EVR Chapter 4 (Exam 2)

What kind of interaction occurs when two cardinals (birds of the same species) are trying to build a nest in the same tree? A) intraspecific competition B) fundamental competition C) mutualism D) interspecific competition

A) intraspecific competition

Many wild orchids cannot be successfully dug up and transplanted because they need the native mycorrhizae (a fungus) in the soil to survive. What kind of interaction is this? A) mutualism B) herbivory C) parasitism D) competition

A) mutualism

What does the left y-axis of the graph represent? A) number of breeding pairs per 100 acres B) stage of ecological succession C) number of bird species D) ecological age

A) number of breeding pairs per 100 acres

In general, when one views a food chain, they can expect the biomass of herbivores (organisms that eat plants) in an ecosystem to be about _____ of the biomass of the plants and other photosynthetic organisms in the ecosystem. A) 50% B) 80% C) 10% D) 25% E) 90%

C) 10%

In which year was the density of birds greatest? A) 20 B) 100 C) 105 D) 160 E) cannot be determined from this graph

C) 105

Why was the tamarisk tree brought to the United States? A) To supply fast-growing lumber. B) For its valuable fruit. C) To help control soil erosion. D) To provide food for cattle.

C) To help control soil erosion.

After examining every single cell in your body, you would conclude that humans are made up mostly of __________. A) dead cells B) fungal cells C) bacterial cells D) plant cells

C) bacterial cells

Which of these biomes is characterized by little rainfall? A) temperate broadleaf forest B) coniferous forest C) desert D) temperate grassland E) tropical rain forest

C) desert

Techniques to eradicate zebra mussels ________. A) are global and long lived B) are relatively simple C) include introducing predators and diseases D) have not yet been attempted E) are relatively inexpensive

C) include introducing predators and diseases

Secondary succession ________. A) is predictable because it always ends in the formation of a climax community B) occurs after a volcano spreads lava across a landscape C) occurs after a fire or flood D) requires primary succession to precede it E) typically begins with lichen colonizing rock

C) occurs after a fire or flood

Two species of lizard live on the same tree and consume the same sorts of food. Regardless, neither species is in direct competition with the other. The key to this scenario is that one of the species is nocturnal; the other is diurnal. What is this called? A) parasitism B) symbiosis C) resource partitioning D) herbivory

C) resource partitioning

Chaparral has a climate most similar to ________. A) tropical dry forest B) temperate rainforest C) savanna D) tundra E) boreal forest

C) savanna

When many bald eagles are concentrated within a small region, their feeding behavior usually involves __________. A) fights to the death over available food B) domination by a single bird who consumes all of the group's prey C) sharing prey and taking turns feeding on the same organism D) burying prey under logs or bushes to hide it away from other eagles

C) sharing prey and taking turns feeding on the same organism

What biome does this climatograph represent? A) desert B) tundra C) temperate grassland D) tropical savanna E) temperate rainforest

C) temperate grassland

Which of the following biomes has the most annual rainfall? A) temperate deciduous forest B) the chaparral C) temperate rainforest D) the tropical dry forest

C) temperate rainforest

A seal that just ate a clam is eaten by a shark. The shark is acting as a _____. A) secondary consumer B) producer C) tertiary consumer D) primary consumer E) detritivore

C) tertiary consumer

The energy content and biomass of ________ is lowest in any food web. A) detritivores B) small carnivores such as spiders and lizards C) top carnivores D) producers E) decomposers

C) top carnivores

Which biome is characterized by an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground and by the presence of epiphytes? A) temperate grassland B) coniferous forest C) tropical rain forest D) desert E) tundra

C) tropical rain forest

Which biome is characterized by the presence of permafrost? A) taiga B) tropical forest C) tundra D) coniferous forest E) desert

C) tundra

Describes the terrestrial biome bordering the Mediterranean Sea; characterized by wet winters and warm dry summers Temperate Grassland Temperate Deciduous Forest Desert Temperate Rainforest Tropical Dry Forest Chaparral

