Euro Chapter 17 and 18

People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were called

-creole

Navigation Acts

A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies

Wet-nursing

A widespread and flourishing business in the 18c in which women were paid to breast-feed other women's babies

Putting-out system

The 18c system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant

Consumer Revolution

The wide-ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes toward consumer goods that emerged in the cities of the northwestern Europe in the second half of the 18c

Methodists

members of a protestant revival movement started by John Wesley, so called because they were so methodical in their devotion

In the 18th century the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with

-British colonial empire

describes the enclosure movement of the 18c

-The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively

The English Navigation acts mandated that ... and

-gave British merchants a monopoly on trade with British colonies

In the 17th and 18th century guild masters

-guarder their guild rights jealously

What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the 17c

-he critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods

Population growth in the 18c occurred...

-in all regions

What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe

-it was a necessary precondition to have economic independence

In the 18c advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

-land holding and common lands needed to be consolidated in order to be farmed more efficiently

Which of the following characterizes colonial trade in Europe

-mercantilism in Britain achieved remarkable success

What was the cause of illegitimacy explosion

-parents couldn't supervise behavior

Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia

-the Dutch east indian company failed to diversify trade

From 1701 to 1763 what was at stake between the wars of Great Britain and France

-the positions leading maritime power and the ability to claim power in Europe's overseas expansion

What belief was at the center of Adam Smith's argument in the wealth of nations

-the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the conditions of citizens

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting out system

-the rural poor worked for low wages

Economic liberalism

A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor

Debt Peonage

A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food. shelter, and a little money.

Jansenism

A sect of Catholicism originating with Cornelius Jansen that emphasized the heavy weight of original sin and accepted the doctrine of predestination, it was outlawed as heresy by the pope.

Cottage Industry

A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market

Blood Sports

Events such as bullbaiting and cockfighting that involved inflicting violence and bloodshed on animals and that were popular with the 18c European masses

Carnival

The few days of revelry in Catholic countries that preceded Lend that included drinking, masquerading, dancing, and rowdy spectacles that upset the established order

Atlantic Slave trade

The forces migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the 18c and ultimately involved more than 12 million Africans

Just Price

The idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers and that they should be imposed by government decree if necessary

Enclosure System

The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture

Guild System

The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers. Guilds also served social and religious functions, providing a focus of sociability and group identity to the middling classes of European cities.

Illegitimacy explosion

The sharp increase in out-of- wedlock births that occurred in Europe between 1750 and 1850, caused by low wages and the breakdown of community controls

Industrious Revolution

The shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods

Community controls

a pattern of cooperation and common action in a traditional village that sought to uphold the economic, social, and moral stability of the closely knit community

Pietism

a protestant revival movement in early 18c Germany and Scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional religion, the priesthood of all believers, and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs.