Ethics for the information age CH 1-10
7. Which of the following was not a result of the adoption of mechanical calculators? a) Less demand for "superstars" who could rapidly compute sums by hand b) Higher productivity of bookkeepers c) Higher salaries of bookkeepers d) Proliferation of companies making calculators e) Feminization of bookkeeping
c) Higher salaries of bookkeepers
17. Which company produced the System/360, a family of 19 compatible mainframe computers? a) Fujitsu b) Hewlett-Packard c) IBM d) Intel e) Texas Instruments
c) IBM
62. An early proponent of the social contract was a) Jeremy Bentham. b) John Stuart Mill. c) Jean-Jacque Rousseau. d) Karl Marx. e) John Brown.
c) Jean-Jacque Rousseau.
86. Which philosopher argued in The Second Treatise of Government that people have a natural right to property? a) Jeremy Bentham b) Immanuel Kant c) John Locke d) John Stuart Mill e) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
c) John Locke
22. The software company that provided IBM with the operating system for its PC was a) Apple. b) Boeing. c) Microsoft. d) Novell. e) Tandy.
c) Microsoft.
71. A Korean cybercafé where people play on-line, persistent games is called a a) coffee clubhouse. b) computer commons. c) PC bang. d) Tenretni (Internet spelled backwards). e) virtual reality theater.
c) PC bang.
52. Which of the following is an argument in favor of ethical egoism? a) Ethical egoism is supported by verses in the Bible. b) People are naturally altruistic. c) The community can benefit when individuals put their well-being first. d) It is not true that people naturally act in their own long-term self-interest. e) Ethical egoism treats all persons as moral equals.
c) The community can benefit when individuals put their well-being first.
74. Many people are now using the Web not simply to download content, but to build communities and upload and share content they have created. This trend has been given the name a) Persistent online reality b) Online networking c) Web 2.0 d) Interactive hypermedia e) Virtual reality
c) Web 2.0
11. The first commercial electronic digital computers were produced just after a) the Spanish-American War. b) World War I. c) World War II. d) the Korean War. e) the Vietnam War.
c) World War II.
64. A right that is guaranteed without exception is called a a) positive right. b) negative right. c) absolute right. d) limited right. e) proverbial right.
c) absolute right.
15. A semiconductor device containing transistors, capacitors, and resistors is called a) a difference engine. b) a diode. c) an integrated circuit. d) a radio. e) a transformer
c) an integrated circuit.
10. Which of the following phrases best describes a system that inputs data, performs one or more calculations, and produces output data? a) manual calculator b) digital computer c) data-processing system d) difference engine e) cash register
c) data-processing system
45. Rules of conduct describing what people ought and ought not to do in various situations are called a) denominations. b) ideals. c) morality. d) philosophy. e) virtues.
c) morality.
78. A Web filter is a piece of software that a) keeps track of the pages your Web browser displays. b) sends Google information about your Web surfing habits. c) prevents certain Web pages from being displayed by your browser. d) prevents unauthorized people from using your computer to surf the Web. e) A and B
c) prevents certain Web pages from being displayed by your browser.
42. What is the name of a program that follows hyperlinks, collecting information about Web sites? a) daemon b) hacker c) spider d) trawler e) worm
c) spider
23. The first electronic networking technology widely used in the United States was the a) Internet. b) radio. c) telegraph. d) telephone. e) television.
c) telegraph.
27. A typewriter that prints a message transmitted over a telegraph line is called a a) computer. b) monitor. c) teletype. d) terminal. e) transponder.
c) teletype.
56. The Principle of Utility is also called a) the Categorical Imperative. b) the Difference Principle. c) the Greatest Happiness Principle. d) the Social Contract. e) the Ten Commandments.
c) the Greatest Happiness Principle.
24. The Pony Express went out of business when a) the Mexican War ended in 1846. b) the Civil War began in 1861. c) the transcontinental telegraph was completed. d) AT&T completed the national telephone network. e) the radio was invented.
c) the transcontinental telegraph was completed.
