Evr 1001 Chapter 14
According to tide gauge data, what was the approximate increase in global average sea level between 1950 and 2000? 250 cm 100 inches 100 feet 10cm
10cm
Which of these countries increased its carbon emissions since the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol? Canada United Kingdom Germany Russia
Canada
How is climate change most significantly affecting coral reefs and sea life? Climate change causes the oceans to absorb more carbon dioxide resulting in ocean acidification. The amount of water in the ocean is increasing and causing coral reefs to wash onto shore. Climate change causes the oceans to release more carbon dioxide. Ozone in the water is killing marine life
Climate change causes the oceans to absorb more carbon dioxide resulting in ocean acidification.
Which of the following is an example of mitigation rather than adaptation for global climate change? building a sea wall in the Maldives to prevent flooding building and maintaining preserves in endangered habitats to make sure they do not disappear building more solar panels to generate electricity instead of more coal-fired power plants digging deep wells to get access to more water for agriculture if rainfall in an area should drop off
building more solar panels to generate electricity instead of more coal-fired power plants
Activity: The Greenhouse Effect Switching from fossil fuels to _____ energy would significantly decrease the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. solar nuclear geothermal solar and geothermal solar, nuclear, and geothermal
solar, nuclear, and geothermal
Case Study Video Tour: Rising Seas Threaten South Florida How high did sea level rise during the 20th century? 50 cm 20 cm 98 cm 0 cm
20 cm
Interpreting Graphs and Data: Carbon Dioxide Fluxes Part A For every metric ton of carbon dioxide emitted as a result of changes in land use (e.g. deforestation), approximately how much is emitted from industry? 0.2 metric tons 4 metric tons 20 metric tons 26 metric tons
4 metric tons
Evidence from polar ice core analysis shows that, until now, carbon dioxide levels have never exceeded ________ ppm in the last several hundred thousand years. 500 25 200 300 1000
300
Interpreting Graphs and Data: Global Climate Change Part B What was the percent change in CO2 emissions for transportation from 1980 to 2005? 19% 50% 0.36% 36%
36%
Current Events: Flooding of Coast, Caused by Global Warming, Has Already Begun Part E Which of the following is most likely in coastal areas as sunny-day flooding increases? An increase in salt-tolerant plants. No change in salt-tolerant plants. The complete loss of salt-tolerant plants. A decrease in salt-tolerant plants.
An increase in salt-tolerant plants.
Interpreting Graphs and Data: Global Climate Change Part A What was the overall change in CO2 emissions for electricity generation from 1980 to 2005? 0.4 billion metric tons 1.5 billion metric tons 2.4 billion metric tons 0.9 billion metric tons
0.9 billion metric tons
According to the graph, how much warmer on average were global temperatures in the year 2000 than in the year 1900? Average global temperatures were about the same both years. 0.3°C 0.6°C 0.9°C 1.2°C
0.9°C
Everyday Environmental Science: Humboldt Current Part B The largest fishery on Earth, located along the west coast of Chile, consists of __________. 1% of the ocean and provides 20% of the world's total fish catch 1% of the ocean and provides 50% of the world's total fish catch 20% of the ocean and provides 20% of the world's total fish catch 20% of the ocean and provides 90% of the world's total fish catch
1% of the ocean and provides 20% of the world's total fish catch
Process of Science: Sex, Turtles, and Climate Change PART A For each of the studies described below, indicate if it is hypothesis driven and whether the scientist is employing observational or manipulative methods.
