Euro Test

Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the 18th century?

the land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively

18th century colonial trade in Europe

Mercantilism (controls what comes in and out of country)

What was the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?

They faced political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved.

How did French armies during the French revolution offer a mixed message to the people they conquered

They presented themselves as liberators to the peasants and middle class but seemed more like foreign invaders as they requisitioned food and supplies and plundered local treasure.

What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?

To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within

On of the most important crops

Clover (returns nitrogen to soil

What was essence of Holland faring methods?

Filled in the swamps and marshes

How many phases of The French Revolution?

Four (4)

How did the enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture

As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar.

What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System?

French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Great Britian

By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?

It harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into a total war effort.

What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe?

It was a necessary precondition of economic independence.

When Spanish went to colonies they?

Stayed Spanish; they kept their culture

Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?

The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners.

Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to

The necessity to provide for a densely populated country

As the Jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to women's political activity?

They banned all women's political activity, which they believed to be disorderly and a distraction from women's proper domestic duties

Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children

They were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible

Public rituals

To maintain community status

How were the same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men

While considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men

The industrious revolution was a result of

poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.

Map 17.1: Industry and Population in Eighteenth-Century Europe suggests a relationship between population density and the growth of textile production. This leads to the conclusion that textile production was concentrated in

rural areas with relatively dense populations.

Prolitarization:

From large number of small peasant farmers to landless rural wagers

How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?

He appealed both to disillusioned revolutionaries and members of the old nobility and offered them high posts in the expanding centralized state.

Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because...

Of community pressure on a couple to marry when a woman became pregnant

Wet-nursing practices included

Rural wet-nursing conducted within the framework of a putting-out system.

What was the underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750-1850?

Social and economic transformations made it harder for families and communities to supervise behavior.

Phase 3 of the French Revolution?

The Directory

Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments?

The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed

Last phase of the French Revolution?

The Empire

(Excerpt) Arthur Young's treatise on enclosure: Which of the following claims did Young make in this passage?

The Enclosure system would bring benefits to farmers, landowners, artisans, and manufacturers.

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?

The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

Big part of poor ppl diet

Bread and vegetables

Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas

took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples.

Which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?

Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially.

Important farming technique

Crop rotation

Most advanced agriculture

Dutch Republic/Holland

The religious revival movement known as Pietism

called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience.

By the eighteenth century, the elite of the Spanish colonial society

came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain

Wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of

debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt

(Excerpt) What argument does the Colonial Committee to further their legal argument for sovereignty?

Colonial plantation owners would have to fear the abolition of slavery which would disrupt their living standards.

(Excerpt) Olaudah Equiano's autobiography in which he described an alternative to the slave trade: In the passage, Equiano stressed the advantages the abolition of slavery would bring to

English manufacturers

Why was France unable to manage its debt in the eighteenth century, even though that debt was much smaller, relative to its population, than the debt of either Great Britain or Holland?

France lacked a central bank and paper currency

Punishment in the community

If a couple was caught having sex before marriage, the man would be punished and shamed. Young men will force their victims to shame them because they did not hold moral to the community (rituals like chavariti)

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years?

Initially pleased by the Revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message

Why did European slave traders In Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?

It permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas

Map 18.1

Literacy rates increased but still varied

(Excerpt) Adam Smith's description of the pin industry: In this passage Adam Smith suggested that

The division of labor facilitated the use of unskilled labor

The growth in eighteenth-century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by what two factors?

The growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor.

In the 18th century, the advocates for agricultural innovation argued that?

landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently.