evr landing chapter 3

Which of the following best represents the overall growth rate of a population? A. immigration rate - emigration rate B. (birth rate - death rate) + (immigration rate - emigration rate) C. (birth rate + immigration rate) + (death rate + emigration rate) D. birth rate - death rate

(birth rate - death rate) + (immigration rate - emigration rate)

If the UV-B radiation at the surface has an intensity of 0.27 watts/m2, approximately what is the intensity at a depth of 100 cm? A. 1.08 watts/m2 B. 0.07 watts/m2 C.25 watts/m2 D. 6.75 watts/m2

0.07 watts/m2

__________ is the visitation of natural areas for enjoyment, often in areas near less-affluent communities that economically benefit from conserving the natural area. A. Eco-vacation B. Ecotourism C. Envirocation D. Enviro-tourism

Ecotourism

Which of the following is accurate? A. Our understanding of genetics allows us to replace extinct species. B. Any damaged ecosystem can be completely restored. C. Humans can find and make their own resources if they destroy natural ecosystems. D. Costa Rica has declared national bankruptcy because of its failed ecotourism industry. E. Ecotourism combines wildlife conservation with economic benefits.

Ecotourism combines wildlife conservation with economic benefits.

Scientists grew a population of yeast cells in a flask to which they provided a constant supply of nutrients. As the population of yeast cells increased, competition for the nutrients also increased. This caused the population to grow more slowly, until the rate at which the yeast cells used the nutrients was equal to rate at which the nutrients were supplied to the flask. *Which of the three graphs shown in Part G best represents the growth of these yeast population?* A. Graph A B. Graph B C. Graph C

Graph A

A pair of coyotes colonized a large island where rodents (their prey) were abundant. At first the number of coyotes increased. But as the coyote population increased, competition for prey also increased and the coyote population grew more slowly. In some years, weather conditions killed many of the rodents, causing some coyotes to starve. In other years, weather conditions were favorable for the rodent poulation, allowing the coyotes to thrive, reproduce, and raise many pups. *Which of the three graphs shown in Part G best represents the growth of this coyote population?* A. Graph A B. Graph B C. Graph C

Graph B

Can you identify the process by which camouflage causes a beetle population to undergo natural selection? Drag the labels onto the flowchart to indicate the correct sequence.

*Environmental Change* 1. a drought causes a habitat to turn dry and brown. *Selective Pressure* 2. Green beetles are more visible to birds than brown beetles, so birds eat more green beetles. *Change in Population* 3. Brown beetles survive to reproduce more than green beetles do. The brown allele increases in frequency.

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.

1. From 1984 to 2012, the wing length of cliff swallows in the general population generally *decreased.* 2. During the same time period, the wing length of cliff swallows killed on the roads generally *increased.* 3. In most years where data was collected, the wings of cliff swallows killed on the roads were *longer* than the wings of swallows found in the population at large. 4. Shorter wings allow cliff swallows to take off from the ground more vertically, enabling them to better avoid oncoming cars. As a result, cliff swallows in populations near highways with *shorter* wings have a survival advantage. 5. The data suggest that, over time, *natural selection* resulted in the evolution of shorter wings in the cliff swallow population. 6. Shorter wings are a(n) *adaptation* in this population. Alleles for shorter wings were *already present* in the general population.

Which water depth had the biggest difference in survival rates for embryos with UV-B protection versus embryos without UV-B protection? A. 100 cm B. 0 cm C. 10 cm D. 50 cm

10 cm

Your cousin has bedbugs. Pyrethroid insecticides failed to eliminate them. Which of the following is most likely true? A. Aprehend will likely not work eliminate most of them. B. Aprehend has about a 50-50 chance to eliminate most of them. C. Aprehend will likely work to eliminate most of them. D. Aprehend will likely work to eliminate them, but only in the presence of a neonicotinoid.

Aprehend will likely work to eliminate most of them.

Which of the following statements are true of logistic growth? *Select all that apply*. The population grows at a steady rate. When the population reaches carrying capacity, it stops growing. As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more rapidly. As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more slowly.

As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more slowly. When the population reaches carrying capacity, it stops growing.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between UV-B transmission and embryo survival rates shown on the graph? A. At shallow depths UV-B transmission is high and unprotected embryo survival rates are low. B. At lower depths UV-B transmission is high and unprotected embryo survival rates are high. C. At shallow depths UV-B transmission is high and unprotected embryo survival rates are high. D. At lower depths UV-B transmission is low and unprotected embryo survival rates are low.

At shallow depths UV-B transmission is high and unprotected embryo survival rates are low.

Which of the following is true? A. Commercial insecticides used to be less effective at eliminating bedbugs. B. Commercial insecticides used to be more effective at eliminating bedbugs. C. The effectiveness of commercial insecticides on bedbugs has not substantially changed in decades. D. The use of commercial insecticides on bedbugs has always had variable results.

Commercial insecticides used to be more effective at eliminating bedbugs.

Adaptive radiation is rapid, branching speciation under conditions in which there is little ___________. A. Microevolution B. Gene flow C. Genetic drift D. Paedomorphosis E. Competition

Competition

According to the graph the percent transmission of UV-B relative to light intensity at the water's surface: A. Decreases only below a certain threshold depth. B. Decreases with increasing depth. C. Remains unchanged. D. Increases with increasing depth.

Decreases with increasing depth.

A female darkling beetle laid her eggs in a sack of corn meal. The corn meal was an excellent source of food for the beetle larvae (mealworms), and the beetle population quickly increased. After four months, the beetles had eaten all of the corn meal, and the adult beetles flew away to find new food sources. *Which graph best represents the growth of the beetle population in the sack of corn meal?* A. Graph A B. Graph B C. Graph C

Graph C

Suppose you are a researcher who is advocating for expanding restoration efforts across Hawaii. You want to highlight the positive impact of habitat restoration on native birds in the Hakalau Forest NWR. Compare the population trends between Hakalau Forest NWR and the other regions. Based on the data shown here, what conclusion would you present to stakeholders? A. The majority of native bird populations are stable or increasing within all three regions, so habitat restoration efforts in the Hakalau Forest NWR are probably not the reason for the recent recovery of its native bird populations. B. The Hakalau Forest NWR, where recent restoration efforts aimed to improve native bird populations, is the only region where no native bird species has been extirpated in recent history. C. Hakalau Forest NWR is the only region where all populations of native bird species are either increasing or stable, highlighting the critical role that habitat restoration plays in the protection and recovery of native birds. D. Native bird populations are mostly stable or declining in all three regions, including the Hakalau Forest NWR, where recent restoration efforts aimed to improve native bird populations.

Hakalau Forest NWR is the only region where all populations of native bird species are either increasing or stable, highlighting the critical role that habitat restoration plays in the protection and recovery of native birds.

Based on these graphs, which species of bird saw the largest increase in its population between 1987 and 2007? A. Hawai'i 'Amakihi B. 'Apapane C. House finch D. All three species show a similar increase in population density between 1987 and 2007.

Hawai'i 'Amakihi

In England, dogs with large, floppy ears called hounds came into existence. These dogs were favored for hunting because of their excellent sense of smell. Which statement most accurately represents the process that produced such dog breeds from the wild-type (feral) dog? A. Natural selection has resulted in the evolution of the wild-type dog into several separate species, including the hounds. B. Natural selection directed the gene mutations and reproductive success of these breeds. C. Gene mutations in dogs arose spontaneously so that hounds replaced the feral dogs in the wild. D. Humans noticed dogs with large, floppy ears and a great sense of smell and wanted more like them. They then bred them with similar dogs over many generations.

Humans noticed dogs with large, floppy ears and a great sense of smell and wanted more like them. They then bred them with similar dogs over many generations.

