EVR 3013 quiz 4,5 & 6 study guide
Since the early 1900's, the global climate has risen in temperature by about ____C, several years earlier than originally predicted.
1
The greenhouse effect involves a single ray of solar radiation following series of steps once it enters the planets atmosphere. Place them in sequential order. Note: there are more options provided than actual steps. This is intentional.
1 Solar radiation enters the atmosphere 2 Surfaces on Earth reflect or absorb the radiation 3 The radiation absorbed by the ground is eventually released as infrared radiation 4 radiation is reflected by atmospheric particles, like greenhouse gases, back toward Earth 5 Trapped radiation increases the temperature of the atmosphere
Approximately how much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?
10 %
The IPCC has concluded that it is unlikely we will prevent warming of 1.5C. Their most recent report suggests that if we cut all global emissions of CO2 by 2055, we have a high probability of limiting global warming to less than ____.
2C
How many of the world's extant sea turtle species are found in South Florida
5
Bill Nye's 5 things to know about climate change are
7.3 billion people are influencing the atmosphere, and most are burning fossil fuels Sea level is rising because the ocean is getting bigger The atmosphere is thin Trapped heat energy is changing things, not JUST warming them The RATE of change is faster than ever before
The mean global oceanic pH should be about [ Select ] ["8.2", "1", "7.8", "7", "14", "3"] , by 2100 it is expected to drop to [ Select ] ["7", "8.2", "7.8", "14", "0"] due to increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere.
8.2 7.8
Approximately how much energy is lost, mostly as heat, when transferring energy from one trophic level to the next
90 %
Coral receive up to ____ of their daily calories from their zooxanthellae symbiotes.
90 %
What is the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan?
A $10.5 billion project that is expected to take 30+ years to complete, CERP's goal is to use the best available science to restore the "right quantity, quality, timing, and distribution" of freshwater.
All of the following are existing or future impacts of sea level rise in South Florida,
Coastal cities flooding Increased rate of zoonotic disease transmission Coastal infrastructure degradation Coastal ecosystems are being flooded with saltwater Coastlines are shifting inland Loss of human access to fresh water in some areas
A mangrove is
A terrestrial tree which is highly halotolerant and flood tolerant, and therefore most often found in coastal areas
What is an ecological food chain?
A simple linear representation of how energy and matter move through an ecosystem
According to the National Park Service, which of the following are actions you can take at home and in your community to combat climate change related issues?
Carpool whenever possible Recycle Raise the air conditioner by 1 degree/lower your heater by 1 degree (decrease how much your home system is used) Install energy efficient light bulbs (LEDs or CFLs) Weatherstrip windows and doors Unplug appliances when not in use Take public transportation whenever possible
Which of the following ecosystem attributes were identified as being threatened by (linked to) climate change by Everglades restoration managers in their conceptual ecological model?
All of these Abundant large vetebrates and aquatic prey bases Animals with large spatial requirements Oligotrophic freshwater wetlands Complex landscape mosaics and interactions Healthy, dynamically sustainable estuaries
Which of the following are known effects of HABs in Florida?
All of these economic damage bad smells anoxic water conditions toxic water massive fish die offs Neural diseases in marine mammals
What is the goal of the Central Everglades Planning Project (CEPP)?
CEPP is an arm of CERP that will set the foundation for restoring the central portion of the Everglades ecosystem and sending additional water south. CEPP will capture water lost to tide and re-direct water flow south to the central Everglades, Everglades National Park and Florida Bay
The [ Select ] ["CERP", "CEPP", "MOD waters", "2020 election"] is a multibillion dollar project that is expected to take approximately 40 years to complete, but is one of Florida's main climate change adaptation plans as it is expected to help protect [ Select ] ["freshwater resources", "saltwater resources"] such as aquifers for human drinking water and manage [ Select ] ["sea levels", "storm water"] more effectively.
