regarding ownership.

1. III.1.a: Engineers shall acknowledge their errors and should not distort or alter the facts. 4. III.9.c: Engineers, before undertaking work for others in connection with which the engineer may make improvements, plans, designs, inventions, or other records that may justify copyrights or patents, should enter into a positive agreement regarding ownership.

[1.4] The following are provisions selected from the NSPE Code of Ethics. Choose those provisions that can represent the aspirational attribute of ethics. 1. III.9.e: Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers and should keep current in their specialty fields by engaging in professional practice, participating in continuing education courses, reading in the technical literature, and attending professional meetings and seminars. 2. III.2.c: Engineers are encouraged to extend public knowledge and appreciation of engineering and its achievements. 3. II.2.b.: Engineers shall not permit the use of their name or associate in business ventures with any person or firm that they believe is engaged in fraudulent or dishonest enterprise. 4. II.1.a: If engineers' judgment is overruled under circumstances that endanger life or property, they shall notify their employer or client and such other authority as may be appropriate.

1. III.9.e: Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers and should keep current in their specialty fields by engaging in professional practice, participating in continuing education courses, reading in the technical literature, and attending professional meetings and seminars. 2. III.2.c: Engineers are encouraged to extend public knowledge and appreciation of engineering and its achievements.

[3.1] What are three types of thinking that related to morality 1. Act-Utilitarianism, Rule-Utilitarianism, and Respect for Persons Model 2. Descriptive morality, Meta-Ethics and Normative Ethics 3. Descriptive Theory, Respect for Persons Model, and Golden Rule. 4. The Golden Rule Approach, Self-Defeating Approach, and the Rights Approach

2. Descriptive morality, Meta-Ethics and Normative Ethics

[2.4] Joe is a chemical engineer whose plant discharges heavy metals into the local river. By the test authorized by the city government, the amount of heavy metals is under the legal limit imposed by the city. By a new and more accurate test, the discharge is above the legal limit, i.e., the discharge is a violation of environmental rules. Joe argues with his manager that the plant should reduce its discharges to comply with the newer and more accurate test. If Joe applies the rule- utilitarian test to the situation, what would he ask? 1. If there exists a general police that allows engineers in general acted as Joe did (as opposed to simply following regulations), would the overall good be promoted? 2. If everyone in a similar situation were to proactively resolve it, would it undermine my ability to proactively resolve this situation? 3. Would the public good produced by proactively reducing the discharge outweigh the harm it might cause to my career and to my company? 4. If I encourage my company to address the issue now, will the harm caused to my company be outweighed by the good it will produce to the public?

1. If there exists a general police that allows engineers in general acted as Joe did (as opposed to simply following regulations), would the overall good be promoted?

[2.3] What are the limitations of the Utilitarian Model. 1. No account for justifying an just action. 2. It is not practical because it only considers reasons, not the consequences of the action. 3. It is not rational because It only considers the consequences of the action, but the reason. 4. Weak at accounting for the intent of the moral agent or for supererogatory actions

1. No account for justifying an just action. 4. Weak at accounting for the intent of the moral agent or for supererogatory actions

[3.4] One difference between Ross's prima facie duties and Kantianism is that:________ (Choose the best answer). 1. Ross's duties are conditional and allows exceptions; while Kant's apply to all rational beings at all times. 2. Ross's duties arise from moral imagination, while Kant's arise from moral intuition. 3. Ross's duties arise from the structure of reason itself, while Kant's arise from moral intuition 4. Ross's duties collapse into one principle, while while Kant lists six fundamental duties.

1. Ross's duties are conditional and allows exceptions; while Kant's apply to all rational beings at all times.

[2.4] What are three approaches listed under the Utilitarian Thinking? 1. The Cost-Benefit Approach, the Act-Utilitarian Approach, and the Rule-Utilitarian approach 2. The Worse Scenario Analysis, the Act-Utilitarian Approach, and the Rule-Utilitarian approach 3. The eye for an eye principle, the Principle of Utility, and the Rights approach 4. The Golden Rule Approach, The Self-Defeating Approach, and the Rights Approach

1. The Cost-Benefit Approach, the Act-Utilitarian Approach, and the Rule-Utilitarian approach

[3.5] The Rights Theory has three theoretical foundations, Respect for Persons, Natural Law Theory and Social Contract Theory. Which principle from the Respect for Persons is applied in developing the Rights Theory? 1. The Principle of Ends 2. The Principle of Justice 3. The Principle of Natural Law 4. The Principle of Utility

1. The Principle of Ends

[3.3] Leonardo Da Vinci recorded in his journal that he had discovered how to make a vessel that can move about underwater-- a kind of submarine. However he refused to share this idea with others on the grounds that he feared it would be used for immoral purpose. "I do not publish or divulge on account of the evil nature of men who would practice assassinations at the bottom of the seas, by breaking the ships in their lowest parts and sinking them together with the crew who are in them." If we were to give a Utilitarian interpretation of Da Vinci's reasoning, what would it be? 1. The net consequences of not publishing my idea of how to make a submarine is greater than that is not, and so I ought not to publish my idea. 2. If I do not publish this idea, someone else would. And so I do not have to publish this idea. 3. I should be honest with myself all the time. 4. The net consequences of developing submarine is greater than not.

1. The net consequences of not publishing my idea of how to make a submarine is greater than that is not, and so I ought not to publish my idea.

