evolve stuff growthanddevelopment

Which safeguards should the school nurse teach parents to assess for prior to allowing school-age clients to participate in athletic programs? Select all that apply.

2,4,5 Safeguards prior to participation in athletic programs include a physical examination every two years, the use of appropriate equipment, and participating in warm-up exercise prior to physical activity. A life-long enjoyment of fitness and the development of basic motor skills are goals related to the participation in athletic programs, not safeguards.

While performing the physical assessment of an infant, the nurse notices the infant has developed a color preference for red and yellow. What is most likely to be the age of the infant?

20 weeks. An infant develops a color preference for yellow and red between 20 to 28 weeks of age. At 4 weeks, the infant can follow a range of 90 degrees. Between 6 to 12 weeks of age, the infant develops peripheral vision to 180 degrees. Between 12 to 20 weeks of age, the infant is able to accommodate to near objects. Test-Taking Tip: Sometimes the reading of a question in the middle or toward the end of an exam may trigger your mind with the answer or provide an important clue to an earlier question.

How many days is the neonatal period? Record your answer using whole numbers. __________ days

28

How many hours of sleep should the nurse recommend for the 11-year-old client?

9

According to Kohlberg's theory, which stage comes before the society-maintaining orientation stage?

According to Kohlberg's theory, the "good boy-nice girl orientation" phase (stage 3) occurs before the "society-maintaining orientation" phase (stage 4). "Social contract orientation" is the fifth stage. "Instrumental relativist orientation" is the second stage.

The nurse is assessing the development of a male child and finds that the child is tall, with deficient secondary sex characteristics and hypogenitalism. Which chromosomal notation is associated with the child's condition?

The male child is tall, with deficient secondary sex characteristics and hypogenitalism, indicating Klinefelter syndrome. The chromosomal abnormality present in the child is denoted as 48,XXXY.

A child wants to be on time for a family dinner. According to Kohlberg's theory, what stage of development is the child going through?

When a child wants to be on time for a family dinner, this thought exemplified the instrumental relativist orientation stage.

What should the nurse anticipate, according to Erikson, when assessing a school-age child? Select all that apply

being engaged in tasks and wanting to participate in organized activities

Which stage is a part of postconventional reasoning?

nstrumental relativist orientatio

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what is the correct order of a child's activities?

During the first period (the sensorimotor stage), a child develops an action pattern for dealing with the environment. During the second period (known as the preoperational stage), a child develops egocentrism in that they see objects and persons from only his or her point of view. During this stage, children also demonstrate animism, in which they personify objects. During the next stage (concrete operations stage), a child is able to describe a process without actually doing it. During the last period (formal operations stage), a child demonstrates feelings and behavior characterized by self-consciousness.

What should the nurse suggest when parents ask what to do about their preschooler's stuttering?

During the preschool years speech dysfluency is a typical characteristic of language development; it will resolve if the child is spoken to clearly and is not corrected. Avoiding eye contact, supplying the correct word, or drawing attention to the stuttering is demeaning ; it may decrease the child's self-esteem and worsen the stuttering.

Which difficulties faced by an adolescent diagnosed with a chronic illness are attributed to normal development? Select all that apply.

Risk taking, rebelliousness, lack of cooperation, and hostility toward authority are attributes of normal personal adolescent development. Peer socialization is something that should be encouraged to achieve independence from family

The parents of a preschooler are worried, because the child is often seen talking to imaginary friends. The parents admit that they often scold the child for such behavior. Of what does the nurse inform the parents?

Sometimes children create imaginary friends to help counter the feelings of loneliness. Therefore the nurse should tell the parents that it is a normal behavior. Speaking to imaginary friends is a habit that children overcome later in life and, therefore, there is no risk for developing any psychological problems. It is not necessary to involve the child in any spiritual activity if the parents do not desire to do so. A neurologic problem is suspected if the child exhibits jerking movements or experiences fainting spells.

At which stage of Kohlberg's theory is the child afraid of punishment?

Stage 1

Which stage of the development should the nurse document for an infant when using Freud's theory of psychosocial development?

oral

The nurse is discussing the neurologic reflexes seen in an infant with the parents. Which reflex will the nurse state as being present indefinitely?

parachute

Which stage of Piaget's theory of growth and development does an infant develops an action pattern to deal with the environment?

sensorimotor

Which school-age children require close supervision when using a skateboard? Select all that apply.

6,7,8,9

At what age does a child start to crawl?

9 months

What is the longest time after birth that the Apgar test is conducted for the second time? Record your answer using a whole number. _______ minutes

5 minutes

Which school-age client does the nurse anticipate will experience sibling rivalry as a source of stress?

6 yr old female

Which psychosocial change does a 2-year-old child exhibit?

A 2 year old engages in temper tantrums when parents start restricting certain activities to prevent harm. At 2 years of age, a child has a strong will and determination, which may result in negative behavior. The child strives for independence by using the developing muscles to do everything for himself or herself. Test-Taking Tip: Identify option components as correct or incorrect. This may help you identify a wrong answer.

