Evolution Part 1 Test
A scientist is trying to determine the evolutionary relationships among species with very similar physical characteristics. One method to determine the relationships is by comparing amino acid sequences of proteins. Why would the scientist compare the amino acid sequences of proteins common to those similar species?
-Amino acid sequence differences reflect the accumulated differences in the DNA of the species.
Fossil evidence proves that cyanobacteria were thriving as long as 3.5 million years ago. Integrating this evidence and your own knowledge of cyanobacteria, identify the effect these organisms had on the ecosystem of the planet as a whole.
-Cyanobacteria were some of the first photosynthetic prokaryotes. -The oxygen they produced formed the protective ozone layer.
Explain how the fossil record provides evidence that evolution has occurred.
-It shows that the form and structure of groups of organisms have changed over time.
The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by the merging of prokaryotic organisms and their hosts. What is evidence to support the endosymbiotic theory?
-Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA similar to bacterial DNA.
What describes the interaction between DNA and RNA during protein synthesis?
-RNA carries the code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
Which Nuclear Process is represented in the steps below? 1. A DNA molecule untwists 2. The two strands of DNA separate 3. Molecular bases pair up 4. Two identical DNA molecules are produced
-Replication
Genes for medically important proteins can be cloned and inserted into bacteria. Why can bacteria recognize a human gene and then produce a human protein?
-The basic components of DNA are the same in humans and bacteria.
What is deep time?
-The idea that our planet's history is stretched back over a long period of time that it is difficult for the human mind to imagine
Scientists hypothesize that broccoli and radishes developed along a common evolutionary pathway. What best supports this hypothesis?
-The plants contain similar proteins.
Under what conditions might populations of a short type of sunflower be identified as a new species?
-They are unable to breed with sunflowers of the original population.
Describe the difference between transcription and translation.
-Transcription, the genetic code of a DNA molecule is transferred to a messenger RNA molecule. -Translation is the process of creating an amino acid chain using the encoded messenger RNA.
What did Darwin notice about the relationships between similar species and habitats?
-different, yet ecologically similar species inhabited separated, but ecologically similar habitats globally
What is inheritance of acquired characteristics? Is it true?
-during a lifetime, an animal can pass an acquired trait to offspring specimen. -It is false.
What theory suggests the important relationship between ancestral eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
-endosymbiont theory
What did Darwin want to do with diversity scientifically?
-explain it
What is Darwin's descent with modification?
-he proposed living species are descended with changes over time from common ancestors -all exhibit diversity due to natural selection and adaptation
What is uniformitarianism?
-idea that earth's present processes are what formed earth
What is symbiosis?
-interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.
What is the relationship between Eubacteria and Flagella?
-nearly every eubacteria protein in flagella resembled proteins used for other purposes in flagella-lacking cells
What molecule contains a: five carbon ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base?
-nucleotide
What do fossil patterns tell us?
-patterns in distributions and living species tell us how modern organisms evolved from their ancestors
How did Darwin's theory of evolution propose its scientific explanation?
-proposed how modern organisms evolved through descent from common ancestors
Endosymbiotic Theory
-proposes organelles in Eukaryotic cells were formed when different cell types joined in a "merger" -many complex features of eukaryotic cells evolved through endosymbiosis based off evidence -mitochondria are descendents of free-living bacteria
The first life-forms to appear on Earth were most likely:
-simple single-celled organisms
What is endosymbiosis?
-symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other.
What did Darwin's theory of evolution offer a scientific explanation for?
-the unity and diversity of life
What 3 patterns did Darwin focus on?
1) species vary globally 2) species vary locally 3)species vary over time
What is artificial selection?
Nature provides the inherited variations and humans select the variants they find useful
What is inherited variation?
a characteristic that is a result of genetic information from the parents
What is fitness?
a measure of sexual reproductive success
What is an adaptation?
any trait that increases reproductive fitness or success
What modern cells do scientists believe to be close relatives of the Earth's first cells?
archea
What is an analogous structure?
body part serving similar functions but do not share the same structure or development.
What is DNA at a molecular level?
evidence for a common ancestor
What did Darwin recognize in the connection between evolution and inherited variance?
its importance
What is a homologous structure?
similar structures (veterbraes etc) that are shared by related species and have a common ancestor -existence of these adapted to different purposes as a result of descent with modification from a common ancestor.
What is a vestigial structures?
structures inherited from ancestors but have lost most of original size and shape
How are Hox genes an example of a homologous gene?
they help determine body parts as a "master control gene", where small changes can dramatically determine shape and structure
when does natural selection occur?
where more individuals are born than can survive