6. Which of the following phrases does not describe the Gilded Age in America? a) rapid industrialization b) economic expansion c) widespread electrification d) concentration of corporate power e) corporate mergers
c) widespread electrification
80. Sexting refers to a) sending text messages with nude or nearly nude photographs. b) sending emails with nude or nearly nude photographs. c) posting nude or nearly nude photographs to a Web site. d) A and B. e) A, B, and C.
d) A and B.
83. Cyberbullying is defined as inflicting psychological harm on another person using a) the phone system. b) the Internet. c) broadcast media such as radio or television. d) A and B. e) A, B, and C.
d) A and B.
8. Which of the following was not a feature of cash registers in the early 1900s? a) Ability to compute total of purchases b) Ability to print itemized receipts for customers c) Ability to print log of transactions for owners d) Ability to compute amount of change to give customer e) Ability to ring a bell every time cash drawer is opened
d) Ability to compute amount of change to give customer
82. How many Americans are victims of identity theft each year? a) About 10,000. b) About 100,000. c) About 1 million. d) About 10 million. e) About 100 million.
d) About 10 million.
70. The volume of spam is increasing because a) companies have found it to be effective. b) it is 100 times less expensive than a traditional flyer sent via the U.S. mail. c) some people respond to spam advertisements. d) All of the above e) None of the above
d) All of the above
91. Since the first Copyright Act was passed in 1790 a) Congress has repeatedly increased the number of years of copyright protection. b) Congress has made more kinds of intellectual property protected under copyright. c) Congress has attempted to reconcile American copyright law with European copyright law. d) All of the above e) None of the above
d) All of the above
93. The Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 a) protects the right of consumers to make backup copies of CDs. b) requires manufacturers of digital audio records to incorporate the Serial Copyright Management System. c) requires manufacturers of digital audio recording devices and blank digital media to pay a royalty to songwriters and music publishers. d) All of the above e) None of the above
d) All of the above
18. The company that invented the microprocessor is a) Fujitsu b) Hewlett-Packard c) IBM d) Intel e) Texas Instruments
d) Intel
What is one reason why college students are five times more likely than other adults to be victims of identity theft? a) Most college students use their parent's credit cards. b) Most college students have at most one personal credit card. c) College students are particularly vulnerable to phishing attacks. d) Many students live in close proximity with others and do not do a good job securing checkbooks and financial documents. e) All of the above
d) Many students live in close proximity with others and do not do a good job securing checkbooks and financial documents.
16. Which Cold War program played an important role in advancing integrated circuit technology? a) B-52 bomber b) Hydrogen bomb c) Mark 37 torpedo d) Minuteman II ballistic missile e) NORAD radar network
d) Minuteman II ballistic missile
33. Which country has the fastest broadband connections on average? a) China b) Germany c) India d) South Korea e) United States
d) South Korea
90. Which of the following rights is not a right of a copyright holder? a) The right to reproduce the copyrighted work. b) The right to distribute the work to the public. c) The right to perform the work in public. d) The right to prevent others from producing competitive works. e) The right to produce new works derived from the copyrighted work.
d) The right to prevent others from producing competitive works.
30. ARPA Director J.C.R. Licklider conceived of a Galactic Network that would a) control weapons from space. b) guide spacecraft to distant planets. c) become the world's most powerful number-crunching machine. d) facilitate the exchange of programs and data. e) All of the above
d) facilitate the exchange of programs and data.
55. According to the second formulation of the Categorical Imperative, a) the moral worth of a person depends upon that person's actions. b) one good turn deserves another. c) bad deeds should be punished. d) it is wrong for one person to "use" another. e) the moral worth of a person depends upon that person's intentions.
d) it is wrong for one person to "use" another.