According to the figure, which of the following birds is most closely related to the Palila? A. Laysan Finch B. Anianiau C.`I`iwi D. Common Rosefinch E. Kaua`i Creeper

Laysan Finch

Consider the effects of several drier-than-average years on the western toad population. If the average depth of pools available for toad spawning declines, what other effects might be associated with the drier climate? A. No changes are likely. B. Complete extinction of western toads. C. Lower than average embryo survival rates. D. Local extinction (extirpation) of western toads.

Lower than average embryo survival rates.

A coyote, which can alter its food intake to match seasonal abundance of plants, fruits, or small animals, is considered to be ________. A. an endemic B. a generalist C. a specialist, able to specialize on whatever is available at the time D. density independent and resource neutral herbivorous

a generalist

Based on the graphs in Part A, what can you conclude about the impact of the restoration on both native and non-native bird species monitored in the upper study area between 1987 and 2007? A. Population densities increased for native bird species but decreased for non-native bird species. B. Population densities of all native and non-native bird species increased. C. Population densities of all native and non-native bird species decreased. D. Population densities decreased for native bird species but increased for non-native bird species.

Population densities of all native and non-native bird species *increased*.

__________ is the number of individuals in a population per unit area. A. Population dynamics B. Population density C. Population size D. Population distribution

Population density

To test the egg-viability hypothesis, researchers set out to determine whether its predictions were borne out. Predictions of the egg-viability hypothesis include: Prediction #1: The probability of hatching failure will be lower at higher latitudes (because temperatures remain cooler at higher latitudes). Prediction #2:: The probability of hatching failure will be higher later in the season (because temperatures are warmer later in the season). Prediction #3: The probability of hatching failure will be higher in larger clutches (because in a larger clutch, the earlier eggs have to wait longer for incubation to begin). Prediction #4: The probability of hatching failure will be higher for eggs laid earlier within a clutch (because eggs laid earlier in a clutch have to wait longer for incubation to begin). Citizen scientists monitored bluebird nestboxes throughout the breeding season and reported details such as date, location, number of eggs, number of hatchlings, and number of unhatched eggs. The three graphs below show the data they collected.

Prediction #1: The probability of hatching failure will be lower at higher latitudes (because temperatures remain cooler at higher latitudes). SUPPORTED Prediction #2: The probability of hatching failure will be higher later in the season (because temperatures are warmer later in the season). SUPPORTED Prediction #3: The probability of hatching failure will be higher in larger clutches (because in a larger clutch, the earlier eggs have to wait longer for incubation to begin). NOT SUPPORTED (Three-egg clutches also showed a high rate of hatching failure.) Prediction #4: The probability of hatching failure will be higher for eggs laid earlier within a clutch (because eggs laid earlier in a clutch have to wait longer for incubation to begin). COULD NOT BE TESTED

Click on the diagram to start the animation. What process is illustrated by this animation? A. natural selection B. migration C. mutation D. nonrandom mating E. gene flow

gene flow

Use the figure above to answer the following question. According to the figure, which of the following is true?

Snakes are more closely related to crocodiles than they are to turtles.

Which of the following statements are true of a population at carrying capacity? *Select all that apply.* The rate at which resources are used is equal to the rate at which they are supplied. The population continues to grow at a constant rate. The birth rate equals the death rate. The population growth rate equals zero.

The population growth rate equals zero. The birth rate equals the death rate. The rate at which resources are used is equal to the rate at which they are supplied.

Which of the following are testable hypotheses that could explain the researchers' data? Select all that apply. The population size of cliff swallows living near roads has decreased over time. Scavenger population sizes have increased, and more road-killed swallows get eaten before they can be found. The number of cars driving on these roads has increased over time. Traits that help individuals avoid being hit by cars have evolved through natural selection in the cliff swallow population. An unknown element has been protecting the swallows.

The population size of cliff swallows living near roads has decreased over time. Traits that help individuals avoid being hit by cars have evolved through natural selection in the cliff swallow population. Scavenger population sizes have increased, and more road-killed swallows get eaten before they can be found.

What prediction(s) can researchers make based on the egg-viability hypothesis? Select all that apply. The probability of hatching failure will be lower at higher latitudes. The probability of hatching failure will be higher in large clutches. The probability of hatching failure will be higher for eggs laid later within a clutch. The probability of hatching failure will be higher later in the spring season.