CERP freshwater resources storm water
Match each prefix/suffix with the appropriate definition Correct!halo- salt Correct!-tolerant able to withstand Correct!pyro- fire Correct!-phobic fearing
Changing water levels- This causes fluctuations in temperature, salinity, oxygen levels, and light availability on very small time scales (6-12 hours) hyper-saline conditions-having more salt than the ocean can create extremely dehydrating environments anoxic soils-the lack of oxygen results in anaerobic respiration predominating, making nutrient uptake in roots difficult and making it hard for many animals to survive
The 2010 extreme cold snap was devastating to wildlife and humans alike, resulting in mass casualties due to the freezing temperatures which lasted for more than a week. If the climate change is real, then why would something like this happen?
Climatic changes are causing more extreme fluctuations, resulting in more extreme highs and lows such as prolonged extreme cold snaps
There were 3 goals of Everglades restoration listed on the NPS website you were asked to visit for this week's discussion, and expressed in the guest lecture. Which of these were NOT on that list?
Enhance the South Florida ecotourism industry with new development and energy futures SO what it did talk about is Restore, preserve and protect habitats and species Get the hydrology right (QQTD) Foster compatibility of the built and natural systemsms
There are 3 key features that make mangroves mangroves. Those are:
Halotolerance They're terrestrial, non-herbaceous plants They reproduce with propagules
What is the climax successional plant community of the Everglades?(*Hint* if you don't know, this figure can help you)
Hardwood Hammock
What are HABs?
Harmful Algea Blooms
There are two main reasons for sea level rise. They are: (select all that apply)
Ice melt Thermal expansion
All of the following are existing or future impacts of sea level rise in South Florida, except:
Increased access to freshwater
Which of the following drivers are NOT linked to marsh fishes in this slough CEM? In other words, if your main concern was to enhance fish numbers in the slough then which of these drivers can you afford to ignore?
Industrial and agricultural practices
What does it mean for a community to be the "climax successional" community?
It is the end-game of succession, and will not transition in to another community type in the absence of a catestrophic event
What is the role of EDEN in Everglades restoration?
It provides the data necessary to build quantitative models
With respect to the Everglades, why is the rate of modern sea level rise an issue?
It threatens to outpace the ability of plants, animals and processes of the Everglades to adapt
The following figure, taken from your NPS reading (and originally from the IPCC report 4) demonstrates 3 key data points for climate change science. What has the general trend been in SNOW COVER since the early 1980s?
It's decreasing
The following figure, taken from your NPS reading (and originally from the IPCC report 4) demonstrates 3 key data points for climate change science. What has the general trend been in SEA LEVEL since the early 1900s?
It's increasing
The current rate of sea level rise is exceeding the rate at which oyster reefs can build up. Why is this relevant to mangroves in the Ten Thousand Islands of South Florida?
Many mangrove islands develop on oyster reefs, but if sea level rises too fast then the mangrove islands could be lost
In Everglades Restoration the main focus is getting the Q.Q.T.D. right. What does QQTD stand for?
Quality, quantity, timing and distribution
What is a food web?
Multiple intersecting food chains, acting as a more realistic representation of the feeding relationships and energy flow paths in an ecosystem
If the global climate is warming, does that mean it will never get cold?
No, in fact increased variability is a hallmark of climate change so it may actually get colder than we're used to on occassion!
In your online readings for the climate change module, you were presented with the following figure demonstrating the change in sea level (blue) and water levels in a freshwater Everglades site (red). The black lines represent the mean trend of the time series. The 0 point on the y axis represents average early 1900's sea level. What is one potential implication of the correlation shown here?
Non-halotolerant species may not be able to survive as the freshwater habitat becomes salty
The South Florida economy will benefit from everglades restoration.
True
Where can you find naturally occurring sandy beaches in the Florida Keys?
Nowhere
The core assumption of Everglades Restoration efforts is that if they provide proper QQTD of water, then normal ecological succession will take place and repair the ecosystem. In other words, the hope is that if we get the first part right, normal processes of habitat change and maintenance will be allowed to put things back to the way they should be.
QQTD ecological succession
Using the diagram below, what are two conditions needed to form a sawgrass marsh?
Short hydroperiod and frequent surface fire
Which of the following are valuable ecosystem services provided by the Red Mangrove.
