EVR 1001 Exam 1 Study Guide - Chapter 2

10. Could 235U (uranium-235) decay into an isotope of 239Np (neptunium-239)?

NO, bc as uranium decays, it well shed subatomic particles, not add them

12. Which of the following are the reactants (ingredients) needed for photosynthesis to occur?

carbon dioxide , water, and sunlight

40. Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify how energy flows through an ecosystem.

figure out later

28. Plants release water vapor through their leaves; this process is called ________.

transpiration

34. Can you sequence the steps in the eutrophication process that occurs in a body of water?

1. Nutrients enter a waterway in elevated concentrations----> 2. Nutrients promote phytoplankton growth, and increase phytoplankton density in waters---> 3. More phytoplankton die and settle to the bottom, where they are metabolized by bacteria---> 4. Hypoxic conditions arise in the deep water above the sediments-----> 5. Aquatic life in and near the sediment flees or suffocates

41. Part C. Shulte's team collected oyster density data from all nine reef complexes and calculated mean densities for each reef type. The results are shown here: Drag the labels on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Pink labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

1. The reef type used in sheltie's experiment are shown on the ____ x axis __. The mean density of oysters per square meter is shown on the_____y axis____. 2. Adult oysters are represented by --yellow bars--- , spat are represented by --blue bars--, and the total of these groups is represented by --red bars--. 3. What is the total number of oysters growing on high-relief reefs? ____not shown in graph___. 4. What is the average number of oysters per square meter supported on high - relief reefs? --1000-- 5. How many times greater is the total density of oysters on high relief reefs compared to the total density on low relief reefs? --4---- 6. How many times greater is the total density of oysters on high relief reefs compared to the total density on the unrestored bay bottom? --170---

38. Part E. If the area contaminated with heavy metals contained 10,000 kg of soil, after 5 years of phytoremediation one would expect alpine penny-cress to have removed:

10 kg zinc

45. Part B. What is the natural rate of nitrogen fixation in Earth's ecosystems?

100 telegrams of nitrogen per year

38. Part C. If plants continue to remove zinc at the rate shown, it would take _____ years to remove all the zinc.

15 years

38. Part A. Prior to phytoremediation the concentration of Cd in the soil was:

19 mg/kg/soil

45. Part E. During which period did the total amount of nitrogen released by human activities increase most rapidly?

1960-1980

38. Part B. After 1 year of phytoremediation, alpine penny-cress removed ____ mg/kg soil of zinc.

200

19. During the light reactions of photosynthesis, the solar energy absorbed by chlorophyll is used to ________.

Both A and C

36. The hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico is not unique; at least 200 dead zones exist at estuaries and along seacoasts worldwide. These low-oxygen regions share many of the same causes, and they all have ecological and economic repercussions for ecosystems and people. Fortunately, we can pursue strategies to lessen the number, severity, and impacts of dead zones.

Cause: Nutrient runoff from agricultural fertilizers, manure, and urban sources, which leads to rapid algal growth and subsequent bacterial decomposition. Consequences: -death of aquatic organisms that cannot escape -economic losses for fisheries -shifts in the marine food web Solutions: -reduction of fertilizers use to decrease nutrient pollution from farms -construction of wetlands to absorb nutrients -policies to promote no-till agriculture

6. Forming the cell walls of stems, leaves, and roots, what compound is the primary structural constituent of plant tissues?

Cellulose

11. Which of the statements below best describes energy?

Energy provides the ability to change the position, composition, or the temperature of matter

17. How do energy and matter move through an ecosystem?

Energy unidirectionally flows through an ecosystem, whereas matter generally cycles within an ecosystem

8. How do organic compounds differ from inorganic compounds?

Organic compounds consist of carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds and may contain other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Inorganic compounds lack carbon-carbon bonds.

2. Which one of the following describes a positive feedback loop?

Positive feedback loops are more common in natural systems altered by human actions.

4.________ are composed of amino acids.

Proteins

20. A leaf falls from a tree and lands on the ground. Through time, bugs and bacteria consume the leaf. Which of the following statements regarding this scenario is true?

The nutrients from the leaf have been recycled and released back into the soil

3. If the pond above is chemically treated to raise the pH to 7.0 ________.

The pond is now pH neutral and it has more hydrogen ions than at pH 7.5

13. Which of the following best describes the role of autotrophs in ecosystems?

They produce their own organic molecules, which can be broken down for Energy

9. Carbon has an atomic number of 6. If an uncharged carbon atom has a mass number of 14, which of the following is true?