76. According to John Stuart Mill's Principle of Harm, the only ground on which the government should intervene in the conduct of an individual is when a) the individual is breaking the law. b) it would clearly be to the benefit of the individual. c) the individual is under 18 or over 65. d) it would prevent harm to others. e) According to Mill, the government should intervene if any of the above conditions are true.
d) it would prevent harm to others.
68. According to Aristotle, moral virtue results from a) a good education. b) living a long life. c) a happy marriage and loving family. d) repetition of the appropriate acts. e) All of the above.
d) repetition of the appropriate acts.
95. The decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit in RIAA v. Diamond Multimedia Systems Inc. established the concept of a) fair use. b) intellectual property protection for movies. c) licensing fees for videotapes. d) space shifting. e) time shifting.
d) space shifting.
72. A wiki is a) An online encyclopedia. b) A personal journal kept on the Web. c) An electronic profile constructed automatically by a Web browser. d) A piece of software that allows ISPs to monitor who visits which Web sites. e) A Web site that allows multiple people to contribute and edit its content.
e) A Web site that allows multiple people to contribute and edit its content.
46. Ethics is a) a rational examination of people's moral beliefs. b) a branch of philosophy. c) one way to determine which activities are "good" and which are "bad." d) a field of study more than 2,000 years old. e) All of the above
e) All of the above
88. The value of intellectual property is recognized a) in the Constitution of the United States. b) in the free market. c) in legislation passed by the U.S. Congress. d) through court decisions. e) All of the above
e) All of the above
5. The calculating machine of Georg and Edvard Sheutz a) computed the values of polynomial functions. b) typeset the results of its computations. c) performed calculations faster than they could be done manually. d) performed calculations more reliably than they could be done manually. e) All of the above.
e) All of the above.
19. Which of the following was not an activity of the People's Computer Company, a not-for-profit corporation in the San Francisco area? a) Publishing a newspaper containing the source code to programs b) Allowing people to rent time on a time-shared computer c) Hosting Friday-evening game-playing sessions d) Promoting a culture in which computer enthusiasts freely shared software e) Developing the world's first graphical user interface
e) Developing the world's first graphical user interface
14. Software that allows multiple users to edit and run their programs simultaneously on the same computer is called a) a data-processing system. b) an intranet. c) a microprocessor. d) a programming language. e) a time-sharing system..
e) a time-sharing system..
53. According to Kant, our sense of "ought to" is called a) necessity. b) insecurity. c) paranoia. d) love. e) dutifulness.
e) dutifulness.
26. Nearly all early telephones were installed in businesses, because a) people were afraid that telephones were dangerous. b) people thought that the government was using telephones as eavesdropping devices. c) only men were allowed to use a telephone. d) most homes did not have electricity. e) leasing a telephone was expensive.
e) leasing a telephone was expensive.
85. The Enlightenment view of addiction is that a) there is nothing wrong with addiction. b) addiction is not real. c) addiction can never be overcome by will-power alone. d) society is responsible for the bad choices people make. e) people are responsible for the choices they make.
e) people are responsible for the choices they make.
98. In 2005 Sony BMG Music Entertainment made headlines by a) purchasing the publishing rights to the Beatles' songs from Michael Jackson. b) purchasing the iTunes Store from Apple. c) announcing they would begin shipping CDs without digital rights management. d) shipping CDs that would only play on devices manufactured by Sony. e) shipping CDs that secretly installed a rootkit on Windows computers.
e) shipping CDs that secretly installed a rootkit on Windows computers.
44. An association of people organized under a system of rules designed to advance the good of its members over time is called a a) business. b) constitution. c) government. d) monopoly. e) society.
e) society.
65. The idea that social and economic inequalities must be to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society is called a) capitalism. b) communism. c) socialism. d) utilitarianism. e) the difference principle.
e) the difference principle.
61. Thomas Hobbes called life without rules and a means of enforcing them a) utopia. b) anarchy. c) democracy. d) communism. e) the state of nature
e) the state of nature
94. The U.S. Supreme Court decision in Sony v. Universal City Studios established the concept of a) fair use. b) intellectual property protection for movies. c) licensing fees for videotapes. d) space shifting. e) time shifting.
e) time shifting.
