Ethics True False - Textbook Chapters
10. Misleading job descriptions and inaccurate job specifications deny applicants the information they need to make informed occupational decisions. Ordinarily sex, race, age, national origin and religion should never enter into personnel decisions.
TRUE
11. "The fact that these arguments against the so called capitalist ethic are invalid does not of course demonstrate that the capitalist ethic is an acceptable one. I find it difficult to justify either accepting or rejecting it, or to justify any alternative principle. I am led to the view that it cannot in and of itself be regarded as an ethical principle; that it must be regarded as instrumental or a corollary of some other principle such as freedom."
TRUE
13. "The maintenance of the general rules of private property and of capitalism have been a major source of opportunity for negroes and have permitted them to make greater progress than they otherwise could have made." (Capitalism and Freedom: Chapter VII - Capitalism and Discrimination)
TRUE
14. The "elementary" tenet of "voluntary co operation" within the marketplace is both parties to an economic transaction benefit from it.
TRUE
16. "In both games and society also, no set of rules can prevail unless most participants most of the time conform to them without external sanctions; unless that is, there is a broad underlying social consensus. But we cannot rely on custom or on this consensus alone to interpret and to enforce the rules; we need an umpire. These then are the basic roles of government in a free society: [1] to provide a means whereby we can modify the rules, [2] to mediate differences among us on the meaning of the rules, and [3] to enforce compliance with the rules on the part of those few who would otherwise not play the game. The need for government in these respects arises because absolute freedom is impossible. However attractive anarchy may be as a philosophy, it is not feasible in a world of imperfect men."
TRUE
18. "When a man spends his own money to buy something for himself, he is very careful about how much he spends and how he spends it. When a man spends his own money to buy something for someone else, he is still very careful about how much he spends, but somewhat less what he spends it on. When a man spends someone else's money to buy something for himself, he is very careful about what he buys, but doesn't care at all how much he spends. And when a man spends someone else's money on someone else, he doesn't care how much he spends or what he spends it on. And that's government for you."
TRUE
19. "As liberals [in the classical not the political sense], we take freedom of the individual, or perhaps the family, as our ultimate goal in judging social arrangements... in a society freedom has nothing to say about what an individual does with his freedom; it is not an all embracing ethic. Indeed, a major aim of the liberal is to leave the ethical problem for the individual to wrestle with. The "really" important ethical problems are those that face an individual in a free society what he should do with his freedom."
TRUE
2. "A working model of a society organized through voluntary exchange is a free private enterprise exchange economy what we have been calling competitive capitalism."
TRUE
2. According to Smith's A Wealth of Nations "but man has almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren, and it is in vain for him to expect it from their benevolence only. He will be more likely to prevail if he can interest their self love in his favour, and show them that it is for their own advantage to do for him what he requires of them?"
TRUE
2. Democratic government has worked successfully where, and so long as, the functions of government were, by a widely accepted creed, restricted to fields where agreement among a majority could be achieved by free discussion; and it is the great merit of the liberal creed that it reduced the range of subjects on which agreement was necessary to one on which it was likely to exist in a society of free men. It is now often said that democracy will not tolerate "capitalism". If "capitalism" means here a competitive system based on free disposal over private property, it is far more important to realise that only within this system is democracy possible. When it becomes dominated by a collectivist creed, democracy will inevitably destroy itself.
TRUE
2. Internal or external corporate responsibility audits can help close the gap between stated values, goals, and mission, on the one hand, and reality on the other. Another aspect of follow up is strict enforcement. For example, Chemical Bank terminates employees for violating the company's code of ethics even if they do nothing illegal and Xerox dismisses people for minor manipulation of records and the padding of expense accounts.
TRUE
2. The goal of advertising of course is to persuade us to buy the products that are being touted. Providing objective and comparative product information may be one way to do that but it is not the only way.
TRUE
2. Three distinct approaches to environmental protection are the use of regulations, the use of incentives, and the use of pricing mechanisms and pollution permits.
TRUE
20. "Political freedom means the absence of coercion of a man by his fellow men."
TRUE
3. The committee should have full authority and responsibility to communicate the code and decisions based on it to all corporate members, clarify and interpret the code when the need arises, facilitate the code's use, investigate grievances and violations of the code, discipline violators and reward compliance, and review, update, and upgrade the code.