This atom has 6 protons , 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons

41. Part B. Which of these sampling protocols would you use to obtain the most representative data of oyster growth on the three reef types?

Use a random sampling approach to select sites on on different reef types from several of the reef complexes

44. Drag each description to the appropriate bin.

Water Cycle: -This cycle is the largest reservoir is the ocean water -Transpiration is a major flux in this cycle Carbon Cycle: -Photosynthesis is a major flux in this cycle -This cycle is significantly affected by the extraction of fossil fuels Nitrogen Cycle: -Nitrification is a major flux in this cycle -This cycle's largest reservoir is the atmosphere Phosphorus cycle: -The weather of rock is a major flux in this cycle -this cycle is affected by the release of detergents in treated wastewater

45 Part F. Which factor was the major contributor to the rapid increase in the total human input of nitrogen between 1960 and 2000?

a rapid increase in fertilizer use and industrial processes

45. Part D. In 1960, what was the total amount of nitrogen released by human activities?

about 50 teragrams

22. The greatest source of both nitrogen and phosphorus entering Chesapeake Bay is ________.

agriculture

31. Glass Lake, located in a valley in low forested mountains, for many decades of the 19th and early 20th centuries was a favorite picnic, recreation, and fishing site for people in surrounding towns and farms. However, in the middle of the 20th century, a trend began in which the privately-owned farms in the Lake's watershed were purchased by large agribusinesses. The decision was made to grow a profitable crop. The demand for quality farmland resulted in the sale of most of the family-owned establishments and a large increase in the area of land under cultivation. Most of the forests were cut to acquire the land needed for crops. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides increased several fold by the end of the century. In addition, the combined population of the lakeside villages quadrupled during the same time. The lake experienced a slow degradation of water quality and biodiversity. Sport fishing declined and the lake became murky while the sediments in the lake increased in depth. The same expert found that dissolved phosphorus and nitrogen levels were more than ten times what they were seventy years ago. The primary sources of these are very likely from ________.

agriculture and urban fertilizer runoff as well as increased urban wastewater discharges

18. A(n) __________ is an example of an ecosystem with high primary productivity, while a __________ is an example of an ecosystem with low primary productivity.

algal bed ; desert

23. The trophic level of "producers" includes ________.

any organism producing biomass directly from photosynthesis

27. All of the following are approaches to reducing eutrophication except ________.

applying fertilizers to farmland just before heavy rains are predicted.

16. Ecosystems that rapidly convert solar energy to biomass __________.

are said to have high primary productivity

56. Part H. By the year 2100, the increasing use of fertilizer will cause the total human input of nitrogen into Earth's ecosystems to be about three times the natural rate of nitrogen fixation.

cannot be determined by the graph

26. The greatest human impact on the carbon cycle has been through ________.

combustion of fossil fuels

15. The transitional zone between ecosystems is called a(n)______.

ecotone

29. Glass Lake, located in a valley in low forested mountains, for many decades of the 19th and early 20th centuries was a favorite picnic, recreation, and fishing site for people in surrounding towns and farms. However, in the middle of the 20th century, a trend began in which the privately-owned farms in the Lake's watershed were purchased by large agribusinesses. The decision was made to grow a profitable crop. The demand for quality farmland resulted in the sale of most of the family-owned establishments and a large increase in the area of land under cultivation. Most of the forests were cut to acquire the land needed for crops. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides increased several fold by the end of the century. In addition, the combined population of the lakeside villages quadrupled during the same time. The lake experienced a slow degradation of water quality and biodiversity. Sport fishing declined and the lake became murky while the sediments in the lake increased in depth. The symptoms of the lake suggest ___.

eutrophication

21. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is ________.

helping conservation biologists study habitats and study biodiversity

38. Part D. In comparing the removal of cadmium with the removal of zinc, the alpine penny-cress removed a _____ % and a ____ mass of cadmium than of zinc.

higher, lower

45. Part C. What does the red graph line represent?

input of nitrogen from all human activities

7. Electrically charged atoms or combinations of atoms are called ________.

ions

5. An example of a positive feedback loop ________.

is melting arctic snow exposing dark surfaces that heat up and cause further melting

45. Part G. In the year 2000, the total human input of nitrogen into Earth's ecosystems was almost twice the natural rate of nitrogen fixation.