Chaparral

Observations Increased Decreased Open Water Littoral Zone

Decreased increased

Describes Cairo, Egypt, and northwest Mexico; characterized by sparse rainfall and much variation in temperature Temperate Grassland Temperate Deciduous Forest Desert Temperate Rainforest Tropical Dry Forest Chaparral

Desert

Subarctic climates contain primarily which type of vegetation? A) ice cap B) mediterranean woodland shrub and grassland C) mid-latitude prairie and steppe grassland D) tundra E) coniferous forest

E) coniferous forest

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____. A) tertiary consumer B) producer C) secondary consumer D) primary consumer E) detritivore

E) detritivore

Zooplankton-eating fish are ________. A) detritivores B) producers C) herbivores D) primary consumers E) secondary consumers

E) secondary consumers

In Graph 1, the larval populations of American shad are measured in ______. In Graph 2, the juvenile populations of tessellated darters are measured in _______. thousands millions y-axis before x-axis support decreased increased

millions thousands

In this hot, dry biome, populations of zebras, gazelles, and giraffes are concentrated around widely spaced watering holes. desert savanna tundra temperate grassland tropical rainforest temperate deciduous forest

savanna

These data _________ the hypothesis that zebra mussels negatively affect fish in the open water and positively affect fish in the littoral zone. thousands millions y-axis before x-axis support decreased increased

support

This biome is characterized by broad-leaved trees that lose their leaves each fall and remain dormant during winter. desert savanna tundra temperate grassland tropical rainforest temperate deciduous forest

temperate deciduous forest

Also called steppe or prairie, this biome has been extensively developed for agricultural use due to its nutrient-rich soils. desert savanna tundra temperate grassland tropical rainforest temperate deciduous forest

temperate grassland

Despite having lush vegetation and diverse biological communities, the soil in this biome has low nutrient content and cannot support long-term agriculture. desert savanna tundra temperate grassland tropical rainforest temperate deciduous forest

tropical rainforest

This cold, dry biome is populated by lichens and shrubs that can survive great seasonal variations in sunlight and temperature desert savanna tundra temperate grassland tropical rainforest temperate deciduous forest

tundra

1. In both graphs, time is the independent variable and is shown on the _______. Fish population size is the dependent variable and is shown on the __________ thousands millions y-axis before x-axis support decreased increased

x-axis y-axis

A cow eating grass is an example of a _____. A) detritivore B) producer C) secondary consumer D) primary consumer E) tertiary consumer

D) primary consumer

Mutalism

+/+ interaction algae obtaining nutrients from symbiotic coral, and coral obtaining sugars from algal photosynthesis

Competition

+/- interaction two species of mussels relying on the same species of phytoplankton as a food source

Predation/Parasitism/hebivory

-/- interaction a cheetah capturing and consuming a gazelle a rabbit eating the leaves of a dandelion plant a tick sucking a dog's blood

How is energy transferred from one trophic level to the next? Select all that apply. 1. herbivory 2. parasitism 3. heat loss 4. cellular respiration 5. predation

1. herbivory 2. parasitism 5. predation

In which period did the number of species increase most rapidly? A) 0 to 20 years B) 20 to 40 years C) 40 to 60 years D) 60 to 100 years E) 100 to 160 years

A) 0 to 20 years

After 20 years, what was the total number of bird species? A) 14 B) 60 C) 120 D) cannot be determined from this graph

A) 14

What characteristics of lionfish contribute to their ability to spread and become established in new areas? A) A single lionfish female may produce up to 2 million eggs a year. The eggs float for up to a month, spreading the lionfish populations. B) Lionfish are specialists, consuming just a few types of shrimp, which are widespread in the Caribbean. C) Lionfish typically migrate in large schools to other reefs, where they breed together producing giant egg masses, which cling to the bottom of the coral reef. D) Lionfish are very good at avoiding predators by hiding in small cracks. Their color is also an excellent form of camouflage. So, lionfish can spread to new locations without being detected.