Structural refuge Correct! Prevent inland erosion Correct! Nursery habitat Correct! Supporting South Florida's ecotourism industry Correct! Storm buffers Correct! Rookery habitat Correct! Base of the ecotonal foodweb
Using the conceptual diagram below, and your memory of past course content, which of the following are roles of ALLIGATOR ACTIVITY in Everglades succession? (select all that apply)
The can create Gator Holes They can envourage nutrient loading Their absence can lead to willow heads or wet prairies after a localized fire
What is ocean acidification
The gradual reduction of the pH of the ocean
The image below was used in your textbook to describe, in detail, the general role of each trophic level and how energy and matter cycle through the Everglades ecosystems. What is the role of detritivores in this conceptual diagram?
They recycle detritus for use by consumers and provide nutrients to plants
One of the biggest issues facing Everglades Restoration at the moment is:
The lack of funds being properly supplied and applied in accordance with existing agreements/legislation
What is the purpose of RECOVER Report Cards?
They provide a quick and easy to understand assessment of Everglades ecosystem health
Edible fruit naturally grows in South Florida's Maritime Hammocks.
True
Everglades restoration will help store more water and provide superior flood control mechanisms to South Florida's human settlements.
True
Hard barrier sea walls can and often do cause highly damaging undercutting to neighboring properties and ecosystems, as well as destroying all ecosystems in front of the barrier.
True
Lionfish are edible, and many people find them delicious fish to eat AND there is no bag limit on them (that part is true, there is no bag limit you can take and eat as many as you can catch).
True
Why is it now difficult to get a permit to trim a Red Mangrove to provide a better ocean view to coastal properties?
Unlike most trees, they struggle to regrow after trimming
The following conceptual model was used in class to explain how they worked. Using this model, explain one possible pathway a potential student would take (start at the top) to receive a good grade in EVR3013 RVBB, and learn.
Wants to learn about Ecology of SFL --> Enrolls in EVR3013 RVBB --> Studies hard --> Gets good grades and learns
What is the most important component of the Everglades ecosystem, from the perspective of Everglades Restoration? In other words, what is the main focus of Everglades restoration efforts (because fixing it is presumed to result in successive fixes to everything else)?
Water
In your online readings for the climate change module, you were presented with the following figure demonstrating the change in sea level (blue) and water levels in a freshwater Everglades site (red). The black lines represent the mean trend of the time series. The 0 point on the y axis represents average early 1900's sea level. While it is currently not possible to claim any causational relationship from these data, what can be reasonably inferred? (select all that apply)
Water levels in the Freshwater Everglades are rising Sea level is rising Water levels in the Freshwater Everglades are rising at a rate similar to that of sea level rise
We discussed several key driving factors of ecological succession in the Everglades. Using both your memory, and the figure below: which of the following are NOTconsidered a key driving factor of Everglades ecological succession?
Water temperature
What is the difference between weather and climate?
Weather fluctuates on hourly to daily time scales, climate fluctuates on the scale of millenia
What is sea grass?
a fully marine, flowering true plant
What is the water budget?
a quantified accounting of the rates of water movent and the change in water storage in an area.
What is a non-quantitative conceptual model?
a simple representation of the system that helps identify key processes and linkages without enumerating exact quantities
The Kissimmee River restoration project involved [ Select ] ["adding more meandors to the river", "straightening out and deepening the river"] and improving [ Select ] ["water quality", "water storage"] . This was done as an initial, and [ Select ] ["largely unsuccessful", "largely successful"] start to Everglades restoration because the river drains in to [ Select ] ["Lake Okeechobee", "Lake Istopega"] , which is the historic headwaters of the Everglades.
adding more meandors to the river water quality largely successful Lake Okeechobee
The ______ is the reflection of solar radiation by surfaces/particles on Earth, resulting in a reduction in the amount of solar radiation absorbed and therefore reducing heating.
albedo effect
How many of South Florida's sea turtle species are endangered?
all
What is climate change?
alterations in long-term patterns and statistical trends of meteorological events
Which letter refers to a wrack line?
b
Where are you likely to find the biggest fishes in South Florida?