TRUE
3. The general proposition that a firm has a legitimate interest only in employee behavior that significantly influences work performance applies equally to off the job conduct.
TRUE
3. The programs of [1] Minimum wage laws, [2] Medical care for particular groups, [3] Steeply graduated individual income tax, and [4] Public housing are directed at promoting the 'welfare' of particular groups... but this "social legislation" has done more harm than good and has literally helped society as a whole "NONE WHATSOEVER".
TRUE
3. The various kinds of collectivism, communism, fascism, etc., differ between themselves in the nature of the goal towards which they want to direct the efforts of society. But they all differ from liberalism and individualism in wanting to organise the whole of society and all its resources for this unitary end, and in refusing to recognise autonomous spheres in which the ends of the individuals are supreme. In short, they are totalitarian in the true sense of this new word which we have adopted to describe the unexpected but nevertheless inseparable manifestations of what in theory we call collectivism.
TRUE
8. "Because we live in a largely free society, we tend to forget how limited is the span of time and the part of the globe for which there has ever been anything like political freedom: the typical state of mankind is tyranny, servitude, and misery."
TRUE
8. If those inside the corporation are to behave morally they need clearly stated and communicated ethical standards that are equitable and enforced. This development seems possible only if the standards of expected behavior are institutionalized that is only if they become a fixture in the corporate organization. To institutionalize ethics within corporations Professor Milton Snoeyenbos suggests that top management should: [1] Articulate the firm's values and goals, [2] adopt a moral code applicable to all members of the company, [3] set up a high ranking ethics committee to oversee, develop, and enforce the code, and [4] incorporate ethics training into all employee development programs.
TRUE
8. In an attempt to persuade advertisers are not prone to exploit ambiguity, conceal facts, exaggerate and use psychological appeals.
TRUE
8. Some employers have 'unwritten rules' requiring volunteer work while other companies award employees points for approved volunteer work on their performance evaluations.
TRUE
9. "The great achievement of capitalism has not been the accumulation of property, it has been the opportunities it has offered to men and women to extend and develop and improve their capacities. Yet the enemies of capitalism are fond of castigating it as materialist, and its friends all too often apologize for capitalism's materialism as a necessary cost of progress. Another striking fact, contrary to popular conception, is that capitalism leads to less inequality than alternative systems of organization and that the development of capitalism has greatly lessened the extent of inequality. Comparisons over space and time alike confirm this view... Among the Western countries alone, inequality appears to be less, in any meaningful sense, the more highly capitalist the country is."
TRUE
1. According to Smith's A Wealth of Nations "it is from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, not from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves to their humanity not to their self love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages. Nobody but a beggar chuses to depend chiefly upon the benevolence of his fellow citizens. Even a beggar does not depend upon it entirely?"
FALSE
1. A corporate moral code should set reasonable goals and subgoals with an eye on blunting ethical pressures on subordinates.
FALSE
1. According to Friedman's Capitalism and Freedom: Chapter II - The Role of Government in a Free Society "the widespread use of the market increases the strain on the social fabric by rendering conformity necessary with respect to any activities it encompasses. The wider the range of activities covered by the market, the fewer are the issues on which explicitly political decisions are required and hence on which it is necessary to achieve agreement. In turn, the more the issues on which agreement is necessary, the greater is the likelihood of getting agreement while maintaining a free society."
FALSE
1. In privacy we do not want control of our personal and intimate information; we do want our private selves on display; we wish to keep certain, thoughts, feelings, and behavior free to be expressed, monitoring or observation of strangers; we value making certain personal decisions autonomously.
FALSE
1. Regulatory law has customarily given employers a free hand in the practice of hiring and firing employees.
FALSE
1. The "social goal", or "common purpose", for which society is to be organized, is usually vaguely described as the "common good", or the "general welfare", or the "general interest". It does need much reflection to see that these terms have sufficiently definite meaning to determine a particular course of action. The welfare and the happiness of millions can be measured on a single scale of less and more. The welfare of a people, like the unhappiness of a man, depends on a great many things that can be provided in an infinite variety of combinations. It can be adequately expressed as a single end, but only as a hierarchy of ends, a comprehensive scale of values in which every need of every person is given its place. To direct all our activities according to a single plan presupposes that every one of our needs is given its rank in an order of values which must be complete enough to make it possible to decide betwee
FALSE
10. Companies may call in private investigators to check on employees who call out sick or gain knowledge of their personal habits they may also track other employees in company vehicles via GPS technology - but only with their knowledge.