[3.6] What might a utilitarian thinking sound like if it is used to advocate the Virtue theory? 1. Virtuous moral agents and their communities would benefit from everyone's having certain virtues and would gain (potential) harms if everyone is vice. 2. Being virtuous person is the right thing to do for a moral agent. 3. Being virtues is not a contingent matter; it has to be habitual. 4. Virtues are part of our natural inclinations and so we should develop them carefully so that we can follow the moral law.

1. Virtuous moral agents and their communities would benefit from everyone's having certain virtues and would gain (potential) harms if everyone is vice.

[3.4] According to Kant, how are we to know what is the right thing to do? (Choose the best answer). 1. We should reason (/self-reflect) about whether or not we can will the maxim that we practice to be universalized without any contradictory or self-defeating results. 2. We should follow the natural law with right motive no matter what. 3. We should respect our desires and wanting to consider what we ought to do. 4. We should follow 6 prima facie duties and find justifications for exceptions if any.

1. We should reason (/self-reflect) about whether or not we can will the maxim that we practice to be universalized without any contradictory or self-defeating results.

[3.1] Being able to think objectively and reason independently are two essential capacities of moral agents. Why are factual knowledge and conceptual analysis determining factors in such capacities? (Choose two best answers.) 1. When we reasoning with clearly defined terms, we are able to answer questions without appeal to what other people generally think. 2. When we reasoning with moral problems we only consider the consequences of our actions. 3. When we thinking based on factual knowledge, we will have a better chance to win the argument. 4. When we reasoning with a good conceptual analysis, we find mistakes in other's reasoning. 5. When our thinking based on factual knowledge, our moral reasoning is less likely to be affected by our emotions or our first reactions to the cases.

1. When we reasoning with clearly defined terms, we are able to answer questions without appeal to what other people generally think. 5. When our thinking based on factual knowledge, our moral reasoning is less likely to be affected by our emotions or our first reactions to the cases.

[3.2] What are three positions in Meta-Ethics? 1. Respects for Persons, Subjectivism, and Conventionalism 2. Subjectivism, Realism and Conventionalism 3. Utilitarianism, Respect for Persons, and Subjectivism 4. Relativism, Utilitarianism, The Divine Command Theory

2. Subjectivism, Realism and Conventionalism

[3.5] John Rawls argues that the principles of justice are not chosen from a state of nature in which self-interested individuals bargain for social arrangements agreeable to their own interests (i.e., he rejects a Lockean notion of state of nature). Rather, the concept of justice should be rooted in the notion of a fair agreement. (i.e., Justice as fairness). How do contracting parties reach the fair agreement? 1. by placing the contracting parties behind the veil of ignorance when they rationally discuss possible agreements. 2. by placing the contracting parties in a lottery system when they rationally discuss possible agreements. 3. by placing the contracting parties in a war when they rationally discuss possible agreements. 4. by placing the contracting parties in completion when they rationally discuss possible agreements.

1. by placing the contracting parties behind the veil of ignorance when they rationally discuss possible agreements.

[3.6] When developing three attributes of professional ethics, philosophers usually appeal to which normative theory or theories to develop preventative and prohibitive attribute of professional ethics? How about aspirational attribute? 1. Based on the mainstream of normative ethics, i.e., Virtue Ethics, philosophers develop preventative attribute of professional ethics; whereas they based on Utilitarianism to develop prohibitive attributes of professional ethics. 2. Based on the mainstream of normative ethics, i.e., Kantianism and Utilitarianism, philosophers develop prohibitive and preventative attributes of professional ethics; whereas they based on Virtue Ethics to develop aspirational attribute of professional ethics. 3. Based on the mainstream of normative ethics, i.e., Kantian Ethics, philosophers develop aspirational attribute of professional ethics; whereas they based on Utilitarianism to develop preventative attributes of professional ethics. 4. Based on the mainstream of normative ethics, i.e., Kantianism and Utilitarianism, philosophers develop aspirational attribute of professional ethics; whereas they based on Virtue Ethics to develop prohibitive and preventative attributes of professional ethics.

2. Based on the mainstream of normative ethics, i.e., Kantianism and Utilitarianism, philosophers develop prohibitive and preventative attributes of professional ethics; whereas they based on Virtue Ethics to develop aspirational attribute of professional ethics.

[3.4] Why is John Rawls' notion of the Veil of Ignorance Kantian? 1. Because Rawls follows in Kant's footsteps in advocating the Golden Rule. 2. Because Rawls' notion of the veil of ignorance is to eliminate self-interest and inclination. For Kant, an act out of self-interest and inclination does not have moral worth. 3. Because both Rawls and Kant hold that we should always act out of ignorance. 4. Because Rawls holds that every human should hide their talents behind the veil of ignorance just like Kant argues against talent development.

2. Because Rawls' notion of the veil of ignorance is to eliminate self-interest and inclination. For Kant, an act out of self-interest and inclination does not have moral worth.

[2.4] Fred is an engineer working in Country X, where he needs a building permit. The normal wait for a permit is one to two weeks, but the official says there is a back-load, and it might take six months to get the permit. However, for a non-trivial payment, the license can be issued by the end of the week. An act utilitarian would make which of the following arguments in opposition to Fred's paying a bribe to this official? 1. By bribing an official, Fred would undermine the moral autonomy of local officials to decide for themselves which buildings should be built in their communities 2. Fred would be wrong to pay a bribe in this instance, because he and his company could be setting a bad precedent for future decisions 3. In general, bribes are wrong because they greatly decrease the efficiency of conducing business overseas, harming the customers of multi-national corporations; thus, Fred would be wrong to bribe 4. Fred must ask, "Would I be willing for officials in my country to be bribed by foreign companies?"