67. A character trait that prevents a human being from flourishing or become truly happy is called a a) fatal attraction. b) inverse virtue. c) negative virtue. d) tragic flaw. e) vice.
e) vice.
66. Modern writers often refer to moral virtues as a) intellectual virtues. b) philosophical virtues. c) psychological virtues. d) social virtues. e) virtues of character.
e) virtues of character.
97. Google Books is a) an effort to scan millions of books and make all their words searchable. b) an effort to gain copyrights on millions of books in the public domain. c) a book reader designed to compete with the Kindle. d) an online store competing with Amazon.com. e) None of the above
a) an effort to scan millions of books and make all their words searchable.
32. What term is used to describe a high-speed Internet connection? a) broadband b) hypertext c) Internet2 d) the Matrix e) World Wide Web
a) broadband
31. One of the first and most important applications of the ARPANET was a) email. b) voice mail. c) spreading computer viruses. d) disseminating anti-Communist propaganda to American citizens. e) stealing secrets from the Soviet Union.
a) email.
92. Sometimes it is legal to reproduce a copyrighted work without the permission of the copyright holder. These circumstances are called a) fair use. b) noncommercial use. c) piracy. d) public domain. e) reciprocity
a) fair use.
87. Intellectual property is a unique product of the human intellect that a) has commercial value. b) can be reproduced digitally. c) has been produced on paper. d) can be performed in public. e) cannot be understood by anyone other than the creator
a) has commercial value.
69. According to Aristotle, deriving pleasure from a virtuous act is a sign that you a) have developed the virtue. b) have not yet developed the virtue. c) are egotistical. d) are hedonistic. e) have not done enough good deeds lately.
a) have developed the virtue.
96. The decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit in Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corporation established that the display of thumbnail images by a search engine a) is a fair use of those images. b) is not a fair use of those images. c) is an unfair use of network bandwidth. d) is an illegal attempt to circumvent Web filters. e) is legal, even when the original images are pornographic.
a) is a fair use of those images.
36. In the fourth century the codex replaced the scroll because a) it was more durable, and it was much easier to look up a particular passage. b) it was much lighter, and it could be made much more rapidly. c) Gutenberg's printing press had just been invented. d) there was a worldwide shortage of papyrus. e) All of the above
a) it was more durable, and it was much easier to look up a particular passage.
25. Alexander Graham Bell invented the harmonic or musical telegraph, which enabled a) more than one message to be sent over a single telegraph wire at the same time. b) human speech to be sent over a telegraph wire. c) music to be send over a telegraph wire. d) B and C e) None of the above.
a) more than one message to be sent over a single telegraph wire at the same time.
84. Kimberly Young's test for Internet addiction is based on the diagnosis of a) pathological gambling. b) obsessive/compulsive behavior. c) chronic sleeplessness. d) anxiety disorders. e) schizophrenia.
a) pathological gambling.
37. Hypertext is supposed to mimic a) the associative memory of human beings. b) the way that creeks flow into streams and streams merge into rivers. c) constellations in the night sky. d) road networks. e) the way that some people "channel surf" with a remote control
a) the associative memory of human beings.
21. A key application that first made personal computers more attractive to business was a) the spreadsheet program. b) the World Wide Web. c) desktop publishing. d) video editing. e) email.
a) the spreadsheet program.
47. A relativist claims that a) there are no universal moral principles. b) morality has an existence outside the human mind. c) morality and law are identical. d) there is no such thing as free will. e) God does not exist.
a) there are no universal moral principles.
28. Guglielmo Marconi originally conceived of the radio as a way to a) transmit telegraph messages without wires. b) transmit electricity without wires. c) transmit votes in national elections. d) transmit light without wires. e) All of the above
a) transmit telegraph messages without wires.