FALSE
10. Society must not rely on the conscientious efforts of business to promote consumer safety.
FALSE
12. "The appropriate solution" when dealing with the issue of segregation or integration of schools (or of anything else within the marketplace) is to eliminate government operation of schools and permit parents to choose the schools their children are to attend.
FALSE
15. "It is a striking historical fact that the development of capitalism has been accompanied by a major reduction in the extent to which particular religious, racial, or social groups have operated under special handicaps in respect of their economic activities; have, as the saying goes, been discriminated against. The substitution of contract arrangements for status arrangements was the first step toward the freeing of serfs in the Middle Ages, Jews through the Middle Ages, Quakers in migration to the New World, and Negroes after the Civil War." (Capitalism and Freedom: Chapter VII - Capitalism and Discrimination)
FALSE
17. "A primary excuse for the expansion of governmental activity is the supposed necessity for government spending to eliminate unemployment."
FALSE
2. A leader has nothing to gain but everything to prove.
FALSE
2. According to Friedman's Capitalism and Freedom: Chapter I The Relation between Economic Freedom and Political Freedom "a society which is anarchist cannot be democratic, in the sense of guaranteeing individual freedom."
FALSE
2. Some businesses are trying to improve the mental health of their employees seeking not only to combat depression, anxiety, and other psychological problems while promoting positive thinking, coping under pressure, and 'mental fitness' in efforts to increase creativity and productivity. Although sounding enlightened and humane often it is the families of employees themselves that are to blame for stressful work environments conducive to poor mental health.
FALSE
2. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1994 enforces upon employers with 50 employees or more to protect the rights of people with disabilities to obtain gainful employment and forbids employers from discriminating against employees or job applicants with disabilities when making employment decisions. Employers must also make 'reasonable accommodations' for an employee or job applicant with a disability as long as doing so does not inflict 'undue hardship' on the business.
FALSE
3. 'Termination' is for cause dismissal being the result for employee theft, gross insubordination, release of proprietary information, etc.
FALSE
3. According to Friedman's Capitalism and Freedom: Chapter X - The Distribution of Income "the most far reaching criticism has come from the Marxists. Marx [1818 to 1883] argued that labor was exploiting the capitalist. Why? Because labor produced the whole of the product but got only part of it; the rest is Marx's "surplus value." Even if the statements of fact implicit in this assertion were accepted, the value judgment follows only if one accepts the capitalist ethic. Labor is 'exploited' only if labor is entitled to what it produces. If one accepts instead the socialist premise, 'to each according to his need, from each according to his ability' - whatever that may mean - it is necessary to compare what labor produces, not with what it gets but with its 'ability', and to compare what labor gets, not with what it produces but with its 'need.' Of course the Marxist argument is valid
FALSE
3. Companies that refuse to address the external costs of their business activities act fairly and not seen as 'free riders' on environmental issues.
FALSE
3. Leaders must have a competitive spirit but also be gracious losers. They must drive competition and push themselves and their teams to perform at the highest level. But they must always put their own drive for personal success ahead of overall mission success for the greater team... A leader must be strong but likewise have endurance, not only physically but mentally. He or she must maintain the ability to perform at the highest level and sustain that level for the long term.
FALSE
3. The FTC has always looked after one special group of consumers without regard to how reasonable they are: elderly... Advertising to the elderly is big business. Every year elderly over sixty five spend $40 Billion and those over seventy a whopping $172 Billion. And these figures don't begin to take into account the Billions of purchases for gifts, clothes, and groceries that are influenced.
FALSE
4. According to Friedman's Capitalism and Freedom: Chapter I - The Relation between Economic Freedom and Political Freedom "as central planners, we take freedom of the individual, or perhaps the family, not as our ultimate goal in judging social arrangements... in a society freedom has nothing to say about what an individual does with his freedom; it is not an all embracing ethic. Indeed a major aim of the liberal is to leave the ethical problem for the individual to wrestle with. The 'really' important ethical problems are those that face an individual in a free society what he should do with his freedom."
FALSE
4. At age seven a typical child sees 40,000 television commercials a year.
FALSE
4. Environmental protection is a zero sum trade off. Lower environmental standards pressure companies to invest in new technology thus enhancing efficiency as well as reducing pollution.