1. A physiologist incubates egg... hypothesis driven-NO obs. or man.- MANIPULATIVE 2. A biologist predicts that shade... hypothesis driven- YES obs. or man.- OBSERVATIONAL 3. An ecologist predicts turtles... hypothesis driven- YES obs. or man.- MANIPULATIVE 4. A climatologist predicts ... hypothesis driven- YES obs. or man.- OBSERVATIONAL 5. A sociologist conducts... hypothesis driven- NO obs. or man.- OBSERVATIONAL 6. A scientist determines .... hypothesis driven- NO obs. or man.-OBSERVATIONAL
Process of Science: How Might Global Climate Change Affect Hay Fever Sufferers? PART B Use the data table to answer these questions about the experimental results and conclusions. Not all terms will be used. 1. As the CO2 level increases up to 600 µmol mol-1, how does ragweed pollen production change? 2. As the CO2 level increases up to 600 µmol mol-1, how does the ragweed allergen concentration change? 3. If the CO2 level increases above 600 µmol mol-1, how would ragweed pollen production and the allergen concentration change? 4. Do the data support Hypothesis 1 and its prediction--that plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce more pollen? (yes or no) 5. Do the data support Hypothesis 2 and its prediction--that plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce higher concentrations of allergens? (yes or no) 6. Do the data prove that increased CO2 levels cause more severe ragweed allergies? (yes or no)
1. Increases 2.Increases 3. Cannot tell from data 4. Yes 5. Yes 6. No
Process of Science: Sex, Turtles, and Climate Change PART C How much temperature change can the turtles withstand? Using the graph, drag the terms on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all. 1. The x axis shows________ . The y axis shows_________ . 2. At low temperatures, only________ are produced. 3. At high temperatures, only _________ are produced. 4. Between 21 and 25°C, as________ goes up,__________ goes down. 5. At the average nest temperature of 23°C, approximately_________ of hatchlings are male. 6. If the global temperature rises 4°C, approximately___________ of hatchlings will be male.
1. Nest temperature, percentage of hatchlings that are male 2. Males 3. Females 4.Nest temperature, Percentages of hatchlings that are male 5. 50% 6. 0%
Process of Science: Sex, Turtles, and Climate Change PART B Suppose you found the following sources for Janzen to use as references for the predicted rise in global temperature. Indicate if each source is an example of primary literature, and then decide if each source is reliable. If you are uncertain about a source, look it up online.
1.Journal of Geophysical Research: Primary-Check (Yes) Reliable-Check (Yes) 2.National. Geographic Primary- X (No) Reliable-Check (Yes) 3.Climate Dynamics Primary-Check (Yes) Reliable-Check (Yes) 4.The New York Times Primary-X (No) Reliable-Check (Yes) 5.www.globalclimatescam.com Primary-X (No) Reliable-X (No)
Roughly ________% of U.S. citizens live in coastal counties and are thus vulnerable to rises in sea level. 83 20 10 95 50
50
The oceans hold ________ carbon than the atmosphere. 5 times more 50 times more 1000 times less 10,000 times less 10,000 times more
50 times more
Over ________% of the fuel you pump into your automobile does something other than move your vehicle down the road. 45 85 55 65 25
85
Interpreting Graphs and Data: Global Climate Change Part E Which of the following emission reduction strategies would result in the greatest overall decrease in CO2? A 25% decrease in industrial emissions A 20% decrease in transportation emissions A 25% decrease in residential and commercial emissions A 10% decrease in both electricity generation and transportation emissions
A 10% decrease in both electricity generation and transportation emissions
Current Events: 2015 Was Hottest Year in Historical Record, Scientists Say Part C Which of the following areas is most likely to have the greatest rainfall? A region with a very cold atmosphere. Temperature of the atmosphere does not impact rainfall amounts. A region with a warm atmosphere. A region with a cool atmosphere.
A region with a warm atmosphere.
Success Story: Taxing Carbon in British Columbia PART A How did emissions change in the rest of Canada after British Columbia introduced its carbon tax in 2008, as reflected by the percent change post-tax vs. pre-tax? After British Columbia introduced its carbon tax in 2008, the rest of Canada experienced a(n) _________ in total emissions, a(n)________ in emissions per capita, and a(n)_________ in emissions per dollar of GDP.
After British Columbia introduced its carbon tax in 2008, the rest of Canada experienced an INCREASE in total emissions, a REDUCTION in emissions per capita, and a REDUCTION in emissions per dollar of GDP.
Interpreting Graphs and Data: Global Climate Change Part C If U.S. population increased 32% from 1980 to 2005, how would you describe the change in per capita CO2 emissions for electricity generation? As population increased, per capita CO2 emissions stayed the same. As population increased, per capita CO2 emissions increased three times as fast. As population increased, per capita CO2 emissions decreased. As population increased, per capita CO2 emissions increased twice as fast.