2. Fred would be wrong to pay a bribe in this instance, because he and his company could be setting a bad precedent for future decisions

[3.5] Thomas Hobbes argues that since it is not the case that all characteristics of human nature are good, we should go out of the state of nature. Since resources are scarce, humankind is naturally competitive. We need a strong government to protect us from deceitful, evil and uncontrolled state of nature. The essence of his Theory is that __________. 1. Since human nature evolves, it is uncertain that we are able to comprehend all aspects of human nature through evolution, we need a good social contract to protect our basic rights. 2. Human nature (/state of nature) tends toward a state of war. Without a strong government, it is irrational to be cooperative by keeping one's promises and commitments or trusting in the good-will of others. 3. Since human nature is evil, we need to education our next generation because we have the rights to survive. 4. Since human nature are virtuous, our basic rights should be consistent with moral good. Only the divine commands are the foundation for human rights.

2. Human nature (/state of nature) tends toward a state of war. Without a strong government, it is irrational to be cooperative by keeping one's promises and commitments or trusting in the good-will of others.

[3.6] Which of the following is NOT a correct description of Aristotle's view of happiness? 1. Virtues are a mean between excess and deficiency. 2. Human reason is so limited that it cannot lead us to moral goodness. To be virtuous, one needs to subordinate oneself to the will of God. 3. Happiness requires luck (being a moral agent) and work (to nurture and develop virtues). 4. Because the function of humans is to use reason to pursue happiness: to live a virtuous life one also needs a life of reason. 5. Developing virtues takes effort: being virtuous is a habitual act.

2. Human reason is so limited that it cannot lead us to moral goodness. To be virtuous, one needs to subordinate oneself to the will of God.

[3.6] ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) encourages engineers to continue to learn new skills throughout their career, i.e., to practice lifelong learning. Which of the following is an accurate theoretical justification of this goal? (Choose two). 1. It can be justified by Kantian duty ethics, because the world would be a more comfortable place to live if every engineer were to adopt this maxim 2. It can be justified by Ross's prima facie duties, for Ross explicitly states that self-improvement is a category of such duties. 3. It can be justified by the Golden Rule, because it is obvious that all rational beings would be willing participants in continuing education classes 4. It can be justified by the Virtue theory because it is a good character trait for every engineer to have.

2. It can be justified by Ross's prima facie duties, for Ross explicitly states that self-improvement is a category of such duties. 4. It can be justified by the Virtue theory because it is a good character trait for every engineer to have.

[3.1] What is normative ethics about? 1. It is about meaning of the moral concepts. 2. It is about classifying actions into a proper category by assuming there is a difference between right and wrong. 3. It is about explaining human nature. 4. It is about social norms and conventions.

2. It is about classifying actions into a proper category by assuming there is a difference between right and wrong.

[3.4] Which of the following is true of the foundation or basis of ethics as interpreted by Immanuel Kant? (Choose the best answer). 1. Its basis is in the commands of God. 2. Its basis is in the nature of reason, which looks for universal laws. 3. Its basis is in the emotional life of humans, which leads to a natural sympathy with others 4. Its basis is in the tendency of human beings to flourish or to grow into rational beings.

2. Its basis is in the nature of reason, which looks for universal laws.

[3.5] "All men are created equal", as stated in the Declaration of Independence, has its origin in John Locke's Natural Rights Theory. John Locke asserts that because all humans have the basic nature, they should be treated equally. Locke's assertion is rooted in a long philosophy tradition that humans have intrinsic value; they are an end in themselves. Locke has a different agenda, however. Which of the following describe this agenda the best? 1. John Locke asserts that the concept of universal duties can be implemented by the Principle of Justice. 2. John Locke asserts that the concept of universal duties can be implemented by a list of natural rights. 3. John Locke asserts that the concept of universal duties can be implemented by a list of prima facie duties. 4. John Locke asserts that the concept of universal duties can be implemented by the notion of the veil of ignorance.

2. John Locke asserts that the concept of universal duties can be implemented by a list of natural rights.

[3.4] What are the limitations of the Respect for Persons Model (Choose Two). 1. It does not have proper account of justice. 2. Principle of Double Effect. 3. It disallows actions that common morality might permit. 4. It ignores personal integrity and loyalty

2. Principle of Double Effect. 3. It disallows actions that common morality might permit.

[2.4] The ________ approach asks the question "would the best possible situation arise if everyone acted similarly?" 1. Golden Rule 2. Self-defeating 3. Act utilitarian 4. Rule utilitarian

2. Self-defeating

[3.6] Jane is in pursue of licensure as a professional engineer. If what underlies her act is such consideration as pursuing licensure would increase the prestige of engineering if all engineers doing so as a general practice, we can say her decision is based on Rule-Utilitarianism. What would we say if we evaluate her, as a person, based on Virtue Ethics? 1. She acts out of duty. 2. She is in pursuit of developing professional pride 3. She is following the Divine Law 4. She is following moral laws.

2. She is in pursuit of developing professional pride

[3.6] The basic difference between a virtue ethics and other types of normative ethics is that Kantianism and Utilitarianism provide moral principles to decide what is the right thing to do, whereas Virtue Theory asks what traits of character make one a good person. What is in common among those theories? (Choose the best answer). 1. They all agree on the definition of rightness. 2. They all assess people as people. 3. They all take everyone's happiness into account. 4. They all agree that courage is an absolute moral matter.