bank reefs
Coral have a [ Select ] ["bipartite", "tripartite", "monolithic"] meaning they have an adult phase called a ______ and a larval phase, called a [ Select ] ["medusa", "polyp", "hydra"]
bipartite Answer 2:polyp Answer 3:medusa
Which of the following would have the lowest albedo?
black asphalt
How do boaters contribute to sea grass degradation?
boat groundings Correct Answer prop scars can cut long lines through a seagrass bed
Which letter refers to the foredune?
c
Nematocysts are characteristic of the cnidarian phylum, which includes jellyfish and coral. They're the primary way coral polyps
capture prey
Which of the following is a known greenhouse gas?
carbon dioxide
Which of the following conditions are necessary for sea grass beds to thrive?
clear water (low turbidity) low nutrient loads in the water high light
Which stage of succession is a maritime hammock?
climax
Maritime hammocks have lots of vines and lilianas. There are several reasons for this, but one reason discussed in the field-video was that the area is exposed to a great deal of salt spray which makes it stressful. Being a vine allows them to deal with salt stress, and nutrient deprivation, but allowing them to get [ Select ] ["closer to the sunlight", "lower to the ground"] without having to invest the energy and resources that would be needed to build a [ Select ] ["thick ropelike structures", "thorn mass", "large sturdy body", "thin spindly body"] like trees do.
closer to the sunlight large sturdy body
The ATLSS model simulates changes at various trophic levels in the Everglades, allowing a user to compare multiple possible management scenarios . The user input (the thing that you're able to change to reflect what you're interested in seeing the effect of) for this model is the water management strategy , because the proper quality, quantity, timing and distribution of it are the most important factors in Everglades Restoration efforts.
compare multiple possible management scenarios the water management strategy
Which letter refers to a location which would be flooded during even the weakest high tide?*Hint: what can you infer by studying the location of the wrack lines?*
d
All of the following are consequences of ocean acidification
decreased economic opportunity loss of the coral reef environment loss of overall oceanic biodiversity loss of the ability for many vertebrates (like fish) to create their skeletons reduced availability of food for humans dissolving sea shells
Which of the following are not features of a salt marsh
directly on the coast
The rate at which the climate is warming _____________ what would be expected in the absence of human fossil fuel burning (CO2 releases).
exceeds
The saline Everglades (the salty portions) have been undergoing substantial changes over the last 50 years. One of which has been a change in their location/range. What has this change been?The saline Everglades have ______________
expanded their range inland
A weather event that is more severe than is typical for the region is referred to as an ________
extreme event
Which of the following are roles of fire in Everglades ecosystems? (select all that apply)
facilitates reproduction of some species influence/alter elevation (in the event of soil fires) control invasives recylce nutrients Influence successional paths Reduce competition and undergrowth
The strength or occurrence of any given extreme event can be directly tied to climate change with 100% certainty, ever since 1995.
false
To live in a fully marine environment, a plant must have 4 properties. These are:
hydrophilous pollination an anchoring system that helps to withstand wave/tidal/storm energy able to remain completely submerged at all times adapted to live in a salty environment
Which of the following would have the highest albedo?
ice
The primary driver of ocean acidification is
increased concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere (which dissolves in the ocean water)
All of the following are consequences of ocean acidification, except
increased economic opportunity
Everglades managers identified 3 key driving forces in the Everglades ecosystem, which they used in their conceptual ecological models. What were they? (select 3)
land use management water management climate change
What is one way to tell a black mangrove apart from the others?
lick the leaf: it'll be salty
Which type of shoreline armament is both ecologically beneficial and effective at preventing inland erosion?
living shoreline
Hardwood hammocks, as discussed in the uplands lecture, are characterized as having: dense canopies, open under-stories, lots of hardwood trees, pyrophobia and the inability to withstand prolonged flooding. Which coastal habitat, as discussed in the coastal and marine habitats lecture, could also be described in this way?
maritime hammocks
Which of the following is a known greenhouse gas?
mathane
HABs are becoming [ Select ] ["more frequent", "less common"] and [ Select ] ["less severe", "more severe"] in Florida. A large contributor to this trend is urban runoff and polluted water discharges from Lake Okeechobee .
