EVR Chapter 4

In which period did the number of species increase most rapidly? (20)

*0 to 20 years* 20 to 40 years 40 to 60 years 60 to 100 years 100 to 160 years

After 20 years, what was the total number of bird species? (20)

*14* 60 120 cannot be determined from this graph

If the actual increase in total sea otters was 1,400 individuals between 1985 and 2005, how many new sea otters were added to the population (on average) each year?

*70* 2 28,000 2,700

Which continent contains the most desert shrub?

*Africa* North America South America Asia None of the listed responses are correct.

Your uncle works for the Central Arizona Project. Levels of which of the following rivers will be of his highest concern?

*Colorado River* Missouri River Salmon River Mississippi River

Which of the following statements best describes the bird populations during the period from 100 to 160 years? (20)

*The number of species slowly increased, while the number of breeding pairs reached a peak and then slowly declined.* The number of species slowly reached a peak and then slowly declined, while the number of breeding pairs slowly increased. The number species declined slightly, while the number of breeding pairs reached a peak and then declined. Both the number of species and the number of breeding pairs were stable.

Which of these is a starting point for primary succession?

*a surface exposed by a retreating glacier* a neglected yard abandoned farmland an abandoned city none of these is a starting point for primary succession

This is the driest biome, where many plants have water-conserving features such as thick leaves and needles.

*desert*

Imagine a large state park near your home. Which of the following are probably the most crucial and essential part of that park's ecosystem?

*insects* mammals trees birds

Many wild orchids cannot be successfully dug up and transplanted because they need the native mycorrhizae (a fungus) in the soil to survive. What kind of interaction is this?

*mutualism* parasitism herbivory competition

What does the blue graph line represent? (20)

*number of species* ecological age species density breeding pairs per 100 acres

Secondary succession ________.

*occurs after a fire or flood* is predictable because it always ends in the formation of a climax community requires primary succession to precede it occurs after a volcano spreads lava across a landscape typically begins with lichen colonizing rock

If the climate warms significantly, tundra permafrost may melt, exposing underlying rock. This may next lead to ________ in the community.

*primary succession* climax facilitation secondary succession coevolution

Two species of lizard live on the same tree and consume the same sorts of food. Regardless, neither species is in direct competition with the other. The key to this scenario is that one of the species is nocturnal; the other is diurnal. What is this called?

*resource partitioning* symbiosis parasitism herbivory

In this hot, dry biome, populations of zebras, gazelles, and giraffes are concentrated around widely spaced watering holes.

*savanna*

This biome is characterized by broad-leaved trees that lose their leaves each fall and remain dormant during winter.

*temperate deciduous forest*

Also called steppe or prairie, this biome has been extensively developed for agricultural use due to its nutrient-rich soils.

*temperate grassland*

Which of the following biomes has the most annual rainfall?

*temperate rainforest* the chaparral the tropical dry forest temperate deciduous forest

A seal that just ate a clam is eaten by a shark. The shark is acting as a _____.

*tertiary consumer* secondary consumer detritivore primary consumer producer

The energy content and biomass of ________ is lowest in any food web.

*top carnivores* producers small carnivores such as spiders and lizards decomposers detritivores

Despite having lush vegetation and diverse biological communities, the soil in this biome has low nutrient content and cannot support long-term agriculture.

*tropical rainforest*

This cold, dry biome is populated by lichens and shrubs that can survive great seasonal variations in sunlight and temperature.

*tundra*

Species Interactions: Mutualism

+/+ interaction algae obtaining nutrients from symbiotic coral, and coral obtaining sugars from algal photosynthesis

Species Interactions: Predation/Parasitism/Herbivory

+/- interaction a cheetah capturing and consuming a gazelle a rabbit eating the leaves of a dandelion plant a tick sucking a dog's blood

Approximately _____% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level.

0-5 *5-10* 10-15 15-20 90-100

10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately _____ kcal of tertiary consumer.