As population increased, per capita CO2 emissions increased twice as fast.
Current Events: Flooding of Coast, Caused by Global Warming, Has Already Begun Part C Which of the following is true regarding corals? As sea levels rise, corals grow taller. As sea levels rise, corals will be shorter. As sea levels rise, corals will grow taller in the northern hemisphere, but will be shorter in the southern hemisphere. Coral size is not related to sea level.
As sea levels rise, corals grow taller.
Success Story: Taxing Carbon in British Columbia PART C What might explain an increase in total emissions but a decline in per-capita emissions as reflected by the percent change, post-tax vs. pre-tax? As the total emissions increased, the total population in that region stayed the same, resulting in a reduction in emissions per capita. As the total emissions increased, the GDP also grew, resulting in a reduction in emissions per capita. As the total emissions increased, the total population in that region increased more significantly, resulting in a reduction in emissions per capita. As the total emissions increased, the total population in that region decreased, resulting in a reduction in emissions per capita.
As the total emissions increased, the total population in that region increased more significantly, resulting in a reduction in emissions per capita.
Current Events: Flooding of Coast, Caused by Global Warming, Has Already Begun Part D If predictions prove correct, which of the following will be true? Neither the East nor the West Coast of the United States will be impacted by climate change. The East Coast of the United States will be impacted by climate change, but the West Coast will not. The West Coast of the United States will be impacted by climate change, but the East Coast will not. Both East and West Coasts of the United States will be impacted by climate change.
Both East and West Coasts of the United States will be impacted by climate change.
Concept Review: Factors Influencing Climate Can you determine whether these factors have a warming or cooling effect on Earth's surface?
CONTRIBUTE TO WARMING: Carbon dioxide from..... parts of earths surface with low... tropospheric ozone black carbon.... nitrogen oxides from... methane from.... CONTRIBUTE TO COOLING : condensed water vapor parts of earths surface with high
Current Events: Carrion Flies Used to Survey Tropical Forest Mammals Part C Metabarcoding relies on large libraries of what? bacteria preserved scat cryogenically frozen species DNA sequences
DNA sequences
Success Story: Taxing Carbon in British Columbia PART B Using the information in the graph, in which category will you point out that British Columbia made the most dramatic reductions after introducing its carbon tax in 2008? Emissions per dollar of GDP Emissions per capita Total emissions Achievements by British Columbia in reducing emissions were similar across all three categories.
Emissions per dollar of GDP
Why do environmentalists and scientists advocate stricter laws to limit power plant carbon dioxide emissions and subsidies for renewable energy? Environmentalists do not want to anger farmers, even though agriculture produces the most carbon dioxide. Power companies do not have labor unions that oppose legal restrictions. No laws currently exist to regulate these industries. Fossil fuel industries produce the most greenhouse gases. These industries export goods to all other nations on Earth.
Fossil fuel industries produce the most greenhouse gases
Everyday Environmental Science: Air in Ice Part D Which of the following questions is best addressed by studying ice samples from Antarctica? What diseases have impacted polar bears over the past 1,000 years? How has the direction of the prevailing winds changed in the past 100 years? How have the atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide changed in the last 100,000 years?
How have the atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide changed in the last 100,000 years?
Interpreting Graphs and Data: Carbon Dioxide Fluxes Part B - The figure indicates a net accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere of approximately 15 billion metric tons per year. Based on the figure, what is causing this? ANSWER: The figure indicates a net accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere of approximately 15 billion metric tons per year. Based on the figure, what is causing this? Respiration is moving more CO2 into the atmosphere than photosynthesis is taking out of the atmosphere. The anthropogenic increased uptake of CO2 by plants balances the extra anthropogenic release of CO2 into the atmosphere. The ocean is releasing more CO2 than it is absorbing. Human activities are sending more CO2 into the atmosphere than is moving from the atmosphere to the surface.
Human activities are sending more CO2 into the atmosphere than is moving from the atmosphere to the surface.
