Ethics Final

8. What did the embedded journalists miss in Iraq?

- Were not aggressive in re-examining their claims - Got information from people that didn't have high credibility

What are three significant reasons the AOL Time Warner merger was such a failure? What was the primary motivation for each CEO to do the merger?

-Difficult to combine the companies work, idea of taking advantage of synergies in a combination like this. -Financially, deal made no sense --> Time Werner was fine on its own -Culture clash between media and new media , time was old and AOL was new. AOL Steve Case and Time Gerald Levin wanted to combine their assets.

7. What types of advertising tend to have harmful effects on children, and what are some of those effects?

-unrealistic expectations of body shape and size -links to eating disorders, depression, and low self-esteem -inability to develop healthy sexual habits -social pressures

19. Be able to put in correct chronological order the four theories of the press as well as the main ethical principles we've studied and key developments in media. Key developments would include the first censorship, Henry VIII's heretical books list, Bill of Rights, newspapers becoming mass medium, period of yellow journalism, and the first journalism code of ethics.

1. Authoritarian (16th, 17th century) -Licensing -Where the crown issues a license to someone with a printing press - Way of controlling the press -Mostly over in the 19th century 2. Libertarian (18th century) -Complete free-flow of information - Founders intended that news would allow for being able to say and write whatever you want - Not objective or accurate, necessarily - Where our news is today - the idea that there are few restrictions on mass media 3. Soviet Totalitarian (1917) -Government owns mass media and can control internet very tightly Example: North Korea or Cuba 4. Social Responsibility (20th century) -Occured in the 20th century 1946 publication of Hutchins Report -The idea that there is a responsibility to government and people to be fair, accurate, complete in reporting the news

20. What are at least three reasons Libertarian Theory of the Press was abandoned in the United States?

1. We started moving toward modernism: everyone has a different thought about truth 2. We started to doubt the rationality of people- Freudian psychology 3. Newspapers were abusing the freedom of the press 4. WWI changed how we view the world, we started to understand responsibility was important

15. When did newspaper penetration peak? Who is the publisher of the largest magazine by circulation in the United States?

1950's and the AARP magazine

4 main types of privacy invasion:

Disclosure of private or embarrassing facts Intrusion: Invasion with a device Trespass: Invasion physically Misappropriation of image: what you look like is your property False lights: False impression of someone

First censorship:

Henry VII (initially trying to gain favor with the pope) published a list of heretical books in 1529 and next year established licensing -Wanted Catholic church to grant him an annulment so he could get married again to someone else to have a male heir -The Catholic church wouldn't grant him an annulment, so he created his own church called the Church of England

What is the marketplace of ideas and self-correcting theory? The Enlightenment?

MoI: Milton's idea that people should be able to express their ideas, even false ones because truth will always emerge SET: if you mess it up the first time, as long as you keep ideas flowing, people will correct themselves Enlight: Seeking and finding truth

yellow journalism

Sensational journalism -Coverage of human interest and crime -No necessarily really important news

16. What is the TARES test and how is it used to evaluate advertising? What are the No. 1 and No. 2 top criticisms of advertising? What is the most difficult portion of TARES to analyze?

TARES: truth:

Newspapers becoming a mass medium

The Penny Press -Only a few people could afford to read newspapers at the time -A very low literacy level in the country -Newspapers became a mass media and available to everyone because they started covering real news

13. What is meant by fragmentation of the television audience and what is the main importance for the three legacy television networks?

There are fewer audiences watching TV everywhere. An increase in channels, audiences, were divided up. This means that NBC, CBS, ABC won't have main TV lines anymore and today their influence has been dramatically reduced.

14. What are knowledge groups? What is the importance of convergence in the historical sense as outlined by convergence scholar Henry Jenkins?

group of people who have a common interest. Henry Jenkins outlines importance of convergence; the changing of the way media industries operates and the ways average people think about their relation to media.