ev psych 8-10

Of homicides committed in Chicago between 1965 and 1980, _____ percent were committed by men.

86

Of all the same-sex killings involving "love triangles," what percent were male-male killings?

92 percent

Social contract theory __________.

????

Using Hamilton's rule, __________.

????

Fox found that men __________.

Assess their fighting ability more frequently than do women

Essock-Vitale and McGuire found that __________.

Los Angeles women were more likely to report helping close kin than distal kin

____________ report a greater number of sexual partners over a thirty-day period than do ____________.

Male gang members; non-gang-member peers

Which of the following statements about birth order is true?

Middleborns end up receiving less total parental investment even if the parents divide their investment equally among all the children present in the household at a given time.

Which of the following has been demonstrated about punitive sentiments?

Observing an unfair game player receiving physical pain activates the brain's reward centers.

Which of the following is NOT an essential condition that must be met for adaptations to evolve for initiating coalitional aggression?

The risk that each member takes and the importance of each member's contribution to the success must translate into an inequitable share of the benefits.

A "gain in trade" is __________.

The scenario in which each party receives more in future returns than it costs to deliver the benefit

____________wives and girlfriends are more likely to be killed by their intimate partner than _____________.

Younger; older wives and girlfriends

Social exchange is __________.

a form of cooperation

Sibling conflicts stem from __________.

access to parental resources

In _______ cultures studied to date, men are overwhelmingly more often the perpetrators of homicide than are women.

all

Cooperative coalitions are __________.

alliances of more than two individuals for the purpose of collective action to achieve a particular goal

The indirect reciprocity theory explains __________.

an altruistic act towards a complete stranger especially when others are watching

Individuals in other cultures, such as the Shiwiar, do ____________ Harvard University undergraduates on Wason selection task problems.

as well as

Which of the following is not a hypothesis offered to explain alarm calling in ground squirrels?

bait-and-Switch hypothesis

Men who lose their wives are more likely than women who lose their husbands to __________.

both (a) and (b)

Throughout recorded human history, warfare has been used to __________.

co-opt land possessed by others acquire reproductively relevant resources

Mechanisms producing aggression should lie dormant unless ____________.

contexts that trigger aggression are encountered

The tit for tat strategy involves __________.

cooperating on the first move, then reciprocating a partner's move for each move thereafter

Daly, Salmon, and Wilson state that in all societies __________.

cooperation between kin will be a function of their closeness and will be linked with genetic closeness

The Wason selection task and modifications of it suggest that humans are good at ___________ but poor at ____________.

detecting cheaters in social exchange, abstract problems

Wilkinson discovered that vampire bats __________ regurgitate a portion of the blood they have sucked for ingestion by others.

don't equally

Paternal grandfathers face _________ the chance of genetic relatedness being severed when compared to grandmothers.

double

An implication of inclusive fitness theory on familial relations is that __________.

elder members of an extended kin family will encourage younger members to behave more altruistically toward collateral kin

Which of the following models has been proposed to explain the evolution of families?

familial benefits model

Among ground squirrels, __________ were more likely than ___________ to cooperate in mutual defense of their offspring.

full sisters; half sisters

Burnstein, Crandall, and Kitayama found that __________.

helping is greater as a function of increased genetic relatedness and increases in the reproductive value of the relative

Figueredo found that women with ___________ experienced lower levels of ____________.

higher density of kin, domestic violence

In order for cooperative coalitions to emerge, individuals must be able to solve all of the following adaptive problems EXCEPT __________.

imposing group obligations on members

Benefits of costly signaling include __________.

increased status increased cooperation from group members higher quality mating opportunities all of the above

Women tend to engage in mostly ____________, while men tend to engage in mostly ___________.

indirect aggression; direct aggression

Buss and Shackelford proposed all of the following EXCEPT __________ as adaptive problems that aggression might solve.

inflicting costs on intersexual rivals

Based on certainty of relatedness to grandchildren, __________ should invest more than ___________.

maternal grandmothers; paternal grandfathers

Spousal battering is most likely to be exhibited by ______________.

men who are lower in relative mate value than their partners

Men in their _________ are most likely to be the victim of a homicide; they are ____ times more likely than women to become homicide victims at this age.

mid-twenties; six

Bossong found that men were __________.

more likely to allocate most resources to a spouse if she was of post-reproductive age

Memory for cheaters may be heightened because __________.

of their rarity in the population

The mere presence of ___________ is sufficient to increase the punishment of non-cooperators.

one witness

Ten-year-olds are helped less than ________-year-olds, despite the fact that ___________.

one; the ten-year-olds are higher in reproductive value

The only way reciprocal altruism can evolve is if __________.

organisms have mechanisms to detect and avoid cheaters

Aggression perpetrated by women is often all of the following EXCEPT __________.

premeditated

Compared to women, the rates at which men slap, spit on, and hit their intimate partners are __________.

roughly the same

Discriminative grandparental investment __________.

should follow the degree of relational certainty inherent in the different types of grandparental relationships

The grandmother hypothesis __________.

states that menopause evolved as a means of ceasing direct reproduction, to force women to invest in children and then grandchildren

Friendship niches refer to __________.

the adaptive problem of deciding who will fill limited friendship slots

Hamilton's rule specifies __________.

the conditions under which mechanisms favoring altruism can evolve the conditions under which mechanisms favoring altruism cannot evolve

The discovery of chimpanzees raiding a neighboring territory to assault an enemy led researchers to question __________.

the long-held assumption that other primates are peaceful and that only humans kill their own

Young male syndrome is __________.

the phenomenon of younger men being the most prone to engaging in risky forms of aggression

Selection will favor adaptations for helping kin in proportion to ______________.

their genetic relatedness

The banker's paradox is a term that implies that __________.

those who need money the most are least likely to receive money and those that need it the least are the most likely to receive money

Among the Yanomamö, what is the most common reason for the initial fighting amongst tribes?

women