ETHNC 2590 Test 1
Pre-capitalist Colonialism
"A settlement in a new country... a body of people who settle in a new locality, forming a community subject to or connected with their parent state; the community is formed, consisting of the original settlers and their descendants and successors, as long as the connection with the parent state is kept up" One group of people expanding their control through force or other means into another people's territory is not new
Contact Zone
"Social spaces where disparate cultures meet, grapple, clash with each other, often in highly asymmetrical relations of domination and subordination" The space of colonial encounters, space in which geogrpahically and historically seperated people come into contact with each other and establish ongoing relations, usually involving conditions of coercion, radical inequality, and intractable conflict. Synonymous with Colonial Frontier
First Imperial Trope: Women's bodies as boundary markers of empire
"in Myriad ways, women served as meditating and threshold figures by means of which men orient themselves in space, as agents of power and agents of knowledge" Based off picture: -New lands are feminized; represented as female -The female body used as the map. -Exposes the double standard of gender: colonized woman who is highly productive and the colonial woman who is gentile, asexual, and leisurely. McClintock talks about this as a crisis of colonial masculinity
Ontologies
"the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations" Ontology explains what beings (human, animal, nature) exist, the nature of their existence (the ideal characteristics of human-ness), and their relationship to other beings (hierarchy).
Third Imperial Trope: Anachronistic Space
"within this trope, the agency of women, the colonized and industrial working class are disavowed and projected onto anachronist space: prehistoric, atavistic, and irrational, inherently out of place in the historical time of modernity" Based off the picture: Non-Eurpoeans - the Other - are all out of town in modernity.
Colonialism
(settlements in the new country) facilitated this expansion by ensuring that there was European control, which necessarily meant securing and subjugating the indigenous populations
Ocean-Based Paradigm
- Epeli Hau'ofa offered an alternative paradigm that reflected Pacific Islander understandings that their world is immense and that the ocean connects them to one another. - As Hau'ofa notes, "Oceania is vast Oceania is expanding, Oceania is hospitable and generous, Oceania is humanity rising from the depths of brine and regions of fire deeper still, Oceania is us" (Our sea of Islands).
Doctrine of Discovery
- Formal edict of the catholic church publish as Papal Bulls from 1452-1493 - gave representatives of european nations authorization to take control/possesions of any lands they "discover" if they are not rules by christians 1.) two of the papals were issued before "discovery" of the americas the discourse of European superiority and right to enslave natives and control their lands was already in place before columbus set off for new worlds 2.) the 1493 edict explicitly about ensuring spain had control over the new lands columbus found 3.) refrenced by the supreme court that law established the precedent for all US federal inidan law that exists today
Decolonization
- indigenous people resist imperial and colonial rule - indigenous people resist inscription as the "other" - indigenous people contest imperial history -indigenous people self-identify
Kumulipo
- story, history, geneaolgy - where we as a people come from and how we come from the stars and how life comes from the ocean - we are part of the landscape and relatives of everything - who we are, where we came from, and where we are going to be in the future - great Ohana
Discursive field of knowledge
- this fourth layer has been generated by writers whose understadings of imperialism and colonialism - recognizes a greater and more immediate need to understand the complex ways in which people were brought within the imperial system, because its impact is still being felt - perceive a need to decolnize our minds, to recover ourselves, to claim a space in which to develop a sense of authentic humanity
Origin Stories: indigenous pacific islander approach
- transmitted through oral tradition - the past is connected to the present and how we go toward the future
1.) The Three 'Nesias 2.) Damon Salesa Insights 3.) Terms Used to Describe the Region
1.) - Polynesia, Micronesia, Melanesia (what PI people call themselves) 2.) - cultural geographical categories - flatten and distort the kaliedescope of diversity in our sea of islands - retain explanatory power - reflect western attempts to situate the indigenous Pacific within a Eurocentric account of world or global history 3.) - Oceania - Asia Pacific - The Pacific Basin - The south Pacific/ south seas
Imperialism 4 motives
1.) economic expansion 2.) subjugation of others 3.) idea or spirit with many forms of realization 4.) discursive field of knowledge
Paradigm
A framework containing the basic assumptions, ways of thinking, and methodology that are commonly accepted by members of a community-- social, academic, scientific.
Continent-Based Paradigm
A paradigm that reflects the point of view of people who come from continental enviornments such as Europe, Australia, and the United States that tend to see the Pacific Islands as tiny and insignificant specks of land seperated by vast expanses of ocean.
Paradigm Shift
A radical shift in people's perceptions that change at some point in time, for instance, after encountering the models other cultures or societies employ to understand the world around them.
Imperialism
A system of control which secured markets and capital investments The driving force/motive of the country expanding while colonialism is the practices and values they assimilate into the land they've acquired.
Second Imperial Trope: Panoptical Time
A visual representation of global cultural history consumed - at a glance from the standpoint of invisibilty Based off the picture: - First point about Panoptical time: Metaphor of family and nature normalizes and naturalizes racial hierarchy - Evolution at a glance
Genealogical Time
Connects the living to the cosmos and ancestors
First Contact
Describes the meetings of two groups of people who were previously unaware of each other More common in Oceania because it recognizes that both sides Europeans and Islanders were meeting for the first time
Discovery
Is used in continentally based paradigms Reflects only one side of the equation and reflects inherent power disparities between the explorers and those they "found"
Age of Discovery/Exploration (1400-1600) Modern Colonialism
Marks the transition from the "medieval" period (pre-capitalist colonialism) to the "modern era" (capitalist colonialism) "Modern colonialism did more than extract tribute, goods, and wealth from the countries that it conquered - it restructured the economies of the latter, drawing them into a complex relationship with their own so that there was a flow of human and natural resources between colonized and colonial countries. This flow worked in both directions - slaves and indentured labor as well as raw materials were transported to manufacture goods in the metropolis, or in other locations for metropolitan consumption.
Soares Theory
Problem: age and distribution of the peopling of polynesia - archeogentics - mtDNA - voyaging corridor facilitated exchange between ISEA and near Oceania
Discovery Origin Story
Produce a disempowered object, linking existence to objectification, erasure of subjects, misinterpretations, and misrepresentations.
Creation Origin Story
Produce an empowered subject, linking existence, subjectivity, and ontology, to cosmology, genealogy, and the divine.
Discovery Narratives
Reflect a single-perspective or subjective view in the contact zone, wherein the person narrating the story is also the dominating force
Age of Ancestors
Retains elements of the fabulous and the cosmological
Cosmological Age
Time of creation and divinity
Dixon's theory
problem: racial affiliation of polynesian people - investigated skulls - waves of fundamental or derived types spread from west to east throughout the whole area