more frequent more severe polluted water discharges from Lake Okeechobee
Which of the following are sustainable uses of sea grass?
none
There are 5 main types of coral reefs around the world: Fringing, atoll, barrier, bank and patch. Of the ones listed below, which are found in South Florida?
patch
Which grows faster, hardwood trees or pine trees?
pine trees
What is the main difference between quantitative and non-quantitative CEMs?
quantitative cems provide specifics and detailed accountings, whereas non-quantitative CEMS only show linkages
One consequence of irregular shorelines, such as shown on the southern island in this image, is that they can generate dangerous:
rip currents
Salt marshes have low animal diversity but high abundances of the species that do live there. Which of the following explain, in part, why this is so?
salt marshes have lots of nutrients available for use salt marshes are highly stressful
The National Park Service created a Climate Change Response Strategy that designed goals and objectives to address climate change. It utilizes four components: [ Select ] ["religion", "science", "politics"] , mitigation , [ Select ] ["stagnancy", "adaptation", "politics"] , and [ Select ] ["isolation", "communication", "rapid responses without oversight"] to guide activities moving forward
science mitigation adaptation communication
Which of the following are effects of climate change in South Florida (select 4)?
sea level rise ocean acidification more extreme events Warming climate and oceans
Male Fiddler Crabs' claw size is a:
sexually selected trait
Which of the following are threats to sea turtles? (select all that apply)
shoreline armament coastal erosion coastal pollution holes left on the sand by tourists people feeding feral cats slowing of the global oceanic conveyor currents
Maritime hammock trees tend to get [ Select ] ["taller", "thicker", "shorter"] as you approach the ocean, as the amount of salt stress [ Select ] ["decreases", "does not change", "increases"] . This
shorter increases
Sexual selection of traits is common in the animal kingdom. We discussed it in the lecture as it's particularly visible in the fiddler crab, a common salt marsh species. When we refer to sexual selection of traits, we mean that [ Select ] ["some traits increase mating success because they help with survival", "some traits are evolutionarily adaptive purely because of the way they influence mate selection/mating success", "the environment is so stressful that it selects traits before sexual selection can take place"] . Sexually selected traits usually involve [ Select ] ["trade-offs", "minimizing death risk", "maximizing the potential"] because, while they may increase mating success they could decrease survival probability if taken too far (claws too large, tails too long, etc.).
some traits are evolutionarily adaptive purely because of the way they influence mate selection/mating success Answer 2:Correct!trade-offs
Sea grass evolved from:
terrestrial plants
What area is protected by a National Marine Sanctuary?
the entire Florida reef track from Biscayne Bay through the Dry Tortugas
According to the National Park Service, and the overwhelming majority of other scientists, "climate change is primarily caused by [ Select ] ["the decrease of greenhouse gases", "the increase of greenhouse gases", "natural fluctuations in climatological processes", "Chinese interference"] in the atmosphere from [ Select ] ["natural processes", "human activities", "Chinese interference"] ."
the increase of greenhouse gases human activities
What is climate?
the long-term patterns or trends of meteorological conditions
What is weather?
the meteorological conditions in a given place on a given day
What is ecological succession?
the process of change from one community in to another
What is the main reason why the rate of global climatic warming (and all other climate change related phenomena) has increased since the industrial revolution?
the rate of greenhouse gas emissions by humans has increased
What is one possible explanation for why there are so many transient species found in a salt marsh?
there's lots of food so they'll come to visit, but it's too stressful to live there full time
How do White Mangroves deal with salt in their bodies?
they excrete it from nectares at the base of their leaves
Prop roots have arenchyma. What does this do for the Red Mangrove?
they transport air in to the anoxic soil
What are zooxanthellae and why are they important?
they're dinoflaggelate algae that form a symbiotic relationship with coral
Sea grass provide protection from coastal erosion and catastrophic inland hurricane damage.
true
Sea grasses are in decline, globally.
true
What are non-quantitative conceptual ecological models useful for?
understanding cause and effect relationships
South Florida's sand is composed of
~half appalachain quartz and ~half crushed seashells/limestone
