evolution of resistant bacteria
microbial cure
Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person.
Which organisms contain the smallest, least complex cell types?
Bacteria cells
evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
The presence of an antibiotic in an environment leads to the selection of those individuals that are most resistant to it.
Behavioral isolation
helps members of the same species identify each other as proper mates
A weed that exhibits resistance to an herbicide ________.
inherited the gene that made it resistant to the herbicide
Binary fission
is a kind of asexual reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes such as bacteria.
Regeneration
is the process of renewal, restoration, and growth that makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage.
Gene flow
is the transfer of genetic variation from one population to another
Individuals with variations that make them best suited to their environment will, on average, be more likely to ________.
survive and reproduce
contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance?
taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor
founder effect
the reduced genetic diversity which results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors.
change in population
the surviving insects reproduce. the frequency of resistant insects in the population increases.
If two organisms of different species share more similar DNA sequences with each other than with other species, we can conclude that ________.
these two species are very closely related
Most known bacteria will not grow under normal lab conditions.
true
genetic drift
variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.
What is the original source of variation that natural selection can act upon?
Mutation
You are part of a team of doctors doing a Phase 2 study of teixobactin on humans. Assuming protocol had not changed since the mice study, how are you administering the drug?
by injection
Binary fission produces __________.
two genetically identical bacterial cells
Genetic drift
variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.
If teixobactin remains unchanged and works in humans as in mice, which of the following individuals would be most likely to receive it?
A 27 year old woman with a staph infection.
If teixobactin works in humans as it did in mice, which of the following will be true?
There will be no side effects.
best explains this in terms of natural selection?
Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.
By what means do prokaryotes typically divide?
Binary fission
Some of the "branches" of a phylogenetic tree do not extend to the end. What do these lines represent?
Extinct species
selective pressure
some insects have a gene that makes them resistant to the pesticide. these insects survive. insects without the gene die.
Which of the following most often should lead to allopatric speciation?
Habitat isolation
What does "fitness" mean when speaking in terms of evolution?
How many offspring an individual produces
Mating time differences
If two incipient species evolved differences in this mating ritual, it might permanently isolate them and complete the process of speciation.
A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?
Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.
what is not an assumption that Darwin made about how evolution acts on populations?
The most fit individuals will always have the most offspring.
What is the smallest unit that can evolve?
The population
What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps?
The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.
If you looked at unknown cells under a microscope, what could lead you to correctly conclude that they are prokaryotic cells?
They lack a nucleus.
change in population
brown beetles survive to reproduce more than green beetles do. the grown allele increases in frequency.
environmental change
a drought causes a habitat to turn dry and brown
Meiosis
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.
Mitosis
a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
mechanisms that can drive evolution?
genetic drift, natural selection, mutations
selective pressure
green beetles are more visible to birds than brown beetles, so birds eat more green beetles.
mechanical incompatibility
occurs when physical barriers between species prevent fertilization
Gametic incompatibility Submit
occurs when sperm from one species are unable to fertilize eggs of another. hybrid inviability.
bottleneck effect
occurs when there is a disaster of some sort that reduces a population to a small handful, which rarely represents the actual genetic makeup of the initial population.
environmental change
pesticide is applied to a population of insects