What does the term anthropogenic mean in relation to climate change? Natural Sun cycles intensifying the greenhouse effect Natural volcanic eruptions intensifying the greenhouse effect Ocean currents intensifying the greenhouse effect Human-generated intensification of the greenhouse effect
Human-generated intensification of the greenhouse effect
How are warming temperatures causing a vicious cycle (positive feedback) that is leading to enhanced warming? Ice and snow reflect light, and as they melt, Earth absorbs more of the Sun's rays. Melting ice and snow causes water to condense releasing more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Ice and snow reflect light, and as they melt, Earth reflects more of the Sun's rays. Ice and snow absorb light, and as they melt, Earth produces more carbon dioxide.
Ice and snow reflect light, and as they melt, Earth absorbs more of the sun's rays.
All of the following are anthropogenic factors contributing to climate change EXCEPT: growing rice. raising livestock. breathing. deforestation. the combustion of fossil fuels.
breathing.
What initiative or group is responsible for the most reviewed and widely accepted reports that we have on climate change? Montreal Protocol Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) International Test of Emissions (ITE) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Current Events: 2015 Was Hottest Year in Historical Record, Scientists Say Part A If, as some scientists predict, 2016 is like 2015, which of the following will be true? It will be the warmest year on record for the United States and for the world. It will be the warmest year on record for the United States and the second warmest for the world. It will be the second warmest year on record for the United States and for the world. It will be the second warmest year on record for the United States and the warmest for the world.
It will be the second warmest year on record for the United States and the warmest for the world.
Process of Science: Sex, Turtles, and Climate Change PART D Predicting the fate of other reptiles The graphs are repeated below. Rank the species according to how much a global temperature increase of 1°C could bias their population sex ratio. A bias can be toward a greater number of males or a greater number of females. The direction of the bias does not matter but rather the magnitude of the bias. Note that two species exhibit the same amount of bias and should be ranked as equivalent (overlapped).
Least Bias:Snake Overlap:Painted Turtle/Alligator Most bais: Tuatara
Interpreting Graphs and Data: Global Climate Change Part D Now compare the change in GDP to the change in CO2 emissions from electricity generation. If GDP more than doubled from 1980 to 2005, what is the ratio of changes in CO2 emissions to changes in GDP for that period of time? Greater than 1:1, showing a slight CO2 increase per unit of economic activity Greater than 2:1, with CO2 emissions per unit of economic activity doubling Less than 1:1, showing a slight CO2 decrease per unit of economic activity Exactly 1:1, so CO2 emissions increased at the same rate as GDP increased
Less than 1:1, showing a slight CO2 decrease per unit of economic activity
Case Study Video Tour: Rising Seas Threaten South Florida Part B Which government officials have taken action against the effects of climate change? Florida state Congress US Congress Local Florida city officials Florida state Governor
Local Florida city officials
Current Events: Carrion Flies Used to Survey Tropical Forest Mammals Part A You are part of a research team replicating this study in Costa Rica's Braulio Carrillo National Park. The results are nearly identical to this study. Which of the following did you discover? Metabarcoding detected more mammal species than photographs, but fewer mammal species than transects. Metabarcoding detected more mammal species than transects or photographs. Metabarcoding detected more mammal species than transects, but fewer mammal species than photographs. Metabarcoding detected fewer mammal species than transects and photographs
Metabarcoding detected more mammal species than transects or photographs.
Current Events: Carrion Flies Used to Survey Tropical Forest Mammals Part D When comparing barcoding to metabarcoding, which of the following is true? Metabarcoding is more expensive, but less time consuming than barcoding. Metabarcoding is more expensive and more time consuming than barcoding. Metabarcoding is less expensive and less time consuming than barcoding. Metabarcoding is less expensive, but more time consuming than barcoding.
Metabarcoding is less expensive and less time consuming than barcoding.
Which greenhouse gas is produced by rice farming and the raising of cattle? Nitrogen oxides Methane Propane Halocarbon and fluorocarbon gases
Methane
What are the periodic variations in Earth's rotation and orbit around the sun that alter the way solar radiation is distributed over Earth's surface? radiative forcing Milankovitch cycles weather climate
Milankovitch cycles
Process of Science: How Might Global Climate Change Affect Hay Fever Sufferers? PART A Complete the flow chart by selecting the hypothesis and predictions that follow from the question you're trying to answer. Not all labels will be used.