2. They all assess people as people.

[3.6] Some philosophers, like Elizabeth Anscombe, argue that Virtue Ethics are so important that it can replace such well-developed ethical theories as Utilitarianism and Kantianism. What are the two major advantages of Virtue Ethics (Choose Two). 1. Virtue theory can easily find the matching between a virtue and a morally good reason. 2. Virtue theory can dispel the doubt about the "ideal" of impartiality. 3. Virtue theory can better handle issues related to moral conflict. 4. Virtue theory provides a better account on moral motivation.

2. Virtue theory can dispel the doubt about the "ideal" of impartiality. 4. Virtue theory provides a better account on moral motivation.

[2.1] Ben was assigned by his employer to improve an ultrasonic range-finding device. While working on the improvement, he recognized that a novel modification to the equipment might be applicable to military submarines, which, if successful, could be worth a whole lot of money to his employer. However, Ben is a pacifist, a person who opposes the war of any kind, and he does not want to be involved in military work. So he did not develop the idea himself or mention it to anybody else in the company. He has signed an agreement that all inventions he produces on the job are the property of the company, but he does not believe that the agreement is relevant to this situation. If Ben decides that the crucial issue here is whether the military innovation would be worth much to Ben's employer, his issue is primarily: 1. none of the above 2. a factual issue 3. an application issue 4. a conceptual issue

2. a factual issue

[3.2] What makes ethical truths true? 1. attitudes 2. conventions 3. emotions 4. facts

2. conventions 4. facts

[2.3] What is common morality based on? 1. principle of justice 2. human nature 3. code of ethics 4. common law

2. human nature

[2.3] What are three basic elements (/formulations) of common morality? 1. honesty, impartiality, fairness 2. virtues, duties, and rules 3. safety, health, and welfare of the public 4. prohibitive, preventative, and aspirational

2. virtues, duties, and rules

[3.3] Utilitarianism says that____________. 1. it is possible to come to agreement about what the right it. 2. whatever brings about the most pleasure is good. 3. whatever works should deb put into practice 4. there is no objective right or wrong

2. whatever brings about the most pleasure is good.

[3.4] What does Kant mean by "acting out of duty"? (Choose the best answer). 1. Acting out of duty means disobey all moral laws. 2. Acting out of duty means acting according to the duties defined by the moral law. 3. Acting out of duty means acting out of a good will: doing what is right for the sake of rightness 4. Acting out of duty means acting above and beyond the call of duty.

3. Acting out of duty means acting out of a good will: doing what is right for the sake of rightness

[3.4] Why is a decision/policy unfair, according to John Rawls, if it is based on individual's talent? 1. Because a just society would be one in which people develop their talent without any restrictions. 2. Because a just society would be one in which people improve their position by extending their self-interests, but not through their talents. 3. Because a just society would be one in which people may improve their positions through work, but not through their original positions. Our talents, sex, race, and what projects we would want to pursue are instances of our original positions. 4. Because a just society would be one in which people improve their position by extending what projects they want to do, but not through their talents.

3. Because a just society would be one in which people may improve their positions through work, but not through their original positions. Our talents, sex, race, and what projects we would want to pursue are instances of our original positions.

[3.3] Pleasure and happiness, according to Utilitarianism, have intrinsic value. Why? 1. Because pleasure and happiness are means to an end. 2. Because pleasure and happiness are two basic units to evaluate good/bad, right/wrong 3. Because pleasure and happiness are good in themselves. They are not means to an ends. 4. Because pleasure and happiness are not replaceable.

3. Because pleasure and happiness are good in themselves. They are not means to an ends.

[3.4] According to Kant, the Principle of Autonomy asserts that every rational beings is able to determine the nature of the moral law without an external authority. Why is this Principle important in understanding the Respect for Persons consideration? (Choose the best answer). 1. Because the Principle of Autonomy implies the Golden Rule, which states that we should treat everyone equally and with respect.. 2. Because the Principle of Autonomy implies that everyone should be treated with respect because that is required by the moral law. 3. Because the Principle of Autonomy implies that it is reason that makes humans unique. This intrinsic value implies that no humans can be treated as a mere means; they should be treated as ends in themselves. 4. Because the Principle of Autonomy implies that we are free to act upon our own inclination, and so we are free to treat others as means if we desire to.

3. Because the Principle of Autonomy implies that it is reason that makes humans unique. This intrinsic value implies that no humans can be treated as a mere means; they should be treated as ends in themselves.

[3.5] John Rawls argue against Hobbes' and Locke's Social Contract Theory mainly because____________________. 1. Hobbes' and Locke's notion of human nature is questionable. 2. Hobbes' and Locke's notion of government is not acceptable. 3. Hobbes' and Locke's notion of justice is questionable 4. Hobbes' and Locke's notion of liberty is problematic.