A parent is worried about the infant's excessive dependence on nonnutritive sucking. Which intervention will help decrease this dependence?

An infant's dependence on nonnutritive sucking can be reduced by prolonging the feeding time, so that the sucking pleasure is increased. Using infant formulas will not help prevent nonnutritive sucking, because the child needs the pleasure of sucking. Using a pacifier as soon as the crying begins increases the child's dependence on nonnutritive sucking, because it reinforces a pattern of distress-relief. Wrapping the infant snugly most of the time may not be possible, because it may cause the infant to feel uncomfortable.

Which action related to gender is often expected in regards to socialization for school-age girls within the community setting?

Expressing feelings openly

Which behaviors should the nurse anticipate when conducting a developmental assessment for a newborn? Select all that apply.

Developmental behaviors for a newborn are mostly reflective, including sucking, grasping, swallowing, and rooting. The nurse would not anticipate hands and feet to be discovered until 1 to 4 months of ag

Which age should the nurse teach the parents of a school-age client to expect mandibular second molars to erupt?

Mandibular second molars often erupt between 11 and 13 years of age.

What of these stages should the nurse include when explaining Piaget's theory of child development to a parent? Select all that apply.

Piaget's theory includes the sensorimotor stage and formal operations stage. The phallic stage and latency stage are described in Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality development. The punishment orientation stage is explained under preconventional reasoning in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

The nurse is learning about the shift in total body fluid that occurs from infancy to adulthood. What percentage of body weight is the weight of extracellular fluid (ECF) in an infant at term?

The amount of ECF is 44% of the body weight at term. The initial birth weight of a term newborn can decrease by 10% in the first 5 days of life due to ECF compartment contraction, enhanced renal tubular function, and rapidly increasing glomerular filtration rate. The amount of ECF is 20% in adulthood. At birth, 78% of the infant's body weight is water—ECF occupies a significant part of it.

The student nurse is learning about the developmental characteristics of vision. Which major developmental characteristics does an infant start exhibiting around age 6 weeks? Select all that apply

binocular and 180

Which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development does the nurse anticipate in a client who exhibits absolute obedience to authority and rules?

stage 1

The nurse is instructing the parents of a 6-month-old infant about sleeping patterns and the best sleeping positions for their child. Which instruction regarding sleep position is most important?

supine

The parents of a preschooler inform the nurse that their child often develops diarrhea and ask whether there might be anything wrong with the child's stomach. Upon assessment, the nurse also finds that the child has poor oral care and is at risk for dental caries. What is the most probable cause for the child's health issues?

the child consumes excessive fruit juice or sweetened beverages

What gross motor skill is found in children between two to four months of age?

A child between two and four months of age is able to bear his or her weight on the forearms when in the prone position. A child between eight and 10 months of age can creep on their hands and knees. A child between birth and one month has predominant inborn reflexes. A child between six and eight months of age can sit alone without support.

According to the Piaget's theory, which behavior does a nine-year-old child show?

A child of nine years of age will exhibit concrete thinking. Logical reasoning is observed in individuals starting from the age of 11. Object permanence is observed in children between birth and two years old. The idea of being constantly observed by an imaginary audience is observed in individuals starting from the age of 11.

Which is a goal for organized athletics for school-age children?

A goal for organized athletics for school-age children is a life-long enjoyment of fitness. A physical examination every two years, the use of appropriate safety equipment, and participating in warm-up exercises prior to physical activity are all safe guards for athletic programs.

Which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development is associated with a person following a law even if it is discriminatory to a racial group?

A person in the social contract orientation stage follows laws even if they are not fair to a certain racial group. During the society-maintaining orientation stage, an individual expands his or her focus from a relationship with others to societal concerns. During the instrumental relativist orientation stage, the decision to do something morally right is based on satisfying one's own needs and occasionally the needs of others. An individual in the universal ethical principle orientation stage may not follow a law if it does not seem fair to a particular racial group.

Which stage describes the Oedipus complex, according to Freud's theory?

According to Freud's theory, there are five stages in a child's development. Stage 3 is the Oedipal stage, which is also known as the phallic stage. Stage 2 is the anal stage. Stage 4 is the latency stage. Stage 5 is the genital stage.

According to Freud, which must occur before an individual is able to have a mature adult sexual relationship?

According to Freud, an individual must resolve conflict prior to having a mature adult sexual relationship. Puberty is required for sexual function but not a mature adult sexual relationship. The acquisition of new skills and losing self in another person are characteristics of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.

According to Piaget's theory, which of these statements about the period of concrete operations is true?

According to Piaget's theory, a child is able to describe a process without actually carrying it out in the concrete operations period. A child develops a scheme for dealing with the environment during the sensorimotor period. A child gains the capacity to reason with respect to possibilities during the formal operations period. A child believes that everyone experiences the world exactly as he or she does during the preoperational period.

Which statement describes stage 2 of Kohlberg's theory?

According to stage 2 of Kohlberg's theory, a child recognizes that there is more than one correct view. An adolescent who chooses not to attend a party where beer will be served because they know this is wrong is acting according to stage 4. Stage 3 states that an individual wants to win the approval of and maintain the expectations of one's immediate group. During stage 1, a child's response to a moral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to authority and rules.