A) A single lionfish female may produce up to 2 million eggs a year. The eggs float for up to a month, spreading the lionfish populations.

Which continent contains the most desert shrub? A) Africa B) North America C) Asia D) South America E) None of the listed responses are correct.

A) Africa

Your uncle works for the Central Arizona Project. Levels of which of the following rivers will be of his highest concern? A) Colorado River B) Salmon River C) Missouri River D) Mississippi River

A) Colorado River

Between the years of 1985 and 2005 the total number of sea otters: A) Increased by approximately 100%. B) Increased by approximately 200%. C) Stayed the same. D) Increased by approximately 50%.

A) Increased by approximately 100%.

What is occurring in the region around the Chilkat River in Alaska that allows chum salmon to spawn during the winter months? A) Thermal springs heat and break up the ice. B) Warm winds and ocean currents from the south keep the river from freezing through most of the winter. C) A nuclear power plant is generating wastewater heat that prevents the river from freezing. D) Large mounds of darkened rocks are heated by the sun and keep the river from freezing.

A) Thermal springs heat and break up the ice.

What is the best description of the yearly temperature range shown by this graph? A) Winters are cold and summers are hot. B) Winters are mild and summers are hot. C) Temperatures are mild throughout the year. D) Temperatures are very cold throughout the year. E) Winters are cold and summers are cool.

A) Winters are cold and summers are hot.

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase the levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides in our atmosphere. Measurable warming of Earth due to these greenhouse gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can lower levels of sea ice and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increases sea surface temperatures, which can subsequently melt permafrost in the tundra and increase the intensity of hurricanes in vulnerable areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. If the climate warms significantly, tundra permafrost may melt, exposing underlying rock. This may next lead to ________ in the community. A) primary succession B) secondary succession C) coevolution D) climax E) facilitation

A) primary succession

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____. A) producers B) detritivores C) secondary consumers D) tertiary consumers E) primary consumers

A) producers

Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a ________ association. A) symbiotic B) parasitic C) homeopathic D) benthic E) pathogenic

A) symbiotic

Which of the following organisms has a feeding pattern most similar to a bald eagle? A) vulture B) pelican C) hummingbird D) woodpecker

A) vulture

Which climate type primarily borders arid lands (deserts)? A) highland B) humid continental, warm summer C) humid subtropical D) semiarid E) None of these climate types primarily borders arid lands.

D) semiarid

Approximately _____% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level. A) 0-5 B) 5-10 C) 10-15 D) 15-20 E) 90-100

B) 5-10

This pyramid shows the ratio of organisms, energy content, and biomass at different trophic levels. Suppose that a system has 5000 grasshoppers. How many hawks would be expected? A) 5 B) 50 C) 500 D) 5000

B) 50

Part complete If the actual increase in total sea otters was 1,400 individuals between 1985 and 2005, how many new sea otters were added to the population (on average) each year? A) 2,700 B) 70 C) 2 D) 28,000

B) 70

________ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest. A) Snakes B) Deer C) Shelf fungi D) Bison E) Wolves

B) Deer

Which two months have the highest average temperature? A) May and June B) July and August C) September and October

B) July and August

You live in Arizona and remove a stretch of tamarisk trees on your property. Which of the following should you do to best increase the chances of keeping the tree at bay? A) Burn the area annually for the next three years. B) Plant native species in their place. C) Turn the soil monthly for one year. D) Douse the area with herbicides.

B) Plant native species in their place.

What is the best description of the pattern of precipitation shown by this graph? A) Precipitation is greatest in the winter and spring. B) Precipitation is greatest in the spring and summer. C) Precipitation is greatest in the summer and fall. D) Precipitation is greatest in the fall and winter.

B) Precipitation is greatest in the spring and summer.