3. Hobbes' and Locke's notion of justice is questionable

[3.5] Both Natural Law Theory and Hobbes' Social Contract Theory discuss that humans have certain rights to life, food, shelters, decent work, etc. But their views diverge in their notion of human nature. Which of the following correctly describes the difference? 1. Natural Law Theory asserts that human nature is not necessarily good, and so we ought to transfer our rights to all things to government so that we will be protected. Whereas Hobbes' Social Contract Theory asserts that human nature is inherently good, and so we ought to further the good nature and not to do what frustrates the human fulfillment and flourishing. 2. Natural Law Theory asserts that humans are created by God equally and so we ought to treat each other equally. Whereas Hobbes' Social Contract Theory asserts that human nature is inherently good, and so we ought to further the good nature and not to do what frustrates the human fulfillment and flourishing. 3. Natural Law Theory asserts that human nature is inherently good, and so we ought to further the good nature and not to do what frustrates the human fulfillment and flourishing. Whereas Hobbes' Social Contract Theory asserts that human nature is not necessarily good, and so we ought to transfer our rights to all things to government so that we will be protected. 4. Natural Law Theory asserts that human nature is pre-determined and so we ought to obey moral laws. Whereas Hobbes' Social Contract Theory asserts that human nature is inherently good, and so we ought to sign a social contract in order to seek for protection in exchange of our liberty.

3. Natural Law Theory asserts that human nature is inherently good, and so we ought to further the good nature and not to do what frustrates the human fulfillment and flourishing. Whereas Hobbes' Social Contract Theory asserts that human nature is not necessarily good, and so we ought to transfer our rights to all things to government so that we will be protected.

[3.3] Which of the following sentences does not describe the Utilitarian thinking? 1. If I do not study for my ethics exam, it will hurt my GPA. 2. What if everyone in my situation also practice white lie? 3. She has the right to know the truth. 4. If smoking is permitted on campus, then most of students will be affected by second-hand smoke.

3. She has the right to know the truth.

[2.4] When testing, from a rule-utilitarian perspective, whether professionals should be allowed to advertise professional services, a possible rule to be tested would be: 1. I would want to be able to advertise if I were a professional, so all professionals should be allowed to advertise. 2. Engineer J. Williams should be allowed to advertise his professional services. 3. What would happen if all design firms made it a general practice to allow their employees to advertise their professional services? 4. The design firm of J and J Williams should be allowed to advertise its professional services.

3. What would happen if all design firms made it a general practice to allow their employees to advertise their professional services?

[2.1] Ben was assigned by his employer to improve an ultrasonic range-finding device. While working on the improvement, he recognized that a novel modification to the equipment might be applicable to military submarines, which, if successful, could be worth a whole lot of money to his employer. However, Ben is a pacifist, a person who opposes the war of any kind, and he does not want to be involved in military work. So he did not develop the idea himself or mention it to anybody else in the company. He has signed an agreement that all inventions he produces on the job are the property of the company, but he does not believe that the agreement is relevant to this situation. If Ben decides that the crucial issue is whether the potential military application would be used for offensive aims, or only used for defensive purposes, his issue is primarily 1. factual issue 2. conceptual issue 3. an application issue 4. none of the above

3. an application issue

[3.2] Is Morality objective or subjective? Which of the following is INCORRECT? 1. According Realism, morality is objective because they are ethical facts that make ethical truths true. 2. According to Conventionalism, morality is not subjective because morality is determined by conventions. 3. According to Subjectivism, it is subjective because they are no ethical facts or ethical truths. 4. According Cultural Relativism, morality is subjective-- because there are no ethical facts.

4. According Cultural Relativism, morality is subjective-- because there are no ethical facts.

[2.4] Why is the Rights approach better than the Self-defeating approach? 1. Because the Rights approach considers the maximal utility 2. Because the Rights approach argues for social justice. 3. Because the Rights approach can mange conflicts on negative rights and positive rights. 4. Because the Rights approach extends the concept of respect for persons from the notion of universalizability to the notion of entitlement.

4. Because the Rights approach extends the concept of respect for persons from the notion of universalizability to the notion of entitlement.

[2.1] Which of the following is NOT the components of a moral problem? 1. Factual 2. Application 3. Conceptual 4. Contradictory

4. Contradictory

[3.4] "I will not tell a lie" is an example of what Kant would call a "maxim" because 1. It is justified by the Golden Rule. 2. It is a subjective principle that one uses to determine a course of action. 3. It is a principle that comes to a person from God. 4. It is a general rule in accordance with which the moral agent intends to act.

4. It is a general rule in accordance with which the moral agent intends to act.

[3.2] Is the sentence, "Littering in the public places is not morally permissible" an assertion or an opinion? What would Conventionalism say? 1. It is an opinion because it only expresses one's first reaction to the littering. 2. It is an assertion because it expresses an ethical fact. 3. It is an opinion because it is a matter about whether an individual follow the rule or not. 4. It is an assertion because it express a social norm. An ethical statement is true or false according to norms in the society that the person inhabits.

4. It is an assertion because it express a social norm. An ethical statement is true or false according to norms in the society that the person inhabits.

[3.4] What are three basic principles in Kantian Ethics? (Choose the best answer). 1. Principle of Utility, Prima Facie Duties, the Rights approach. 2. Principle of Utility, Prima Facie Duties, the Golden Rule. 3. The Categorical Imperatives, Prima Facie Duties, Principle of Utility. 4. Principle of Autonomy, Principle of Ends, and the Categorical Imperative

4. Principle of Autonomy, Principle of Ends, and the Categorical Imperative

[3.2] Are ethical truths relative or absolute? Which ethical theory asserts ethical truths are relative? 1. Respects for Persons model 2. Utilitarianism 3. Realism 4. Relativism

4. Relativism

[2.1] Ben was assigned by his employer to improve an ultrasonic range-finding device. While working on the improvement, he recognized that a novel modification to the equipment might be applicable to military submarines, which, if successful, could be worth a whole lot of money to his employer. However, Ben is a pacifist, a person who opposes the war of any kind, and he does not want to be involved in military work. So he did not develop the idea himself or mention it to anybody else in the company. He has signed an agreement that all inventions he produces on the job are the property of the company, but he does not believe that the agreement is relevant to this situation. Which of the following best describes the moral problems that Ben is facing? 1. How much should Ben gain from his invention? 2. Should Ben ask his colleague what to do? 3. Should Ben quit his job? 4. Should Ben fulfill his obligation to share his inventions with his employer or refuse due to his commitment to pacifism?

