EVR1001 Chapter 4 Exam 2

Approximately _____% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level.

5-10

Russia's vast boreal forests, the taiga, are the "lungs of Europe." What is the human population density across the taiga?

< 6 people per km2

Which statement is an accurate description of a keystone species?

A keystone species that is a predator controls the herbivore populations, which in turn maintains the plant populations and keeps balance.

Which statement is correct concerning the process of ecological succession?

After a disturbance, the community goes through a somewhat predictable set of changes until reaching a final state.

Process of Science: Urban Heat Islands and Ant Evolution Graph 3

Ants from urban locations tolerate heat slightly less than ants from rural locations.

Which continent contains the most contiguous tropical rain forest?

South America

Zebra mussels ________

are an invasive exotic species that clog pipes and cover boat propellers

Which of the following are probably the most abundant but least understood of all forms of life on Earth?

bacteria

After examining every single cell in your body, you would conclude that humans are made up mostly of __________.

bacterial cells

The statement, "hiking up a mountain in the southwestern United States is like walking from Mexico to Canada," is meant to demonstrate that ________ change(s) rapidly as you change altitude and latitude.

biomes

________ are secondary consumers

carnivores

What biome is highly seasonal, with mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers?

chaparral

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____.

detritivore

Many plants have developed complicated defenses to protect themselves against __________.

herbivory

Based on the climate information you see on the map, East Asia would be best described as __________.

highly variable and complex

What is occurring in the region around the Chilkat River in Alaska that allows chum salmon to spawn during the winter months?

Thermal springs heat and break up the ice.

Between the years of 1985 and 2005 the total number of sea otters:

increased by approximately 100%

If you were to randomly visit a specific area on Earth, what two factors would you need to know to determine the type of biome you will visit?

its annual rainfall and tempurature

Two species of lizard live on the same tree and consume the same sorts of food. Regardless, neither species is in direct competition with the other. The key to this scenario is that one of the species is nocturnal; the other is diurnal. What is this called?

resource partitioning

Of the following, chaparral has a climate most similar to ________.

savanna

Climate and geography dictated the history of Central Asia. These grasslands, for example, were occupied by nomadic tribes that were experts with horses. Out of this culture came Genghis Khan.

steppes

What biome is depicted in this climate graph?

temperate rainforest

A seal that just ate a clam is eaten by a shark. The shark is acting as a _____.

tertiary consumer

Mark Davis argues that non-natives rarely threaten natives with extinction. Davis would further say that:

None of the thousands of native plant species in North America has ever gone totally extinct due to a non-native species.

10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately _____ kcal of tertiary consumer.

10

A cow eating grass is an example of a _____.

primary consumer

Grazing animals such as deer are ________.

primary consumers

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____.

producers

In South America, the density of trees should be comparatively lower in this habitat.

tropical savanna

Which of the following organisms has a feeding pattern most similar to a bald eagle?

vulture

Compared to the southern portions of this region, the climate of the northern portions is __________.

warmer and drier

Which of the following statements would the two authors agree on?

Many non-native species are not harmful.

Part B Graph 4

- The population became less heat tolerant over time - The hypothesis is not supported

Part B Graph 2

- The population became slightly more heat tolerant over time - The hypothesis is weakly supported

Part B Graph 3

- There was no change in the population's heat tolerance over time - The hypothesis is not supported

The Kola Peninsula is mainly tundra and taiga and has suffered great ecological damage, with a major culprit being military nuclear waste. What is the elevation of the Peninsula?

0 to 199 m

In the year 2005 there were approximately ____ more sea otters

1,400

Which of the following countries does NOT contain mountains?

All of the listed choices contain mountain regions.

Imagine a square meter of leafy forest soil underneath an oak or maple tree. Which of the following is likely to exist within this patch of soil?

All of the listed responses would be expected to occur within this patch of soil.

Imagine a large state park near your home. Which of the following are probably the most crucial and essential part of that park's ecosystem?

Insects

It has been demonstrated that ectotherms (such as insects and reptiles) in warm climates tolerate higher temperatures than ectotherms in cooler climates. Angilletta hypothesized that urban heat islands could lead to similar differences in heat tolerance between urban and rural populations of leaf-cutter ants. He predicted that ants in urban areas would tolerate heat better than ants in nearby rural areas. Select the two best experimental designs for comparing the thermal tolerance of ants in urban areas to ants in nearby rural areas. Select the two best experimental designs for comparing the thermal tolerance of ants in urban areas to ants in nearby rural areas.

Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species as a function of the distance they live from a city center. Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from a city center and from a rural area in the same region.

Daniel Simberloff states that non-native species are responsible for which of the following?

Modifying fire regimes

Central Asia is not extensively forested, but much of northern _____ is covered in coniferous forests.

Mongolia

How does predation differ from parasitism?

Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey.