How much energy is available to the third trophic level, a secondary consumer, if its prey in the second trophic level, a primary consumer, is only able to obtain 10% of the available energy of the first trophic level? A) 100% B) 10% C) 1% D) 0.1%

C) 1%

Based upon what we are learning about the lionfish diet, what is most likely going to happen to Caribbean coral reefs invaded by lionfish? A) As lionfish stir up the bottom sediments searching for food, the water will be increasingly cloudy. Cloudy water will hurt the growth of algae and corals growing in the reef. B) There will be fewer algae eating fish. More algae will grow over and damage corals. C) Lionfish diets are specific to just a few species of clams. These clams may go extinct in the coral reefs where lionfish have invaded. D) The alga populations growing on and near the reef will be greatly reduced, increasing the growth of corals.

B) There will be fewer algae eating fish. More algae will grow over and damage corals.

What are ecosystem services? A) neoclassical economics B) These are essential processes such as soil formation, nutrient cycles, the pollination of plants, etc. C) GPI D) the "invisible hand"

B) These are essential processes such as soil formation, nutrient cycles, the pollination of plants, etc.

What does the red line on the graph represent? A) average precipitation (inches) B) average temperature (°C) C) average precipitation (mm) D) average temperature (°F) E) month of the year

B) average temperature (°C)

Which of the following are probably the most abundant but least understood of all forms of life on Earth? A) insects B) bacteria C) animals D) trees

B) bacteria

Which of these is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth? A) tundra B) coniferous forest C) temperate broadleaf forest D) temperate grassland E) desert

B) coniferous forest

Tundra is often present in relatively warm regions of South America and Asia. What factor or factors are chiefly responsible for the presence of tundra in these regions? A) proximity to the poles B) elevation and altitude C) proximity to the equator D) local weather patterns E) None of the listed responses are correct.

B) elevation and altitude

What factor is most likely to have caused the change in the number of bird species that occurred between years 30 and 60? A) decreasing food supply B) increasing number of bird habitats C) increasing competition among bird species D) evolution of new bird species

B) increasing number of bird habitats

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____. A) tertiary consumer B) secondary consumer C) producer D) detritivore E) primary consumer

B) secondary consumer

What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes? A) temperature and light B) temperature and rainfall C) light and rainfall D) plants and animals E) temperature and plants

B) temperature and rainfall

10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately _____ kcal of tertiary consumer. A) 1,000 B) 100 C) 10 D) 1 E) 0

C) 10

Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below. Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase the levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides in our atmosphere. Measurable warming of Earth due to these greenhouse gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can lower levels of sea ice and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increases sea surface temperatures, which can subsequently melt permafrost in the tundra and increase the intensity of hurricanes in vulnerable areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Some models of climate change for North America predict that the grassland regions of the prairie states will become warmer and dryer. This would result in ________. A) increased damage from crop pests and diseases B) the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions C) less stress on groundwater and aquifers to irrigate crops in the area D) a shift from grassland toward chaparral and savanna E) the need to plant temperate deciduous forest trees to shelter crops from the sun

B) the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions

Why do we classify lionfish populations near the eastern United States as an invasive species? What suggests that these new populations are not an expansion of the lionfish's natural range? A) Lionfish are native to cold waters near the tip of South America. They could not survive in the warmer waters between their native areas and the colder waters of the east coast of the United States. So, it is very unlikely that these South American populations naturally spread north. B) Lionfish eat only a few specific types of algae that live in isolated regions of the Pacific. If lionfish spread much beyond their native Pacific home, they would have nothing to eat. C) Lionfish are native to the tropical Pacific. There are no natural water routes of warm water between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. D) Lionfish are not good swimmers and have no other mechanisms to spread their populations over great distances.

C) Lionfish are native to the tropical Pacific. There are no natural water routes of warm water between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

How does predation differ from parasitism? A) Parasites are only insects or mites, while predators can be any kind of large animal. B) Predation happens between trophic levels, while parasitism happens within a trophic level. C) Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey. D) Parasitism is beneficial to the host, whereas predation always harms the prey.

C) Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey.

________ capture solar energy and use photosynthesis to produce sugars. A) Heterotrophs B) Detritivores C) Producers D) Secondary consumers E) Primary consumers

C) Producers

In 1991, scientist James Estes and his team observed a new trend of orcas preying on sea otters. Orcas normally prey on great whales, but those populations had been dramatically reduced by industrial whaling. Estes hypothesized that the decrease in the great whale population had caused orcas to turn to smaller prey -- sea otters. If this hypothesis is correct, predict what might happen to sea otter numbers if great whale population numbers increase. A) Sea otter populations would stay the same. B) Sea otter populations would decrease. C) Sea otter populations would increase. D) There is not enough information.

C) Sea otter populations would increase.

Regions with otters tend to host dense forests of kelp, a brown seaweed that anchors to the seafloor. Kelp forests provide a physical structure in which diverse marine communities find shelter and food. Sea otters prey on urchins, which consume kelp. According to James Estes, sea otter populations have dropped dramatically in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. If sea otter populations in these areas continue to decline, what might happen with populations of sea urchins and kelp? A) Sea urchins decrease and kelp decreases. B) Sea urchins increase and kelp increases. C) Sea urchins increase and kelp decreases. D) Sea urchins decrease and kelp increases.

C) Sea urchins increase and kelp decreases.

Which of the following is true regarding tamarisk beetles? A) They are damaging people's homes. B) They eat only tamarisk leaves. C) They are moving through Arizona more quickly than predicted. D) They are native to South America.

C) They are moving through Arizona more quickly than predicted.

In the year 2005 there were approximately ____ more sea otters in total than in 1985. A) 2,700 B) 100 C) 500 D) 1,400

D) 1,400

What is the best estimate of the total yearly precipitation in the region represented by this graph? A) 75 mm B) 75 inches C) 500 mm D) 900 mm E) 900 inches F) cannot be determined from this graph

D) 900 mm

Which statement is an accurate description of a keystone species? A) Keystone species are always predators. B) Keystone species are the largest-bodied species in a community. C) If the keystone species disappears, the whole ecosystem collapses, and nothing survives. D) A keystone species that is a predator controls the herbivore populations, which in turn maintains the plant populations and keeps balance.

D) A keystone species that is a predator controls the herbivore populations, which in turn maintains the plant populations and keeps balance.

Imagine a square meter of leafy forest soil underneath an oak or maple tree. Which of the following is likely to exist within this patch of soil? A) about a thousand different species or organisms B) most species would be microscopic C) about a quarter of a million individuals D) All of the listed responses would be expected to occur within this patch of soil.

D) All of the listed responses would be expected to occur within this patch of soil.

How did the fish biologists determine the diet of lionfish in the regions where the lionfish have invaded? A) The fish biologists used many different types of bait to fish for lionfish around coral reefs. The baits that worked best are most likely a part of the lionfish diet. B) Biologists kept lionfish in laboratories and experimented with what types of food these captive lionfish would eat. C) Divers spent thousands of hours watching lionfish around the coral reefs and simply recorded the types of food that the lionfish ate. D) Biologists examined the contents of the stomachs of lionfish caught in the wild.

D) Biologists examined the contents of the stomachs of lionfish caught in the wild.

What do the blue bars on the graph represent? A) average yearly temperature B) average monthly temperature C) yearly precipitation D) monthly precipitation

D) monthly precipitation

What does the blue graph line represent? A) breeding pairs per 100 acres B) species density C) ecological age D) number of species

D) number of species

Which of the following statements best describes the bird populations during the period from 100 to 160 years? A) The number species declined slightly, while the number of breeding pairs reached a peak and then declined. B) Both the number of species and the number of breeding pairs were stable. C) The number of species slowly reached a peak and then slowly declined, while the number of breeding pairs slowly increased. D) The number of species slowly increased, while the number of breeding pairs reached a peak and then slowly declined.