1,000 100 *10* 1 0

How much energy is available to the third trophic level, a secondary consumer, if its prey in the second trophic level, a primary consumer, is only able to obtain 10% of the available energy of the first trophic level?

100% 10% *1%* 0.1%

In which year was the density of birds greatest? (20)

20 100 *105* 160 cannot be determined from this graph

Suppose that a system has 5000 grasshoppers. How many hawks would be expected? (33)

5 *50* 500 5000

In the year 2005 there were approximately ____ more sea otters in total than in 1985.

500 2,700 100 *1,400*

In general, when one views a food chain, they can expect the biomass of herbivores (organisms that eat plants) in an ecosystem to be about _____ of the biomass of the plants and other photosynthetic organisms in the ecosystem.

80% 25% *10%* 90% 50%

________ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest.

Bison *Deer* Shelf fungi Wolves Snakes

You live in Arizona and remove a stretch of tamarisk trees on your property. Which of the following should you do to best increase the chances of keeping the tree at bay?

Burn the area annually for the next three years. Douse the area with herbicides. Turn the soil monthly for one year. *Plant native species in their place.*

You are an Arizona landowner with questions regarding the tamarisk beetle introduction and wish to contact the federal agency in charge of the project that brought them to the U.S. Who should you contact?

Environmental Protection Agency Army Corps of Engineers Fish and Wildlife Service *United States Department of Agriculture*

________ capture solar energy and use photosynthesis to produce sugars.

Heterotrophs Secondary consumers Primary consumers *Producers* Detritivores

Between the years of 1985 and 2005 the total number of sea otters:

Increased by approximately 50%. Increased by approximately 200%. Stayed the same. *Increased by approximately 100%.*

Which statement is an accurate description of a keystone species?

Keystone species are always predators. If the keystone species disappears, the whole ecosystem collapses, and nothing survives. Keystone species are the largest-bodied species in a community. *A keystone species that is a predator controls the herbivore populations, which in turn maintains the plant populations and keeps balance.*

What factor is most likely to have caused the change in the number of bird species that occurred between years 30 and 60? (20)

evolution of new bird species *increasing number of bird habitats* decreasing food supply increasing competition among bird species

When many bald eagles are concentrated within a small region, their feeding behavior usually involves __________.

fights to the death over available food burying prey under logs or bushes to hide it away from other eagles *sharing prey and taking turns feeding on the same organism* domination by a single bird who consumes all of the group's prey

After examining every single cell in your body, you would conclude that humans are made up mostly of __________.

fungal cells dead cells plant cells *bacterial cells*

Techniques to eradicate zebra mussels ________.

have not yet been attempted are global and long lived are relatively simple *include introducing predators and diseases* are relatively inexpensive

Which climate type primarily borders arid lands (deserts)?

humid continental, warm summer humid subtropical *semiarid* highland None of these climate types primarily borders arid lands.

Some models of climate change for North America predict that the grassland regions of the prairie states will become warmer and dryer. This would result in ________.

less stress on groundwater and aquifers to irrigate crops in the area increased damage from crop pests and diseases a shift from grassland toward chaparral and savanna *the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions* the need to plant temperate deciduous forest trees to shelter crops from the sun

Tundra is often present in relatively warm regions of South America and Asia. What factor or factors are chiefly responsible for the presence of tundra in these regions?

local weather patterns proximity to the poles *elevation and altitude* proximity to the equator None of the listed responses are correct.