41. A Web browser enables you to a) view Web pages. b) edit Web pages. c) create Web pages. d) delete Web pages. e) All of the above
a) view Web pages.
38. What visionary invented the computer mouse and demonstrated windows, email, and live network videoconferencing at "the mother of all demos" in 1968? a) Vannevar Bush b) Douglas Engelbart c) Al Gore d) Alan Kay e) Ted Nelson
b) Douglas Engelbart
73. A blog is a) a character in Lineage, a popular on-line game. b) a personal journal kept on the Web. c) a person who assumes a false identity in a chat room. d) a special symbol visible on displays that show Unicode characters. e) the Web version of a "couch potato."
b) a personal journal kept on the Web.
59. The problem of moral luck is raised as a criticism of a) the divine command theory. b) act utilitarianism. c) rule utilitarianism. d) cultural relativism. e) Kantianism.
b) act utilitarianism.
3. Tablets, abacuses, and manual tables a) are no longer used, because of the proliferation of calculators and computers. b) are examples of aids to manual calculating. c) were developed in Western Europe in the late Middle Ages. d) replaced Hindu-Arabic numerals as the preferred way to do calculations. e) All of the above.
b) are examples of aids to manual calculating.
51. Ethical egoism is a) not based on reason or logic. b) based on determining long-term beneficial consequences. c) the divine command theory by another name. d) Kantianism by another name. e) utilitarianism by another name.
b) based on determining long-term beneficial consequences.
1. The two principal catalysts for the Information Age have been a) books and pamphlets. b) computers and communication networks. c) movie theaters and public parks. d) newspapers and magazines. e) the printing press and the telegraph.
b) computers and communication networks.
43. According to James Moor, taking "the ethical point of view" means a) abiding by your religious beliefs. b) deciding that other people and their core values are worthy of your respect. c) choosing to sacrifice your own good for the good of someone else. d) putting self-interest above the interests of everyone else. e) refusing to accept help from other people.
b) deciding that other people and their core values are worthy of your respect.
34. A common name for a wireless Internet access point is a) broadband hub. b) hotspot. c) Internet access-ory. d) Internet café. e) wap.
b) hotspot.
77. In the United States, freedom of expression a) is a positive right. b) is not an absolute right. c) is limited to political speech. d) has been abolished by decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court. e) is guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
b) is not an absolute right.
60. Utilitarianism does not mean "the greatest good of the greatest number" because a) it is impossible to calculate "the greatest good." b) it focuses solely on "the greatest good" and pays no attention to how "the good" is distributed. c) some people have no moral worth. d) it is impossible to maximize "the good" without ruining the environment. e) All of the above
b) it focuses solely on "the greatest good" and pays no attention to how "the good" is distributed.
12. Programming languages were developed in order to a) make it possible to program computers in English. b) make programming faster and less error-prone. c) speed translations between English and Russian during the Cold War. d) improve the computation speed of computers, which were very expensive. e) All of the above.
b) make programming faster and less error-prone.
48. Objectivism is based on the idea that a) there are no universal moral principles. b) morality has an existence outside the human mind. c) morality and law are identical. d) there is no such thing as free will. e) God does not exist.
b) morality has an existence outside the human mind.
63. A right that another can guarantee by leaving you alone to exercise the right is called a a) positive right. b) negative right. c) absolute right. d) limited right. e) proverbial right.
b) negative right.
49. The divine command theory is an example of a) relativism. b) objectivism. c) egoism. d) existentialism. e) materialism
b) objectivism.
81. Sexting is causing a legal crisis because a) police and prosecutors refuse to get involved in sexting cases. b) police and prosecutors are treating sexting as a felony offense. c) prisons are starting to fill up with people convicted of sexting. d) police have been charged with possession of child pornography. e) B and C.
b) police and prosecutors are treating sexting as a felony offense.