not supported

25. Aquifers are ________.

porous rock formations located underground that store groundwater

37. Decide whether each label describes proteins, nucleic acids, or carbohydrates, and then drag it into the appropriate bin.

proteins: ry-composed of long chains of amino acids -play a key role in the humane immune system -function as enzymes and hormones in organisms nucleic acids: -function primarily to transmit hereditary information in organisms -composed of chains of nucleotides carbohydrates: -can be used to build structure, such as cellulose in plant cell walls -composed of simple sugars or large molecules of chemically bonded simple sugars -function primarily as sources of chemical energy, or for energy storage, such as starch

33. Glass Lake, located in a valley in low forested mountains, for many decades of the 19th and early 20th centuries was a favorite picnic, recreation, and fishing site for people in surrounding towns and farms. However, in the middle of the 20th century, a trend began in which the privately-owned farms in the Lake's watershed were purchased by large agribusinesses. The decision was made to grow a profitable crop. The demand for quality farmland resulted in the sale of most of the family-owned establishments and a large increase in the area of land under cultivation. Most of the forests were cut to acquire the land needed for crops. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides increased several fold by the end of the century. In addition, the combined population of the lakeside villages quadrupled during the same time. The lake experienced a slow degradation of water quality and biodiversity. Sport fishing declined and the lake became murky while the sediments in the lake increased in depth. A task force composed of water quality chemists, environmental landscape experts, townspeople and corn growers meet and share information. They decide that they must focus on ________ in the initial efforts to restore the lake

reducing fertilizer inputs into the lake by exploring alternative farming techniques, increasing the efficiency of the wastewater plant and using aerators to increase oxygen levels in the areas where streams flow into the lake

45. Part A. What information is presented on the y-axis of the graph?

the amt of nitrogen added to the earth's ecosystems each year

14. Which of the following is an example of potential energy?

the energy held in bonds between atoms

41. Part A. Shulte chose several areas in the lower Chesapeake Bay as his experimental sites. At each site, he constructed artificial reefs of two different heights. He also left portions of each site unrestored to serve as points of comparison. Oysters were allowed to colonize the reefs and the unrestored bay bottom safe from harvesting. His hypothesis was that oysters would survive better in the plankton-rich upper waters -- away from the smothering sediments and hypoxic waters of the bay bottom. Drag the labels to the diagram to identify the components of Shulte's experiment. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all

treatment treatment control 1. reef type is the independent ___variable 2. adult oyster density is a ___dependent variable. 3. Spat density is a dependent variable

24. Biological nitrogen fixation (nitrogen fixation that is performed by living organisms) is carried out by ________.

various species of specialized Bacteria

32. Glass Lake, located in a valley in low forested mountains, for many decades of the 19th and early 20th centuries was a favorite picnic, recreation, and fishing site for people in surrounding towns and farms. However, in the middle of the 20th century, a trend began in which the privately-owned farms in the Lake's watershed were purchased by large agribusinesses. The decision was made to grow a profitable crop. The demand for quality farmland resulted in the sale of most of the family-owned establishments and a large increase in the area of land under cultivation. Most of the forests were cut to acquire the land needed for crops. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides increased several fold by the end of the century. In addition, the combined population of the lakeside villages quadrupled during the same time. The lake experienced a slow degradation of water quality and biodiversity. Sport fishing declined and the lake became murky while the sediments in the lake increased in depth. A biodiversity survey of the lake revealed a striking decline in nearly all animal species and in rooted plant life, especially where streams discharged into the lake. The immediate cause(s) of the decline most likely were ________

very low oxygen levels and lack of plants to support animal consumers

30. Glass Lake, located in a valley in low forested mountains, for many decades of the 19th and early 20th centuries was a favorite picnic, recreation, and fishing site for people in surrounding towns and farms. However, in the middle of the 20th century, a trend began in which the privately-owned farms in the Lake's watershed were purchased by large agribusinesses. The decision was made to grow a profitable crop. The demand for quality farmland resulted in the sale of most of the family-owned establishments and a large increase in the area of land under cultivation. Most of the forests were cut to acquire the land needed for crops. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides increased several fold by the end of the century. In addition, the combined population of the lakeside villages quadrupled during the same time. The lake experienced a slow degradation of water quality and biodiversity. Sport fishing declined and the lake became murky while the sediments in the lake increased in depth. A water quality expert checked the level of dissolved oxygen in lake water and found it ________.

was low-normal on the surface but extremely low near the bottom sediments

1. The entire area of land that a river drains is called its __________.

watershed