D) The number of species slowly increased, while the number of breeding pairs reached a peak and then slowly declined.

You are an Arizona landowner with questions regarding the tamarisk beetle introduction and wish to contact the federal agency in charge of the project that brought them to the U.S. Who should you contact? A) Environmental Protection Agency B) Fish and Wildlife Service C) Army Corps of Engineers D) United States Department of Agriculture

D) United States Department of Agriculture

Based upon what we are learning about invasive lionfish populations in the Caribbean and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, these lionfish populations __________. A) can be eliminated by setting traps widely in these regions B) can be eliminated by holding regular lionfish derbies encouraging people to catch as many lionfish as possible C) can be controlled by introducing a new lionfish predator from the region where lionfish naturally occur D) cannot be eliminated by any means currently known

D) cannot be eliminated by any means currently known

This biome often features wildfires due to extensive dry seasons. A) temperate deciduous forest B) desert C) boreal forest (taiga) D) chaparral

D) chaparral

What kind of relationship exists between multiple organisms who seek the same limited resource? A) predation B) parasitism C) herbivory D) competition

D) competition

A high concentration of eagles that spend several days in a small region is most likely the result of __________. A) a centralized breeding area B) a major predator in the region C) a big and comfortable perch in a tree D) concentrated food

D) concentrated food

Which of the climates listed would contain the LEAST amount of biodiversity? A) subarctic B) highland C) tropical rainy D) ice cap E) All of the listed climates contain equal biodiversity.

D) ice cap

Imagine a large state park near your home. Which of the following are probably the most crucial and essential part of that park's ecosystem? A) mammals B) birds C) trees D) insects

D) insects

What moves through the community from one trophic level to another as organisms feed on one another? A) disease and parasites B) water and energy C) matter and water D) matter and energy

D) matter and energy

_____ are secondary consumers. A) Producers B) Herbivores C) Plants D) Cows E) Carnivores

E) Carnivores

________ terrestrial biome has the most biodiversity. A) Boreal forest B) Prairie C) Temperate rainforest D) Temperate deciduous forest E) Tropical rainforest

E) Tropical rainforest

Hypothesis Increased Decreased Open Water Littoral Zone

Open Water Littoral Zone

Predictions Increased Decreased Open Water Littoral Zone

Open Water Littoral Zone

Describes biome in the eastern United States, north central Europe, and eastern China; characterized by stable precipitation and seasonal temperature variation Temperate Grassland Temperate Deciduous Forest Desert Temperate Rainforest Tropical Dry Forest Chaparral

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Describes the region west of the Mississippi River; characterized by limited precipitation, thick organic soils and extreme temperature variation in winter and summer Temperate Grassland Temperate Deciduous Forest Desert Temperate Rainforest Tropical Dry Forest Chaparral

Temperate Grassland

Describes the Pacific Northwest of the United States and Nagasaki, Japan; characterized by heavy rainfall and relatively stable temperatures Temperate Grassland Temperate Deciduous Forest Desert Temperate Rainforest Tropical Dry Forest Chaparral

Temperate Rainforest

Describes an equatorial zone with moderate precipitation that fluctuates seasonally; characterized by warm temperatures year round Temperate Grassland Temperate Deciduous Forest Desert Temperate Rainforest Tropical Dry Forest Chaparral

Tropical Dry Forest

The line in each graph shows the trend exhibited by the data _______ zebra mussels invaded the Hudson River thousands millions y-axis before x-axis support decreased increased

before

After zebra mussels invaded, American shad populations ___________, and tesselated darter populations _________. thousands millions y-axis before x-axis support decreased increased

decreased increased

This is the driest biome, where many plants have water-conserving features such as thick leaves and needles. desert savanna tundra temperate grassland tropical rainforest temperate deciduous forest

desert