Prediction A: Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce more pollen Hypothesis 2: CO2 levels affect concentration of protein allergens in ragweed pollen Prediction B: Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce higher concentrations of allergens
Current Events: Flooding of Coast, Caused by Global Warming, Has Already Begun Part A Which of the following individuals would be least likely to support increasing federal funding for projects related to climate change? National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration scientist Democratic Senator Republican Senator President Barack Obama
Republican Senator
Current Events: Flooding of Coast, Caused by Global Warming, Has Already Begun Part B If another ice age occurs, which of the following is most likely? Sea levels will stay the same. Sea levels will drop. Sea levels will rise slowly. Sea levels will rise rapidly.
Sea levels will drop.
Current Events: 2015 Was Hottest Year in Historical Record, Scientists Say Part B In 2006-2007 there was a weak El Niño. Which of the following was most likely true? No heat was released from the Pacific Ocean. Record heat was released from the Pacific Ocean. Record heat was absorbed by the Pacific Ocean. Some heat was released from the Pacific Ocean.
Some heat was released from the Pacific Ocean.
Case Study Video Tour: Rising Seas Threaten South Florida Part A How does South Florida's geology cause problems for Miami? The granite bedrock allows water to move through. The limestone bedrock keeps water out. The limestone bedrock allows water to move through. The granite bedrock keeps water out.
The limestone bedrock allows water to move through.
Current Events: 2015 Was Hottest Year in Historical Record, Scientists Say Part E According to scientific data, which of the following is most likely true? The rate of global warming can speed up or slow down. The rate of global warming only speeds up. The rate of global warming tends to stay the same. The rate of global warming only slows.
The rate of global warming can speed up or slow down.
Current Events: 2015 Was Hottest Year in Historical Record, Scientists Say Part D If trends continue, which of the following will occur? There will be more intense rainfall events in the eastern United States. There will be more intense droughts in the eastern United States. There will be slightly above average rainfall in the eastern United States. There will be slightly below average rainfall in the eastern United States.
There will be more intense rainfall events in the eastern United States
Which of the following is an adaptation response to climate change? increasing fuel efficiency of new automobiles building a nuclear power plant to replace an outdated coal-burning power plant a Pacific island nation building higher seawalls replacing incandescent light bulbs with LED bulbs replanting a tropical rainforest
a Pacific island nation building higher seawalls
Current Events: Carrion Flies Used to Survey Tropical Forest Mammals Part B Which of the following is a carrion fly least likely to feed on? a sleeping sloth a dead mouse an open wound on a marmoset jaguar feces
a sleeping sloth
The predominant greenhouse gas produced by human use of fossil fuels is __________. sulfate aerosols nitrous oxide (N2O) carbon dioxide methane
carbon dioxide
Scientist often use ______________ which are programs that combine what is known about atmospheric circulation, ocean circulation, atmosphere-ocean interactions, and feedback cycles to simulate climate dynamics satellite models Milankovich cycles glaciation cycles climate models
climate models
Everyday Environmental Science: Air in Ice Part C Which one of the following types of scientists would most likely be interested in the information we can learn from ice cores from Antarctica? criminologists zoologists studying amphibians climatologists interested in climate change anthropologists interested in the evolution of human's use of tools
climatologists interested in climate change
Everyday Environmental Science: Humboldt Current Part A Water currents along the coastline of Chile pull up deep water that is __________. warm and low in nutrients cold and low in nutrients cold and high in nutrients warm and high in nutrients
cold and high in nutrients
Scientists evaluate concentrations of gases and other atmospheric constituents from the distant past by examining which of the following? gas bubbles trapped in ice gas bubbles trapped in rock gas bubbles trapped in soil gas bubbles trapped in the oceans
gas bubbles trapped in ice
Process of Science: How Might Global Climate Change Affect Hay Fever Sufferers? PART C What relationship between these two variables would support the researchers' hypothesis? Choose the appropriate graph line at left and drag it onto the graph's axes at right.
graph starts at bottom left corner goes to upper right.