4. Should Ben fulfill his obligation to share his inventions with his employer or refuse due to his commitment to pacifism?

[3.4] What would a Kantian respond to this question: "Should the engineers/bridge designers take the blame for such disasters as the Tacoma Narrows Bridge disaster?" (Choose the best answer). 1. The engineers/bridge designers should not take the blame because their projects did bring the greater neat consequences overall, even if there were loss of lives due to the disaster. 2. The engineers/bridge designers should take the blame for they designed the bridge. 3. The engineers/bridge designers should take the blame for their projects cause harm to the society 4. The engineers/bridge designers should not be blamed for the disaster because such hidden factors as weather are not in their control.

4. The engineers/bridge designers should not be blamed for the disaster because such hidden factors as weather are not in their control.

[3.4] Which of the following did Kant believe was good without qualification-- that is, cannot be morally condemned? (Choose the best answer). 1. The intention to do what one understands to be commanded by God 2. An action that increases the well-being of those one loves 3. A "will to power" that attempts to exert itself throughout all space 4. The intention to do what is right because it is right

4. The intention to do what is right because it is right

[2.4] Joe is a chemical engineer whose plant discharges heavy metals into the local river. By the test authorized by the city government, the amount of heavy metals is under the legal limit imposed by the city. By a new and more accurate test, the discharge is above the legal limit, i.e., the discharge is a violation of environmental rules. Joe argues with his manager that the plant should reduce its discharges to comply with the newer and more accurate test. The case contains a factual issue insofar as: 1. The issue is how Joe should balance his obligations to his employer against his obligations to the health of the city residents 2. The issue is whether present emissions should be considered a "violation" of city regulations 3. The issue is how "violation" should be defined. 4. The issue is whether the heavy metals presently emitted by the plant pose a threat to the health of the community.

4. The issue is whether the heavy metals presently emitted by the plant pose a threat to the health of the community.

[3.5] Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the natural law theory? (Choose one) 1. The central tenet of the natural law theory is that the basic moral law can be known by human reason. 2. The natural law theory is a theory of ethics that holds that although the moral law is similar to laws of nature in the sense that they are universal, the moral law is normative (/prescriptive) whereas the law of nature is descriptive. 3. The natural law theory is a theory of ethics that holds that there are moral laws found in nature and discernible by the use of reason. 4. The natural law theory is a theory of ethics that holds that the moral law is the same as scientific laws: they are descriptive.

4. The natural law theory is a theory of ethics that holds that the moral law is the same as scientific laws: they are descriptive.

[3.4] From Kant's standpoint, which statements are true about moral laws? (Choose the best answer). 1. They are personal for moral laws are not laws of nature, which tend to all objects in the world.. 2. They are discovered by consulting our deepest emotions and intuitions about how we should relate to other humans 3. They are "imperatives" because humans are unable to disobey them 4. They are universal for they apply to all rational creatures.

4. They are universal for they apply to all rational creatures.

[3.1] There are three phases of Philosophical Ethics: Ancient (/Aristotle), Medieval (/Thomas Aquinas), and Modern (/Kant and Mill). Ethics in Ancient Greece is concerned with happiness: philosophers back then asked such questions as: "What is a good life"? "What is a successful life?" What questions can we draw from this phase that is related to Engineering and Computer Ethics? 1. What is the principle of happiness? 2. What is the ultimate ethical principle a professional can apply in order to decide what is right/wrong, or good/bad? 3. What are qualifying principles (/codes ethics) a professional should use to maintain life, procreation, knowledge and sociability? 4. What is the proper function of a professional in the social order?

4. What is the proper function of a professional in the social order?

[3.2] One advantage to Subjectivism is that 1. it does not require anyone to agree with ti. 2. it allows people to agree on moral facts. 3. most people believe it 4. it makes sense of widespread moral disagreement

4. it makes sense of widespread moral disagreement

[2.3] John is a mechanical engineer at MEC Engineering. MEC currently buys most of their industrial parts from Ensure Quality Industrial, but John has been unhappy about the quality and price of the parts from Ensure Quality Industrial. Maya is a sales representative for an up-and-coming parts supplier called Premium Parts. Maya and John, who had worked together previously, go to the same church, and after Sunday service, Maya offers to buy John lunch to discuss the ways they can work together. Question 5-2: If John were to reject Maya's invitation because accepting her invitation might harm his ability to be prudent in this area and in other area of his life, he would be reasoning according to which of the following? 1. Gert's 'moral rules' 2. the utilitarian model 3. Ross' prima facie duties 4. the respect for persons model

4. the respect for persons model

[3.5] According to John Locke, certain things are essential for us as persons. They are life itself, liberty and ability pursue those things and bring happiness. Based on this, his Rights theory introduced basic natural rights. What are they? 1. the rights to health care, the right to life, the right to liberty 2. the right to liberty, the right to decent work, the right to education 3. the rights to a position, the right to life, the right to health care 4. the right to life, the right to liberty, the right to property

4. the right to life, the right to liberty, the right to property

Such scholars as Joseph Raelin and Robert Jackall hold a pessimistic picture of what a professional's moral commitments do in managerial decisions. What does this account imply?