Subarctic climates contain primarily which type of vegetation?

mediterranean woodland shrub and grassland mid-latitude prairie and steppe grassland tundra ice cap *coniferous forest*

What kind of interaction occurs when two cardinals (birds of the same species) are trying to build a nest in the same tree?

mutualism fundamental competition interspecific competition *intraspecific competition*

Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a ________ association.

pathogenic parasitic benthic homeopathic *symbiotic*

Which one of the following is a general characteristic of plants that are early colonizers during primary succession?

plants are shade-tolerant plants can outcompete other plants that invade the area *plants have wind-dispersed seeds* plants are able to fix their own nitrogen

What kind of relationship exists between multiple organisms who seek the same limited resource?

predation *competition* parasitism herbivory

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____.

primary consumer producer *secondary consumer* tertiary consumer detritivore

Zooplankton-eating fish are ________.

producers herbivores primary consumers detritivores *secondary consumers*

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____.

secondary consumers detritivores tertiary consumers primary consumers *producers*

The first colonizing organisms during primary succession tend to be:

small shrubs *lichens and mosses* herbs trees

What does the left y-axis of the graph represent? (20)

stage of ecological succession ecological age *number of breeding pairs per 100 acres* number of bird species

Which biome is characterized by the presence of permafrost?

taiga tropical forest *tundra* coniferous forest desert

Which of these biomes is characterized by little rainfall?

temperate broadleaf forest coniferous forest *desert* temperate grassland tropical rain forest

Which biome is characterized by an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground and by the presence of epiphytes?

temperate grassland coniferous forest *tropical rain forest* desert tundra

What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes?

temperature and light *temperature and rainfall* light and rainfall plants and animals temperature and plants

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____.

tertiary consumer *detritivore* producer primary consumer secondary consumer

A cow eating grass is an example of a _____.

tertiary consumer producer detritivore *primary consumer* secondary consumer

Which of the following are probably the most abundant but least understood of all forms of life on Earth?

trees *bacteria* animals insects

Chaparral has a climate most similar to ________.

tropical dry forest boreal forest tundra temperate rainforest *savanna*

Which of the climates listed would contain the LEAST amount of biodiversity?

tropical rainy *ice cap* highland subarctic All of the listed climates contain equal biodiversity.

Which of these is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth?

tundra *coniferous forest* temperate broadleaf forest temperate grassland desert

Species Interactions: Competition

two species of mussels relying on the same species of phytoplankton as a food source -/- interaction

What moves through the community from one trophic level to another as organisms feed on one another?

water and energy matter and water *matter and energy* disease and parasites

Which of the following organisms has a feeding pattern most similar to a bald eagle?

woodpecker *vulture* hummingbird

The climax, or final stage, of old-field succession is an oak-hickory forest, which is usually well established after 160 years. What happens to the diversity of bird species after 160 years? (20)

x-The number of species remains stable, while the number of breeding pairs slowly declines.-x Both the number of species and the number of breeding pairs remain stable. The number of species slowly increases, while the number of breeding pairs slowly declines. The answer cannot be determined from this graph.

Why do we classify lionfish populations near the eastern United States as an invasive species? What suggests that these new populations are not an expansion of the lionfish's natural range?

Lionfish are not good swimmers and have no other mechanisms to spread their populations over great distances. *Lionfish are native to the tropical Pacific. There are no natural water routes of warm water between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.* Lionfish eat only a few specific types of algae that live in isolated regions of the Pacific. If lionfish spread much beyond their native Pacific home, they would have nothing to eat. Lionfish are native to cold waters near the tip of South America. They could not survive in the warmer waters between their native areas and the colder waters of the east coast of the United States. So, it is very unlikely that these South American populations naturally spread north.

What characteristics of lionfish contribute to their ability to spread and become established in new areas?

Lionfish are very good at avoiding predators by hiding in small cracks. Their color is also an excellent form of camouflage. So, lionfish can spread to new locations without being detected. Lionfish are specialists, consuming just a few types of shrimp, which are widespread in the Caribbean. Lionfish typically migrate in large schools to other reefs, where they breed together producing giant egg masses, which cling to the bottom of the coral reef. *A single lionfish female may produce up to 2 million eggs a year. The eggs float for up to a month, spreading the lionfish populations.*

How does predation differ from parasitism?

Parasites are only insects or mites, while predators can be any kind of large animal. *Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey.* Parasitism is beneficial to the host, whereas predation always harms the prey. Predation happens between trophic levels, while parasitism happens within a trophic level.