Which of the following have the ability to absorb energy from Earth's surface and then emit infrared radiation in all directions? the oceans the mountains the sun greenhouse gases
greenhouse gases
Carbon-based fuels in the lithosphere ________. cannot be lost to the atmosphere by human processes once stabilized on Earth's surface will be lost before the end of the decade are readily lost from Earth's surface in the absence of humans are formed from the deposition, partial decay, and compression of inorganic matter have been slowly sequestered over many millions of years
have been slowly sequestered over many millions of years
Hydroelectric power generation ________. produces pollutants that contribute significantly to acid precipitation has no undesirable environmental effects is an alternative to fossil fuels that produces fewer greenhouse gases produces high quantities of greenhouse gases uses fuel cells to generate electricity
is an alternative to fossil fuels that produces fewer greenhouse gases
Recent research indicates that the variation in solar output ________. is greater than all the anthropogenic factors affecting climate change will increase by a hundredfold over then next century is less than any of the anthropogenic factors affecting climate change is the major factor driving temperature change is more than 20 watts/m2
is less than any of the anthropogenic factors affecting climate change
Which of the following is an example of mitigation? moving inland as sea levels rise developing new strategies for predicting changing weather patterns making legislation to reduce our use of fossil fuels wearing cooler clothing
making legislation to reduce our use of fossil fuels
Of the following greenhouse gases, ________ concentrations have increased by the greatest percentage since 1750. water vapor nitrous oxide methane carbon dioxide ozone
methane
The atmosphere around Earth can cause global warming because ________. fossil fuels release heat molecules in the atmosphere are warmed by radiation from Earth and retain that heat plants release CO2 warm air cannot escape, as in a greenhouse plants absorb CO2
molecules in the atmosphere are warmed by radiation from Earth and retain that heat
Everyday Environmental Science: Air in Ice Part B If we take a sample of ice from 10 meters beneath the surface and find that it is 1,000 years old, where would we need to look for ice that is about 10,000 years old? a little deeper, about 12 meters below the surface much deeper, about 100 meters below the surface about one meter below the surface about five meters below the surfa
much deeper, about 100 meters below the surface
Everyday Environmental Science: Humboldt Current Part D A boat floating along the eastern shore of Florida is expected to drift __________. northward toward the New England states southward toward South America eastward toward Africa westward toward Mexico
northward toward the New England states
Activity: The Greenhouse Effect Which of these would NOT contribute to a global increase in temperature? deforestation increasing the use of gasoline-burning vehicles increasing the industrial release of carbon dioxide planting trees increasing the amount of animal life on Earth
planting trees
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is an international panel that ________. could not achieve its objectives because of lack of popular support performed the research included in the climate change findings constructed the Kyoto Protocol reports on how climate change influences wildlife, ecosystems, and society fines companies that pollute
reports on how climate change influences wildlife, ecosystems, and society
The United States should enact laws slowing global climate change because ________. no other nations have initiated efforts to slow global climate change U.S. industry supports the legislation effects of global climate change are most significant in the United States the United States is the most populous nation on Earth the United States is a major source of the problem
the United States is a major source of the problem
Everyday Environmental Science: Air in Ice Part A Ice that formed thousands of years ago is often found to contain tiny bubbles of gas. This gas came from __________. tiny zooplankton that lived in the water before it froze the atmosphere water vapor released from melting ice tiny phytoplankton that lived in the water before it froze
the atmosphere
Current Events: Carrion Flies Used to Survey Tropical Forest Mammals Part E You are a tourist walking through Yosemite National Park. You see a researcher walking a length of trail documenting every bird species she sees. Which of the following is she doing? metabarcoding transect camera trapping artificial substrate analysis
transect
The Kyoto Protocol ________. would have resulted in overall increases in greenhouse emissions required equal concessions from all countries involved in greenhouse gas emission required increases in nuclear power generation was intended to reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases to levels lower than those of 1990 increased federal funding for controlling greenhouse gas emissions from U.S. power plants
was intended to reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases to levels lower than those of 1990
Everyday Environmental Science: Humboldt Current Part C In which one of the following locations is the ocean current flowing from the north toward the equator? east coast of the United States west coast of the United States east coast of Japan west coast of southern Africa
west coast of the United States