Agreeable organizational culture is only ideal: it may be difficult for an employee to preserve his integrity in the workplace.

[2.3] The Principle of the Respect for Persons Model

An action is morally permissible just in case is respects the moral agents

Which of the following is a prerequisite for the development of global standards of professional conduct?

An agreement on the concept of professionalism itself

Why isn't Roger Boisjoly's attempt in the teleconference to stop the launch an instance of whistle-blowing?

Because Boisjoly made no attempt to alert the public or officials outside Thiokol and NASA.

Why is deferring one's professional autonomy to authority a problem?

Because employees tend to accept the authority figure's assurances that he/she would take the professional responsibility, but sometimes such assurances might go backfired or could be empty.

[2.1] Ben was assigned by his employer to improve an ultrasonic range-finding device. While working on the improvement, he recognized that a novel modification to the equipment might be applicable to military submarines, which, if successful, could be worth a whole lot of money to his employer. However, Ben is a pacifist, a person who opposes the war of any kind, and he does not want to be involved in military work. So he did not develop the idea himself or mention it to anybody else in the company. He has signed an agreement that all inventions he produces on the job are the property of the company, but he does not believe that the agreement is relevant to this situation. What could be a conceptual issue that Ben is facing?

Ben has a conflict of interest because while he is obligated to give his inventions to the company, he does not want to be involved in military work because he is opposed to the war.

What are four typical obstacles to ethical decision making?

Blind spots, microscopic vision, deferring professional autonomy to authority, and groupthink.

What are three types of responsible organizational disobedience?

Contrary action, non-participation, and protest

David Ulrich argues that employees can usually be morally responsible without sacrificing their careers in the workplace where it preserves employees' careers and integrity. What should employees do in such a organization?

Educate themselves in the "culture" of their organizations.

Among the three types of organizational culture, which one has less conflict between manager and engineers?

Engineer-Oriented

While working in a country that has a different culture, engineers must decide how and to what extent to accommodate their own ethical standards to the new environment. This is called "boundary crossing problem." Among many solutions to this problem, the Relativist solution is quite simple: When in Rome, do as the Roman do. But this solution is defective. Why?

Engineers might end up with committing some crime if they follow the social norms in that country. For example, bribery may be allowed in that country, but it is not legal for US citizens to engage in practices (the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 1977).

Environmental obligations may place engineers in a difficult position with respect to their employees. What should be stated in engineering codes of ethics in order to encourage engineers to endorse environmental stewardship without the risk of dismissal?

Engineers should have the right to voice responsible objections to organizational directives with which they disagree. Where possible, organizations shall not compel engineers to participate in projects that violate their professional obligations or personal conscience.

The CERES principles were voluntarily adopted by a number of oil companies to express a progressive attitude toward the environment. After which major environmental disaster were they first adopted?

Exxon "Valdez," Prince William Sound, 1989

[1.3] According to the Preamble of ACM Code of Ethics, questions related to ethical conflicts can best be answered by the reliance on detailed regulations.

False

[1.3] Engineering and computing codes of ethics are grounded in concepts and principles of ordinary morality that are the creation of a select group of professionals. That is, ethical principles which apply to engineering and computer ethics are not derived from more general ethical principles.

False

In which type of organizational culture, engineers are treated as staff, rather than a adviser?

Finance-Oriented

What are three types of organizational culture?

Finance-Oriented, Customer-Oriented, and Engineer Oriented.

Which provision(s) of NSPE you would use to enhance your advice to Jim Schmidt?

I would use "engineers shall treat all persons with dignity, respect, fairness and without discrimination," as this states that Jim should be treating them with fairness. This helps me reinforce my original answer.

The goal of engineering and computing practices is to serve the good of humanity and the well-being of the public. Engineering and computing practices, including developing, designing and implementing, have an enormous impact on the world. They affect our everyday life locally as well as globally (i.e., our larger social, economic and political systems). Those practices aim at serving the good of humanity. As such, professionals in the fields of engineering and computing technologies need to be aware of the social implications of their practices and activities, to be willing to take some responsibilities, and to volunteer their time and effort in their professional organization to set standards and rules that maintain quality of life with minimal negative consequences. In addition to rigorous, specialized training in the field of engineering and computing technologies, ethics education is essential for the professionals to serve well the good of humanity and the well-being of the public. Engineering and computer ethics is concerned with what engineers and computer professionals ought to do. The engineering and computing practices can bring benefits as well as risks for humanity. Knowledge and technical skills that engineers and computer professionals have given them special powers and responsibilities: they ought to deal with ethical questions that arise as a consequence of their professional practices including research, design, development and deployment, including issues pertinent to 'Responsibility', 'Trust and Reliability', 'Risk and Liability', 'Privacy', 'Intellectual Property', 'Freedom of Expression and Censorship', 'Global Profession', etc. Engineering and computer technologies professionals are nevertheless moral agents who commit themselves to do the right thing and make great efforts to uphold the ethical standards of their professions. Personal commitment to one's profession and the will to act ethically, however, are not sufficient for addressing and facing ethical challenges that arise in the modern, information society when laws and professional codes of ethics do not suffice for the professionals to serve the good of humanity and the well being of the public, to resolve conflicts in their professional work or to promote a better life through the development and use of technology. Engineers and computer professionals need good knowledge and skills in ethics in order to arrive at reasonable ethical decisions and judgments in order to face ethical challenges and resolve ethical issues. (In Module 6, we will address those challenges in terms of it scale: from organizational to global). Conceptual tools and problem-resolving techniques introduced in Module 1~ 3 include the basic and advanced version of the Practical Ethics Toolkit. Learners need to understand when, why, and how to use those effectively and accurately. In order to resolve a moral problem successfully, one's first task is to analyze the problem into its primary components: factual, conceptual, and application. After important analytical issues are settled, the pertinent conflict or controversy itself must be resolved. The basic version of the Practical Ethics Toolkit include 'Line Drawing' and 'Creative Middle Way" and the advanced version has an addition, 'An Appeal to Common Morality'. The basic version is useful for resolving those problems facing an individual professional; whereas the advanced version helpful in resolving problems pertinent to larger social issues.