The probability of hatching failure will be higher in large clutches. The probability of hatching failure will be higher later in the spring season. The probability of hatching failure will be lower at higher latitudes.

The key to the success of this product lies in which of the following? A. The spread of fungal spores. B. Bedbugs must ingest the fungus. C. Bedbugs must touch the chemical secreted by the fungus. D. Fungal mycelium entrapping bedbugs.

The spread of fungal spores.

Your home is infested with bedbugs. You search for a chemical-free alternative. Which of the following would be your best option? A. Treat all furniture with x-rays. B. An entomological filter system. C. The use of high temperatures. D. Extreme dehumidification.

The use of high temperatures.

Territoriality generally results in what kind of population distribution? A. Random B. Aggregated C. Uniform D. Clumped

Uniform

Entomopathogenic fungi would likely be most successful in helping with which of the following outbreaks? A. Lassa fever, spread by a rat vector. B. Influenza B, spread without a vector. C. Onchocerciasis, spread by a snail vector. D. Yellow fever, spread by a mosquito vector.

Yellow fever, spread by a mosquito vector.

In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve on the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona. Between 1907 and 1923, cattle grazing was greatly reduced, mule deer hunting was eliminated, and predators were killed. Over 800 cougars, 20 wolves (most had already been killed in the 1800s), and 7000 coyotes were trapped or shot. In response, the mule deer herd began to increase: By 1915, deer numbers were estimated at 25,000; 50,000 by 1920; and 100,000 by 1923. Which of the following is likely to be a direct or indirect effect of removing top predators from an ecosystem such as the Kaibab Plateau? A. a decrease in the carrying capacity of their prey B. greater competition among the remaining top predators in the ecosystem C. conversion of grassland into forest D. a decrease in the populations of their prey E. a decrease in ground-level vegetation such as tree saplings

a decrease in ground-level vegetation such as tree saplings

Which of the following would best represent a clumped population dispersion pattern? A. pine trees within a pine plantation B. oaks planted on city streets C. eagles nesting in the tallest trees in the Grand Canyon D. a pod of 40 migrating gray whales in the Bering Sea E. earthworms within the soil of a garden

a pod of 40 migrating gray whales in the Bering Sea

If a population had a carrying capacity of 1000 individuals, which of the following populations would be experiencing the greatest rate of growth as a percentage of the current population size? A. a population of 10 individuals B. 500 individuals C. 1000 individuals D. The answer cannot be determined.

a population of 10 individuals

Can you identify the different ways in which populations grow? *Drag the correct label under each graph to identify the type of population growth shown.*

a. logistic growth b. exponential growth c. neither

To test their hypotheses, the researchers examined the data they collected during the period of study. Using the information available to them, they assessed whether the population sizes of cliff swallows and potential scavengers living near highways had changed over time. They determined how traffic patterns on these roads had changed over time. They also measured the bodies of cliff swallows that had been killed on the roads and compared their features to the features of cliff swallows in the general population. The table below summarizes the researchers' findings. *Drag the blue labels onto the table to identify the data that is relevant to each hypothesis. Then use the pink labels to indicate whether each hypothesis is supported or not supported by the data.*

a. the wing shapes of swallows killed on roads differ from those of the general population. *b. yes* c. the total number of cliff swallow nests near roads increased during this time. *d. no* e. Avian scavengers did not increase during this time, and terrestrial scavengers probably did not increase. *f. no* g. Car traffic stayed the same or increased during this time. *h. no*

Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____. A. gene flow B. paedomorphosis C. adaptive radiation D. genetic drift E. microevolution

adaptive radiation

The appearance of an evolutionary novelty often promotes _____. A. gene flow B. mutation C. adaptive radiation D. mass extinction E. paedomorphosis

adaptive radiation

The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____. A. paedomorphosis B. adaptive radiation C. gene flow D. artificial selection E. mass extinction

adaptive radiation

Oyster populations are primarily, if not exclusively, composed of _____. A. larvae B. juveniles C. adults D. prereproductive oysters E. larval and juvenile oysters

adults

Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role, in _____. A. gliding B. courtship C. extended hops D. flight E. all of these

all of these

****In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve on the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona. Between 1907 and 1923, cattle grazing was greatly reduced, mule deer hunting was eliminated, and predators were killed. Over 800 cougars, 20 wolves (most had already been killed in the 1800s), and 7000 coyotes were trapped or shot. In response, the mule deer herd began to increase: By 1915, deer numbers were estimated at 25,000; 50,000 by 1920; and 100,000 by 1923. Which of the following describes a graph of the Kaibab deer population between 1906 and 1923? A. a "sine wave" curving up, down, up, down B. a rapidly decreasing slope from left to right C. an S-shaped curve that shows a smooth, rapid increase and then levels off D. a J-shaped upward curve with a very rapid increase E. a straight line slanting upward, showing a steady increase over time

an S-shaped curve that shows a smooth, rapid increase and then levels off

For two organisms to belong to the same species, individuals of their species must __________. A. be of the same sex B. be able to reproduce and have fertile offspring C. share more than 30% genetic identity with each other D. live in the same geographical area

be able to reproduce and have fertile offspring

Which of the following factors does not contribute to environmental resistance? A. birth rate B. competition for space C. weather conditions D. competition for food E. environmental toxins

birth rate

One example of artificial selection is ________. A. crossing a lion and a tiger to get a sterile animal called a liger B. pet dogs that have gone wild, mate with coyotes, and live in packs C. humans placing a gene for human insulin into a flower D. broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and brussels sprouts bred from Brassica oleracea E. the process of allopatric speciation

broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and brussels sprouts bred from Brassica oleracea

When the organisms of a particular population seek habitats or resources that are unevenly spaced, the distribution of the individuals in the population tends to be ________. A. binary B. random C. clumped D. uniform E. evenly dispersed

clumped

Drag the blue labels to the graph below to indicate what data researchers should plot on the x- and y- axes. Then select the graph line that would support their hypothesis.

clutch size(left) female plumage ornamentation (bottom) / graph (middle)

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of humans? A. robins B. grasses C. elephants D. cats E. oysters

elephants

An ecosystem ________. A. is a grouping of plants and animals that interacts with one another in a way that causes the grouping to die is a collection of interacting species living in a specific area B. is the total population of a specific kind of plant, animal or microbe and all members of which do or potentially can interbreed and produce young C. is a regional grouping of plants, animals and other biotic factors D. encompasses all the organisms and the physical and chemical environment within an area

encompasses all the organisms and the physical and chemical environment within an area

A single, small population that exists only in one place on the planet is considered __________ to that area. A. foreign B. endemic C. pandemic D. extinct

endemic

Populations lacking any environmental resistance tend to increase by ________. A. linear growth B. emigration C. immigration D. exponential growth E. pyramidal growth

exponential growth

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of oysters? A. humans B. cats C. elephants D. grasses E. robins

grasses

Density-dependent factors __________. A. cause decreases in numbers of species in an ecosystem as a result of temperature extremes B. have a greater impact at higher population densities C. act at the community level D. are less important for regulating population size than density-independent factors

have a greater impact at higher population densities

Density-dependent factors ________. A. include the effects of a hard freeze on a single species within a community B. cause decreases in the number of species in an ecosystem C. include the effects of rainfall on an entire community D. include the effects of a hard freeze on an entire community E. include the effects of disease, predators, and food on a single species within a community

include the effects of disease, predators, and food on a single species within a community