75. Which of these is not an example of direct censorship? a) government monopolization b) self-censorship c) pre-publication review d) licensing and registration e) All of the above are examples of direct censorship.
b) self-censorship
9. Punched card tabulation was invented by Herman Hollerith, an employee of a) the Pennsylvania Railroad. b) the Census Bureau. c) the Pennsylvania Steel Company. d) the Burroughs Adding Machine Company. e) IBM
b) the Census Bureau.
54. According to Kant, the moral value of an action depends upon a) its consequences. b) the underlying moral rule. c) how closely it aligns with Biblical teachings. d) how closely it aligns with the law. e) the extent to which it produces happiness.
b) the underlying moral rule.
4. The mechanical adding machines of Pascal and Leibniz were not widely adopted because a) they were too expensive. b) there were unreliable. c) they were too difficult to program. d) they could not handle fractions. e) bookkeepers successfully lobbied the King, and he made the machines illegal.
b) there were unreliable.
89. The proper noun "Kleenex" is protected a) as a trade secret. b) with a trademark. c) with a patent. d) with a copyright. e) All of the above
b) with a trademark.
How many people trust a business more after reading positive online reviews? a) A very small percentage of consumers. b) About one-third of consumers. c) About three-quarters of consumers. d) Nearly 100% of consumers. e) No one has ever conducted such a study.
c) About three-quarters of consumers.
20. Who wrote "An Open Letter to Hobbyists," complaining about software theft? a) Stewart Brand b) Bob Frankston c) Bill Gates d) Steve Jobs e) Steve Wozniak
c) Bill Gates
79. Which of the following laws was upheld as constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court? a) Communications Decency Act b) Child Online Protection Act c) Child Internet Protection Act d) All of these laws were upheld as constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court. e) None of these laws were upheld as constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court
c) Child Internet Protection Act
13. Which of the following was not an early programming language? a) BASIC b) COBOL c) DATA-FLOW d) FLOW-MATIC e) FORTRAN
c) DATA-FLOW
50. Which of the following is an argument in favor of the divine command theory? a) The divine command theory is not based on reason. b) It is fallacious to equate "the good" with "God." c) God is all-knowing. d) Some moral problems are not addressed directly in scripture. e) The Bible has contradictory moral teachings.
c) God is all-knowing.
35. The first alphabet to represent vowels as well as consonants was developed by the a) Babylonians. b) Egyptians. c) Greeks. d) Romans. e) Syrians.
c) Greeks.
39. The first popular personal computer with a graphical user interface was the a) Apple Macintosh. b) Compaq Presario. c) IBM PC. d) NeXT workstation. e) Tandy TRS-80.
a) Apple Macintosh.
57. Two philosophers closely associated with utilitarianism are a) Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. b) Immanuel Kant and Jeremy Bentham. c) Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. d) John Stuart Mill and John Rawls. e) Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Rawls.
a) Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.
2. Which statement best supports the conclusion that society can control whether to adopt a new technology? a) No new nuclear power plants were built in the United States for 25 years after the accident at Three Mile Island. b) About half of all email messages are spam. c) Despite decades of research, fusion power is an elusive goal. d) People do not have to listen to Rush Limbaugh if they do not want to. e) Some new technologies are simply too expensive to even consider adopting.
a) No new nuclear power plants were built in the United States for 25 years after the accident at Three Mile Island.
40. The World Wide Web is the creation of a) Tim Berners-Lee. b) Vannevar Bush. c) Douglas Engelbart. d) Alan Kay. e) Ted Nelson.
a) Tim Berners-Lee.
29. The power of radio as a medium of mass communication was demonstrated in 1938 when Orson Welles put on a dramatization of a) War of the Worlds. b) Hamlet. c) Homer's Odyssey. d) the assassination of Franklin Roosevelt. e) 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.
a) War of the Worlds.
58. Utilitarianism is an example of a) a consequentialist theory. b) the social contract theory. c) a non-consequentialist theory. d) a practical implementation of the divine command theory. e) a relativistic theory.
a) a consequentialist theory.