FALSE
4. Johnson & Johnson is widely seen as a model of corporate irresponsibility, especially because of its indecisive handling of the Tylenol crisis of 1982, when seven people in the Chicago area died from cyanide laced Extra Strength Tylenol capsules. The company delayed immediate recall of 31 million bottles of Tylenol from store shelves across the nation and delayed notification of 500,000 doctors and hospitals about the contaminated capsules. A toll free consumer hotline was set up far after the first week of the crisis and consumers were offered the opportunity to replace Tylenol capsules with a free bottle of Tylenol tablets.
FALSE
5. According to Friedman's Capitalism and Freedom: Chapter V - Fiscal Policy "I have done some fairly extensive empirical work, for the U.S. and other countries, to get some more satisfactory evidence. The results are striking. They strongly suggest that the actual outcome will be closer to the quantity theory [the supply of money within an economy has a direct relation to prices] extreme than to the Keynesian... One thing however is clear. Whether the views so widely accepted about the effects of fiscal policy [espoused by Keynes and his intellectual followers] be right or wrong, they are contradicted by at least one extensive body of evidence. I know of no other coherent or organized body of evidence justifying them. They are not part of economic mythology, they are the demonstrated conclusions of economic analysis or quantitative studies. Yet they have yielded immense influence in securing widespread public
FALSE
5. Businesses and other organizations frequently believe they do not have a compelling need to know of the lives and conduct about their employees whether on or off the job they do not believe this justifies invasion of privacy.
FALSE
5. Many corporations violate the civil liberties of employees via an authoritarian strain of personnel engineering and professional management.
FALSE
5. Traditionally business has not regarded the natural world as a free and unlimited good.
FALSE
6. A corporation's culture is what determines how people behave when they are being watched.
FALSE
1. The increasing complexity of today's economy and the multifaceted dependence of consumers on business for their survival and enrichment have heightened business's responsibilities to consumers particularly in the area of product safety.
TRUE
10. A valid role to be undertaken by government in the U.S. is to define property rights
TRUE
10. As it produces the goods and services we need or want, business inevitably intrudes into ecosystems, but not all intrusions are free of risk or justifiable.
TRUE
7. The three distinct approaches to environmental protection has distinct advantages and weaknesses each raising some question of material justice.
TRUE
6. According to Friedman's Capitalism and Freedom: Chapter I - The Relation between Economic Freedom and Political Freedom "viewed as a means to the end of political freedom, economic arrangements are important because of their effect on the concentration or dispersion of power. The kind of economic organization that provides economic freedom directly, namely, collectivist socialism, also promotes political freedom because it separates economic power from political power and in this way enables the one to offset the other."
FALSE
6. Leaders must recognize limitations and know to pace themselves and their teams so that they can maintain a solid performance indefinitely. Leaders must be passive but not humble; quiet but not silent. They must possess humility and the ability to control their ego and listen to others. They must admit mistakes and failures, take ownership of them, and figure out a way to prevent them from happening again. But a leader must be able to speak up when it matters.
FALSE
6. Most people who buy bottled water do so because they believe that it is purer and safer than tap water. Not so reports the Natural Resources Defense Council which tested 103 brands and found that two thirds of them including some of the best known brands contained contaminants that exceeded state or federal standards.
FALSE
7. According to Friedman's Capitalism and Freedom: Chapter X - The Distribution of Income "the operative function of payment in accordance with product in a market society is not primarily distributive, but allocative... the central principle of a command economy is cooperation through involuntary exchange... Payment in accordance with product is therefore necessary in order that resources be used most effectively, at least under a system depending on involuntary cooperation. Given sufficient knowledge, it might be that compulsion could be sustained for the incentive of reward, though I doubt that it could. One can shuffle inanimate objects around; one can compel individuals to be at certain places at certain times; but one can compel individuals to put forward their best efforts. Put another way, the substitution of cooperation for compulsion changes the amount of resources available... Even the severest inte
FALSE
7. Employees more and more believe there is not a personal sphere and are asserting this right as not subject to the needs, interests or the curiosity of their employers.
FALSE
7. Interviewers should focus on the humanity of the candidate and allow their personal biases, unconscious biases, stereotypes, and preconceptions color their evaluations.