_____ are secondary consumers.

Producers Herbivores Plants Cows *Carnivores*

In 1991, scientist James Estes and his team observed a new trend of orcas preying on sea otters. Orcas normally prey on great whales, but those populations had been dramatically reduced by industrial whaling. Estes hypothesized that the decrease in the great whale population had caused orcas to turn to smaller prey -- sea otters. If this hypothesis is correct, predict what might happen to sea otter numbers if great whale population numbers increase.

Sea otter populations would decrease. There is not enough information. *Sea otter populations would increase.* Sea otter populations would stay the same.

Regions with otters tend to host dense forests of kelp, a brown seaweed that anchors to the seafloor. Kelp forests provide a physical structure in which diverse marine communities find shelter and food. Sea otters prey on urchins, which consume kelp. According to James Estes, sea otter populations have dropped dramatically in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. If sea otter populations in these areas continue to decline, what might happen with populations of sea urchins and kelp?

Sea urchins increase and kelp increases. Sea urchins decrease and kelp decreases. Sea urchins decrease and kelp increases. *Sea urchins increase and kelp decreases.*

________ terrestrial biome has the most biodiversity.

Temperate deciduous forest Boreal forest Temperate rainforest Prairie *Tropical rainforest*

Based upon what we are learning about the lionfish diet, what is most likely going to happen to Caribbean coral reefs invaded by lionfish?

The alga populations growing on and near the reef will be greatly reduced, increasing the growth of corals. As lionfish stir up the bottom sediments searching for food, the water will be increasingly cloudy. Cloudy water will hurt the growth of algae and corals growing in the reef. Lionfish diets are specific to just a few species of clams. These clams may go extinct in the coral reefs where lionfish have invaded. *There will be fewer algae eating fish. More algae will grow over and damage corals.*

How did the fish biologists determine the diet of lionfish in the regions where the lionfish have invaded?

The fish biologists used many different types of bait to fish for lionfish around coral reefs. The baits that worked best are most likely a part of the lionfish diet. Divers spent thousands of hours watching lionfish around the coral reefs and simply recorded the types of food that the lionfish ate. Biologists kept lionfish in laboratories and experimented with what types of food these captive lionfish would eat. *Biologists examined the contents of the stomachs of lionfish caught in the wild.*

Which of the following is true regarding tamarisk beetles?

They are native to South America. *They are moving through Arizona more quickly than predicted.* They eat only tamarisk leaves. They are damaging people's homes.

Why was the tamarisk tree brought to the United States?

To provide food for cattle. To supply fast-growing lumber. For its valuable fruit. *To help control soil erosion.*

What is occurring in the region around the Chilkat River in Alaska that allows chum salmon to spawn during the winter months?

Warm winds and ocean currents from the south keep the river from freezing through most of the winter. *Thermal springs heat and break up the ice.* A nuclear power plant is generating wastewater heat that prevents the river from freezing. Large mounds of darkened rocks are heated by the sun and keep the river from freezing.

A high concentration of eagles that spend several days in a small region is most likely the result of __________.

a major predator in the region *concentrated food* a big and comfortable perch in a tree a centralized breeding area

Imagine a square meter of leafy forest soil underneath an oak or maple tree. Which of the following is likely to exist within this patch of soil?

about a thousand different species or organisms most species would be microscopic about a quarter of a million individuals *All of the listed responses would be expected to occur within this patch of soil.*

This biome often features wildfires due to extensive dry seasons.

boreal forest (taiga) desert *chaparral* temperate deciduous forest

Based upon what we are learning about invasive lionfish populations in the Caribbean and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, these lionfish populations __________.

can be eliminated by holding regular lionfish derbies encouraging people to catch as many lionfish as possible can be controlled by introducing a new lionfish predator from the region where lionfish naturally occur *cannot be eliminated by any means currently known* can be eliminated by setting traps widely in these regions

How is energy transferred from one trophic level to the next? Select all that apply.

cellular respiration heat loss *parasitism* *predation* *herbivory*