The nurse is assessing an 8-month-old child's gross motor development. Which action by the child indicates late development?

At 8 months of age the child should be able to stand by holding onto furniture, because the child readily bears weight on the legs when supported. When a child is 10 months old, the child can change from a prone to a sitting position. When a child is 12 months old, the child is able to sit down from a standing position without any help. When a child is at least 9 months old, the child can sit steadily on the floor for a prolonged period of time.

According to Erikson's stages of life, what is the stage when a child begins walking, feeding, and using the toilet?

At one to three years of age, the child starts walking, feeding, and using the toilet on his or her own. This stage is one of autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt. The stage from birth to one year when the infant develops trust toward parents or the caregiver is known as the trust versus mistrust stage. The initiative versus guilt stage is marked by the child's fantasies and imaginations motivating the child to explore the environment. The identity versus role confusion stage begins after adolescence. During this stage, an individual tries to find out his or her own identity. Which stage is a part of postconventional reasoning?

What should the nurse teach the parent of an infant who is at risk for infections?

Breast milk contains immunoglobulin G (IgG) that protects the infant against many bacteria, such as Escherichia coli. The nurse instructs the parent to avoid placing the infant in bright sunlight for a long period of time to prevent burns, but not to prevent infections. Soy-based infant formulas are used only if the infant is allergic to lactose in the breast milk and is not used to prevent the risk for infections. Later, susceptibility would be dependent on multiple factors, including nutrition and exposure to infections.

During which stage of development should the nurse anticipate sibling relationships that fluctuate between open bickering and supportive relationships?

During middle school-age the nurse would anticipate that the sibling relationship will fluctuate between open bickering and a supportive relationship. This behavior is not anticipated during the preschool, early school-age, or late adolescent stages of development.

What is true about the instrumental relativist orientation stage?

During the instrumental relativist orientation stage, an individual finds that there is more than one correct point of view. During the postconventional reasoning stage, a person finds a balance between societal rules and basic human rights and obligations. During the punishment and obedience orientation stage, a child's response to a moral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to authority and rules. During the conventional reasoning stage, the person sees moral reasoning based on his or her own personal internalization of societal and other's expectations.

Which statement describes the latency stage of Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality development?

During the latency stage, Freud believed that sexual urges from the earlier Oedipal stage are repressed and channeled into productive activities that are socially acceptable. During the phallic stage, the genital organs are the focus of pleasure. During the oral stage, infants begin to think that the parent is something separate from the self. During the genital stage, sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family circle.

Which feelings are enhanced in the school-age child through the use of positive reinforcement of success by adults? Select all that apply.

Feelings of happiness, likability, worthwhileness to others, and the capability of valuable contributions are enhanced in the school-age child through the use of positive reinforcement of successes by adults. Feelings of disrespect are decreased, not enhanced, through the use of positive reinforcement of successes by adults.

Which statement is true regarding the physical development of a preschooler?

Preschoolers grow 6.2 to 7.5 cm per year. Preschoolers gain about 5 lbs (2.26 kg) per year. They also grow double their length at around 4 years old. The average weight of a 4 year old is 37 lbs (16.78 kg).

Which should the nurse encourage for the adolescent client diagnosed with a chronic illness to achieve independence from family?

Socializing with peers

According to the Erikson's theory, which stage in a young adult describes the development of the sense of caring for others?

The development of a sense of caring for others in a young adult occurs at the stage of intimacy versus isolation. During the initiative versus guilt stage, a child likes to pretend and try out new roles. At the integrity versus despair stage, many older adults view their lives with a sense of satisfaction. During the identity versus role confusion stage, a child's identity development begins with the goal of achieving some perspective or direction. Test-Taking Tip: Sometimes the reading of a question in the middle or toward the end of an exam may trigger your mind with the answer or provide an important clue to an earlier question.

Which behavior is seen in children at the undifferentiated stage of spiritual development, as propounded by Fowler?

The first stage of spiritual development, as described by Fowler, is the undifferentiated stage. During this stage children have no concept of right or wrong to guide their behaviors. The beginnings of faith are established as they develop trust in their parents or primary caregivers. Imitation of religious behavior without comprehending any meaning takes place in the intuitive-projective stage during toddlerhood. As children grow older and approach adolescence, they reason and question some of the established parental religious standards. They realize that prayers are not always answered and so they abandon some practices. A reverence for religious matters and articulation of faith takes place in the mythical-literal stage during the school-age years.

A 14-month-old toddler is able to recognize the shapes of objects and fit smaller boxes into larger boxes. Which type of cognitive development does this action indicate?

The toddler's ability to recognize the shapes of objects and fit smaller boxes in larger boxes indicates awareness of spatial relationships. If the toddler is acutely aware of others' actions and attempts to copy them in gestures and words, it indicates domestic mimicry. When the toddler explores an object each time it appears in a new place, it indicates an awareness of causal relationships. If the toddler understands that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed in the same place, it indicates an awareness of object permanence.