In the "Appeal to Common Morality' technique, one's goal is to form a coherent, correct solution that honors both the Respect for Persons (/Kantian) perspective and the Utilitarian perspective. The Respect for Persons (/Kantian) consideration focus on REASON, Duty and Good Will; whereas the Utilitarian consideration the net CONSEQUENCES of an action. The recommended tests/application procedures to use the Respect for Persons (/Kantian) Model include the Golden Rule Approach, the Self-Defeating Approach, and the Rights Approach. And those for the Utilitarian Model include the Cost-Benefit approach, the Act Utilitarian Approach, and the Rule Utilitarian Approach. One chooses from one approach from the Kantian model and another from the Utilitarian model to form a correct solution. 'Ethics Filter' is a good conceptual tool to use for it effectively infuses two modules: A solution can be found by filtering proposed solutions through three layers in the following order: the Natural Rights, then the Kantian, and then the Utilitarian. When a correct solution cannot be formed as such, one should re-analyze the problem at hand. As Engineering and Computer Ethics has three attributes: prohibitive, preventative and aspirational, we classify our moral judgments accordingly. When we make a moral judgment of something, we can say that something is permissible, impermissible, obligatory and supererogatory. In general, such ethical theories as Utilitarianism, Kantianism, the Rights Theory cover the Prohibitive and Preventative attributes whereas the Virtue Theory (/Virtue Ethics) the aspirational attribute. Supererogatory judgments are often used in evaluating moral agents as to their intent, motives, attitudes, and dispositions; whereas permissible, impermissible, and obligatory in evaluating moral agent's actions. The concept of a reciprocal duty not to harm others speaks volume of the first two attributes and commonly used in Kantianism and the Rights Theory whereas the concept of a proper function of human beings underlies the aspirational attribute. A proper function of human beings is, according to Aristotle's Virtue Theory to achieve happiness via reason/contemplation. Aristotle asserts that happiness requires luck and work: one is lucky to be a moral agent and to have an ideal social/political environment to develop their virtues. Virtues are dispositions for being a good person, and yet developing virtues requires work: one time being a hero who saved a toddler's life does not make one virtuous; a virtue being a virtue because the moral agent works on it and develop it over time.

Three types of Conflicts of Interest are?

Inherent, Potential, and Actual

One approach to environmental responsibility is based on the idea that humans are "stewards" of the environment and hence have an obligation to care for and protect it. According to the textbook, which statements are true about this position?

It can be justified by an anthropocentrist or non-anthropocentrist viewpoint

What is Anthropocentrism?

It is a theory that asserts that nonhuman natural objects, including other animals, have only instrumental value. We humans should value and care for the natural world because of its importance to moral agents.

According to the Ethics of Respect for Persons, it is wrong to deny the moral agency of individuals. Since each moral agent has his or her capacity to formulate and pursue purpose of their own, it would be morally wrong to impose risk on other moral agents without free and informed consent.

True

If a robot passes the Turing Test, that means the robot has human language capacities, and so human intelligence.

True

If it is impossible to distribute all risks and benefits equally, informed consent and compensation should be considered as important factor in estimating and managing risk.

True

Practical Ethics Toolkit consists of: (1) Analytical Techniques: classifying 3 components of a moral problem, (2) Resolving Techniques: Line Drawing and Creative Middle Way, (3) An Appeal to Common Morality and (4) Test/Application Procedures, including (a) the Utilitarian Thinking, (b) the Kantian Approach (i.e., Respect for Person Approach), (c) The Self-Defeating Approach, (d) The Rights Approach.

True

The concept of moral agency is rooted in Kantianism.

True

What is "Policy Vacuum"? There is always some uncertainty about how well an engineering work or product involving new technology will be received by the public. When computers create new possibilities, there is a vacuum of policies.

True

Citizens in less-industrialized countries can easily misunderstand many issues related to technology. This situation can give rise to either exploitation or paternalism. Which of the following description best describes the difference between the problem of exploitation and that of paternalism?

Unlike paternalistic actions, exploitation occurs when professionals or governments take advantages of ignorance of technical-scientific sophistication of another country in order to advance their own self-interest. Whereas paternalism is a concern for the other rather than self-interest.

Our textbook argues that it might be possible to develop a worldwide appreciation of the notion of a "profession" with its attendant prerogatives, obligations, and virtues, and of engineering as a profession. But this possibility presumes one condition. What is it?

Virtually all cultures have social roles that play a central part in their functioning, and a case can be made that the professions, including engineering, are another type of social role.