FALSE
8. The United States Supreme Court made it clear in the 1971 Griggs v. Duke Power Company decision if an employment practice such as testing does not have an adverse impact (or unequal effect) on minority groups, then the burden of proof is on the employee to show the job relatedness or business necessity of the test or procedure.
FALSE
8. William Balckstone states each of us does not have a right to a livable environment.
FALSE
9. Employees in the 'public sector' employed by federal, state or local governments do not enjoy certain constitutional protections on the job and can be fired "for no cause".
FALSE
9. Implied warranties include the claim implicit in any sale that a product is fit for its ordinary intended and unintended use.
FALSE
9. The 'tragedy of the commons' is where pollution and resource depletion are examples of situations in which each person's pursuit of self interest can make everyone better off.
FALSE
9. Whenever an organization infringes on the employee's personal sphere it does not matter if it is blatant of minor infringement the employee has no right to complain.
FALSE
10. Regardless of whether corporations as artificial entities can properly be held morally responsible, the nature and structure of a modern corporate organization allows nearly everyone in it to share moral accountability for what it does. In practice this diffusion of responsibility can mean that all persons in particular are held morally responsible.
False
11. Today many companies and many of the people inside them accept without hesitation the idea that corporations are immoral agents with genuinely moral, not just legal, responsibilities.
False
7. The common features of all collectivist systems may be described, in a phrase ever dear to democrats of all schools, as the deliberate organisation of the labours of society for a definite social goal. That our present society lacks such "conscious" direction towards a single aim, that its activities are guided by the whims and fancies of irresponsible individuals, has always been one of the main complaints of its democrat critics.
False
8. This is the fundamental fact on which the whole philosophy of collectivism is based. It does not assume, as is often asserted, that man is egoistic or selfish, or ought to be. It merely starts from the indisputable fact that the limits of our powers of imagination make it possible to include in our scale of values more than a sector of the needs of the whole society, and that, since, strictly speaking, scales of value can exist only in individual minds, nothing but partial scales of values exist, scales which are inevitably different and often inconsistent with each other. From this the collectivist concludes that the individuals should be allowed, within defined limits, to follow their own values and preferences rather than somebody else's, that within these spheres the individual's system of ends should be supreme and not subject to any dictation by others. It is this recognition of the individual as the ultimat
False
9. The ruling in Los Angeles County vs Humphries (2010) by the Supreme Court of the United States in a split 5 to 4 decision held that corporations have a basic First Amendment right to participate in the political process and the government may not prevent them from spending money to support the candidates they favor.
False
1. Confidence is contagious, a great attribute for a leader and a team. But when it goes too far, overconfidence causes complacency and arrogance, which ultimately set the team up for failure.
TRUE
1. The 'Political Person' deals in deception, greed, lies, and quest for power over others... Altruism is no part of their intellectual or social make up no matter their claims.
TRUE
1. The 'problem or externalities' or 'spillovers' is where business must be sensitive to possible disparities between its private economic costs and the social costs of its activities.
TRUE
4. Although discipline demands control and asceticism, it actually results in freedom... I realized very quickly that discipline was not only the most important quality for an individual but also for a team... Instead of making us more rigid and unable to improvise, this discipline actually made us more flexible, more adaptable, and more efficient. It allowed us to be creative... In that, lies the dichotomy: discipline—strict order, regimen, and control— might appear to be the opposite of total freedom—the power to act, speak, or think without any restrictions. But, in fact, discipline is the pathway to freedom.
TRUE
4. Although it might seem harsh to fire an employee on the basis of personal lifestyle private firms are not barred from discriminating against workers for their choice of mates. As example when the Oregon Supreme Court upheld JC Penney's firing of a merchandising manager for dating another employee or a New Mexico Federal District Court allowing the firing of a female employee with an excellent work record since she was married to an employee of a competing supermarket.
TRUE
4. It is the price of tyranny that the possibilities of conscious control are restricted to the fields where true agreement exists, and that in some fields things must be left to chance. But in a society which for its functioning depends on decentralized planning, this control can be made dependent on a majority being able to agree; it will often be necessary that the will of a small minority be imposed upon the people, because this minority will be the largest group able to agree among themselves on the question at issue.
TRUE
4. There are always two groups being [1] the "do gooders" (political persons professing altruism, etc.) and [2] special interests working in concert causing government policy to betray the American people.