Part B Graph 1

The population became more heat tolerant over time - The hypothesis is strongly supported

A high concentration of eagles that spend several days in a small region is most likely the result of __________.

concentrated food

Which trophic level provides energy for all of the other trophic levels?

first

Which of the following is a pathogen?

influenza virus

A community may undergo a regime shift or a phase shift if ________

it loses a keystone species or suffers a major climatic change

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. The relationship between flowering plants and bees is best described as ________.

mutualism

Many wild orchids cannot be successfully dug up and transplanted because they need the native mycorrhizae (a fungus) in the soil to survive. What kind of interaction is this?

mutualism

secondary succession _______

occurs after a fire or flood

Herbivory is actually a type of ________.

predation

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Some models of climate change for North America predict that the grassland regions of the prairie states will become warmer and drier. This would result in ________.

the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions

You study beetles and wish to apply niche partitioning to your research. Why?

to decrease competition

If the actual increase in total sea otters was 1,400 individuals between 1985 and 2005, how many new sea otters were added to the population (on average) each year?

70

Process of Science: Urban Heat Islands and Ant Evolution Graph 4

Ants from urban locations tolerate heat less than ants from rural locations.

Process of Science: Urban Heat Islands and Ant Evolution Graph 1

Ants from urban locations tolerate heat more than ants from rural locations

Process of Science: Urban Heat Islands and Ant Evolution Graph 2

Ants from urban locations tolerate heat slightly more than ants from rural location

You would be hard pressed to find tundra anywhere on this continent.

Australia

Simberloff mentions Mediterranean cheatgrass as one example of a non-native species that has affected millions of acres. If Davis were the scientist talking to reporters, how might he frame the issue?

Cheatgrass is causing regional declines of native plant communities.

________ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest.

Deer

You are a farmer interested in low-input agriculture. Which of the following do you do?

Increase your use of microbes and decrease your use of chemicals.

In 1991, scientist James Estes and his team observed a new trend of orcas preying on sea otters. Orcas normally prey on great whales, but those populations had been dramatically reduced by industrial whaling. Estes hypothesized that the decrease in the great whale population had caused orcas to turn to smaller prey -- sea otters. If this hypothesis is correct, predict what might happen to sea otter numbers if great whale population numbers increase.

Sea otter populations would increase.

Regions with otters tend to host dense forests of kelp, a brown seaweed that anchors to the seafloor. Kelp forests provide a physical structure in which diverse marine communities find shelter and food. Sea otters prey on urchins, which consume kelp. According to James Estes, sea otter populations have dropped dramatically in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. If sea otter populations in these areas continue to decline, what might happen with populations of sea urchins and kelp?

Sea urchins increase and kelp decreases.

A new non-native species has recently been discovered in your area of North America. What information about the species would suggest the need for immediate action?

The non-native species occurs in lakes.

If current trends continue, which of the following will be true?

The use of microbes in agriculture will increase.

Which of the following is true regarding soil microbes?

There are many species and large populations.

Process of Science: Urban Heat Islands and Ant Evolution Graph 5

There is little to no difference in the heat tolerance of ants from each type of location.

Process of Science: Urban Heat Islands and Ant Evolution Graph 6

There was a flaw in the experimental design.

At coordinates 43°N and 79°E, the Charyn Canyon, with its bizarre rock monuments, stretches across the Charyn River gorge in northern __________. The canyon's remoteness protected a rare ash tree through the Ice Age that survives to this day.

Tien Shan

Which of the following appears to be critical for successful use of microbes?

Uniting agriculture and ecology

To the east of these mountains is the West Siberian Plain. It is the world's largest unbroken lowland. Marshlands and spring flooding make the area mostly unsuitable for agriculture.

Ural Mountains

Most of Kyzyl Kum is covered with sand dunes, among which lives a five foot lizard, the Desert Monitor. The desert is shared by Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and _____.

Uzbekistan

If global climate change results in an area of temperate grassland receiving less rainfall and higher temperatures, it will ________.

begin to support more desert species

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Global warming has been hypothesized to cause many plants to flower earlier. If bees and other pollinators begin the search for food earlier in response to this, this would represent ________ within the community.

coevolution

The taiga is the largest terrestrial biome in the world. It is characterized by this plant community.

coniferous forest

This plant community grows on stable terrain, the soil of which tends to be young, acidic, and poor in nutrients.

coniferous forest

Which list includes biomes in the correct order from those that have the lowest annual rainfall to those that have the highest?

desert, grassland, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rainforest

Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below. Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Which of the following might be first to populate an area after glaciers melt in response to global climate change?

lichens

Ecologists researching Mount Saint Helens after the 1979 eruption determined that ________.

many species in the blast zone survived the eruption

The area of radioactive contamination around the Chernobyl nuclear accident site in Ukraine is extensive. What is the habitat around Chernobyl?

mixed forest

Temperate deciduous forests are characterized by ________.

moderate temperatures and moderate amounts of precipitation

Sakhalin is Russia's largest island. It is covered in dense coniferous forest, and the rivers swarm with Pacific salmon. What are the main resources of the island?

natural gas and petroleum

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. If the climate warms significantly, glaciers may melt, exposing underlying rock. This may lead to ________ in the community.

primary succession

Ecological restoration tries to _____.

return ecosystems to a more "natural" state, often what they were like before industrial civilization altered them

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____.

secondary consumer

Fish that eat zooplankton would be considered ________.

secondary consumers

When many bald eagles are concentrated within a small region, their feeding behavior usually involves __________.

sharing prey and taking turns feeding on the same organism