As a population approaches carrying capacity, environmental resistance __________. A. increases B. remains constant C. cannot be determined from the graph D. decreases

increases

A uniform distribution will occur when __________. A. individuals are competing for an evenly distributed resource such as space B. members of a population try to avoid predators C. not enough of a resource is available to support the population D. a resource is found in limited, isolated areas within the habitat

individuals are competing for an evenly distributed resource such as space

A population is a group of ________. A individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area cells that have similar function individuals of several interacting species that interact in multiple ecosystems all individuals of a species in all locations individuals of several interacting species that live in one area

individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area

Members of two separate species cannot __________. A. Interbreed B. live in the same area C. take on similar appearances D. compete for the same food resources

interbreed

What does the orange graph line represent? A. population size B. exponential growth C. logistic growth D. carrying capacity

logistic growth

Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is _____. A. microevolution B. macroevolution C. genetic drift D. mutation E. natural selection

microevolution

A niche specialist is ________. A. more likely to go extinct than a niche generalist more likely to use a wide variety of resources than a niche generalist B. more likely to have a large geographic distribution than a niche generalist C. more likely to thrive in human-modified environments than a niche generalist D. more likely to adapt to climate change than a niche generalist

more likely to go extinct than a niche generalist

Click on the diagram to start the animation. What process is illustrated by this animation? A. natural selection B. migration C. mutation D. nonrandom mating E. gene flow

natural selection

A community ecologist would study which of the following? A. patterns of interactions between wolves and coyotes in Yellowstone National Park B. the effects of soil moisture and nutrients on the growth of the invasive European buckthorn C. the effects of waterborne microorganisms on humans D. the dynamics of population change in white-tailed deer

patterns of interactions between wolves and coyotes in Yellowstone National Park

Which of these species typically has a mortality rate that remains fairly constant over an individual's life span? A. oysters B. humans C. elephants D. grasses E. robins

robins

Which of the following is considered a community? A. a single population whose individuals are similar enough to each other to be able to breed successfully B. several interacting species living in the same area C. an ecosystem D. all of the living and nonliving things on Earth

several interacting species living in the same area

****Use the figure above to answer the following question. According to the figure, crocodiles are most closely related to ________. A. Reptiles (turtles, snakes, lizards, and crocodiles) are more closely related to each other than they are to any other animals. B. Amphibians have a skull with two openings. C. Lampreys have lungs. D. Snakes are more closely related to crocodiles than they are to turtles. E. Sharks possess a swim bladder.

snakes and lizards

Which of the following is the broadest (most all-encompassing) level of ecological organization? A. a kingdom B. an ecosystem C. the biosphere D. a population

the biosphere

Extinction is ________. A. the loss of a species from one place on the planet while still existing in other locations B. the loss of communities from the planet C. always caused by human disturbance D. proceeding more slowly now than at any other time E. the disappearance of a species from Earth

the disappearance of a species from Earth

Use the figure above to answer the following question. Assuming the populations of fruit flies are the same size, the length of time necessary for significant divergence to take place in the populations depends on ________. A. how quickly the fruit flies can fly between the two habitats B. the area of the two mountain habitats C. the absence of natural selection D. the rapid restoration of contact between the two populations E. the kinds of mutations in the populations and the similarity of the two isolated habitats

the kinds of mutations in the populations and the similarity of the two isolated habitats

The y-axis to the right represents ___________. A. The population available to use the resources B. the level of excess resources available for population growth C. the level of resources available per capita D. resources increasing as population increases

the level of resources available per capita

*****You are an ecologist researching divergent evolution on the Galapagos Islands. Which of the following might you be studying? A.the processes by which several unrelated species of birds developed flightlessness as a result of the islands lacking natural predators B. the introduction and spread of an invasive bird species that has been introduced onto some of the islands C. the processes by which the various species of finches on the islands diverged from a common ancestor D. the similarities that have arisen between two completely unrelated species of birds that are competing for the same resources E. the geological processes by which the islands were formed millions of years ago

the processes by which several unrelated species of birds developed flightlessness as a result of the islands lacking natural predators

The barrier between the fruit fly populations ________. A. did not greatly interfere with both populations accessing both mountaintops B. was the first part of an extinction event for both populations C. caused completely different mutations to occur in the two populations D. produced distinct species as soon as the barrier became impassible E. was an effective barrier to mating and gene flow between the two populations

was an effective barrier to mating and gene flow between the two populations