TRUE
4. Whenever managers must fill positions they should look to competence (that is the ability to do the job in question) regardless of whether the candidate is inside or outside the firm. In this way management best fulfills its responsibilities to the organization.
TRUE
5. "A society which is socialist cannot be democratic, in the sense of guaranteeing individual freedom."
TRUE
5. Defenders of advertising see it as a necessary and desirable aspect of competition in a free market system, a protected form of free speech, and a useful sponsor of the media, in particular, television.
TRUE
5. Every leader must walk a fine line. That's what makes leadership so challenging. Just as discipline and freedom are opposing forces that must be balanced, leadership requires finding the equilibrium in the dichotomy of many seemingly contradictory qualities, between one extreme and another. The simple recognition of this is one of the most powerful tools a leader has.
TRUE
5. Over the years the Supreme Court of the United States has granted corporations certain First Amendment protections and extended them other constitutional rights as well for example to due process (Fourteenth Amendment), against unreasonable searches and seizures (Fourth Amendment), to a jury trial (Seventh Amendment), to freedom from double jeopardy (Fifth Amendment) and to compensation for government takings (Fifth Amendment).
TRUE
5. We are not concerned here with the question whether it would be desirable to have such a complete ethical code. It may merely be pointed out that up to the present the growth of civilisation has been accompanied by a steady diminution of the sphere in which individual actions are bound by fixed rules. The rules of which our common moral code consists have progressively become fewer and more general in character. From the primitive man who was bound by an elaborate ritual in almost everyone of his daily activities, who was limited by innumerable taboos, and who could scarcely conceive of doing things in a way different from his fellows, morals have more and more tended to become merely limits circumscribing the sphere within which the individual could behave as he liked. The adoption of a common ethical code comprehensive enough to determine a unitary economic plan would mean a complete reversal of this tendency.
TRUE
6. "History suggests only that capitalism is a necessary condition for political freedom."
TRUE
6. Although there being complicated sets of laws and court rulings limiting access to personal information of employees (thereby protecting their privacy) there still are breaches so much that firms accustomed to sharing 'privileged information' primarily only share dates of employment to minimize defamation lawsuits.
TRUE
6. Because an ecosystem represents a delicate balance of interrelated entities the introduction of any new element whether biotic or abiotic can disrupt it
TRUE
6. For an organization to function in an orderly efficient and productive way managers and personnel departments establish guidelines for employee conduct based on performance factors such as punctuality, dependability, efficiency, cooperativeness, and adherence to the dress code among others.
TRUE
6. The point which is so important is the basic fact that it is impossible for any man to survey more than a limited field, to be aware of the urgency of more than a limited number of needs. Whether his interests center round his own physical needs, or whether he takes a warm interest in the welfare of every human being he knows, the ends about which he can be concerned will always be only an infinitesimal fraction of the needs of all men.
TRUE
7. "The widespread use of the market reduces the strain on the social fabric by rendering conformity unnecessary with respect to any activities it encompasses. The wider the range of activities covered by the market, the fewer are the issues on which explicitly political decisions are required and hence on which it is necessary to achieve agreement. In turn, the fewer the issues on which agreement is necessary, the greater is the likelihood of getting agreement while maintaining a free society."
TRUE
7. According to John Kenneth Galbraith the dependence effect is where "as a society becomes increasingly affluent wants are increasingly created by the process by which they are satisfied."
TRUE
7. Corporate culture may be both overt and implicit. The formal culture of a corporation, as expressed in idealized statements of principles and values should also be distinguished from the informal culture that shapes the beliefs and behavior of individuals in the organization.
TRUE
9. This belief overlooks a vital distinction. Parliament can, of course, control the execution of tasks where it can give definite directions, where it has first agreed on the aim and merely delegates the working out of the detail. The situation is entirely different when the reason for the delegation is that there is no real agreement on the ends, when the body charged with the planning has to choose between ends of whose conflict parliament is not even aware, and when the most that can be done is to present to it a plan which has to be accepted or rejected as a whole. There may and probably will be criticism; but as no majority can agree on an alternative plan, and the parts objected to can almost always be represented as essential parts of the whole, it will remain quite ineffective. Parliamentary discussion may be retained as a useful safety valve, and even more as a convenient medium through which the official a
TRUE
Ever since the new deal, a primary excuse for the expansion of governmental activity at the federal level has been the supposed necessity for government spending to eliminate unemployment
TRUE
