European History 1500-1789: Midterm IDs [Dates]

Vernacular Bible

Early 16th Century onwards While Vernacular Bibles existed in several Western European languages long before 1517 (the start of the reformation), most copies were few in number, and laypeople rarely encountered them directly. The Vernacular Bible was bolstered in the early 16th century by two key, interwoven trends/movements in early modern Europe: the rise of the printing press, and the Reformation.

Galileo (Lifetime, First Inquisition, Second Inquisition)

Galileo (1564-1642) The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1616, which concluded that heliocentrism was foolish, absurd, and heretical since it contradicted Holy Scripture. Galileo was brought before the Inquisition again in 1633, in which he was condemned by the church as an astrologer and was condemned to house arrest for the rest of his life.

Henry IV (of Navarre)

Henry IV of Navarre was the King of France from 1589 to 1610.

Robert Boyle's Air Pump (Air Pump + New Experiments Physico-Mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air and Its Effects)

In the 1659 century Robert Boyle, New Experiments Physico-Mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air and Its Effects (1660) by Boyle

Catholic Reformation

It began with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and largely ended with the conclusion of the European wars of religion in 1648.

John Calvin - birth and death - publication of the Institutes of Christian Religion

John Calvin (1509-1564) was a French theologian, pastor, and reformer in Calvin's main achievement was to organize Protestant doctrine into a clear, comprehensive theological system via a summae of theology, as seen in his Institutes of the Christian Religion, published in 1536.

Scientific Method

Need to add

Nicolaus Copernicus - birth and death - publication of de revolutionibus orbium coelestium

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) The publication of Copernicus' heliocentric model in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, just before his death in 1543

Oliver Cromwell - his whole life - wars of the three kingdoms - executtion of charles & irish campaign (same year) - lord protector of the protectorate - Charles II restored to the throne

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) Cromwell came to prominence during the 1639 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms Cromwell was a leading advocate of the Execution of Charles I in January 1649 + punitive resettlement of the Irish in the 1649 Irish campaign; for 4 years, from 1649-1653, Cromwell waged a brutish war against the Irish. Upon the dissolution of Parliament, Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector of the Protectorate from 1653 until his death in 1658. 1660 Charles II was restored to the throne.

Thomas Cromwell

1485-1540 served as Chief minister to King Henry VIII from 1534 to 1540. erection of the Act of Supremacy on behalf of Henry VIII in 1534

German Peasants' War

1524-1525

Council of Trent

1545 - 1563

Levellers

1640s The Levellers came to prominence at the end of the First English Civil War (1642-1646), and were most influential before the start of the Second Civil War (1648-49). By 1650, they were no longer a serious threat to the established order.

Huguenots

16th-17th centuries. In France, the Huguenots practiced and grew in secrecy, such that by the 1560s, an estimated 2150 congregations existed; became bolder by the 1560s the Huguenots used the arquebus, a known method of assuring respect for religious observance, to protect themselves. key group of participants in the French Wars of Religion, which occured from 1562 to 1598. In particular, the Huguenots were central to the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, which occured in 1572.

Parlement (when the first parlement was created + timedrame of martin guerre trial)

A parlement was a provincial appellate court of the Kingdom of France in the French Ancien Regime (pre-1789 revolutionary France). The first parlement in Ancien Regime France developed in the 13th century. Parlement's are seen to have ruled in legal cases such as that of the impersonation of Martin Guerre in the mid-16th century.

Andreas Vesalius - birth and death - general century

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) was a 16th-century Flemish

Charles I

Charles I was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1625 until his execution in 1649.

Mercenaries

During the 17th and 18th centuries, extensive use of foreign mercenaries was used in the armies of Europe, beginning in a systematized way with the Thirty Years' War.

Anabaptists (Scheitheim Confession + Anabaptists of Munster)

Schleitheim Confession, written by Michael Statler in 1527. Anabaptists of Munster: 1534 to 1535

Peace of Augsburg

September 1555

Ship money (start-end, when Charles I used it)

Ship money was a tax of medieval origin levied intermittently in the Kingdom of England until the middle of the 17th century. The attempt of King Charles I from the 1630s onwards to levy ship money during peacetime and extend it to the inland counties of England without parliamentary approval provoked fierce resistance, and was one of the grievances of the English properties class in the lead-up to the English Civil War.

St. Ignatius of Loyola

St. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Loyola became the first Superior General of the Jesuits in Paris in 1541.

Amsterdam Town Hall

The Amsterdam Town Hall was built in 1648

Dutch Republic

The Dutch Republic was a federal republic which existed from 1579, during the Dutch Revolt, to 1795 (the Batavian Revolution).

East India Company

The East India Company was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874.

Edict of Nantes

The Edict of Nantes was signed in April 1598

European decline in fertility

The European decline in fertility occurred in the context of the crisis of the 17th century

New Model Army (Dates of Army, First English Civil War, Putney Debates)

The New Model Army was a standing army formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians during the First English Civil War, then disbanded after the Stuart Restoration in 1660. The New Model Army won the English Civil War on behalf of the Parliament, and came to exercise important political power. When war broke out in 1642 Putney Debates of 1647

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572

Star Chamber

The Star Chamber was an English Court that sat at the royal Palace of Westminster, from the late 15th century till 1641.

Justices of the Peace (JoP Act + Henry VII reign)

The role and responsibilities of the Justices of the peace were defined in the Justices of the Peace Act of 1361. In particular, the first Tudor monarch, Henry VII, relied on the justices of the peace more than his predecessors during his reign from 1485-1509.

Taille

The taille was a direct land tax on the French peasantry and non-nobles in Ancien Regime (pre-1789 Revolution) France. The taille was used very heavily by the French to fund wars such as the Hundred Years' War (mid-14th to mid-15th century) and the Thirty Years' War (17th century)

Ulrich Zwingli

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

Cuius regio, eius regio

context: Protestant Reformation in the 16th century Peace of Augsburg of 1555

"The Little Ice Age"

early 14th century through the 18th century. During "The Little Ice Age," sharper and more abrupt onset of cold started in 1570 and lasted till about 1680 - temperatures were unusually low in the 17th century.

Salvation by Faith

mid-16th century/Protestant Reformation

Enclosures

need to define this one