Exam 1

1. A simple protein that makes up approximately 58% of the plasma proteins. Many act as transport molecules. 2. A simple protein that makes up approximately 38% of the plasma proteins. Many act as part of the immune system. 3. A protein that forms blood clots. 4. Plasma without the clotting factors. 5. The liquid portion of blood connective tissue.

1) Albumin 2) Globulin 3) Fibrin 4) Serum 5) Plasma

Test your knowledge about the specific functions of the five types of white blood cells. 1. Release histamine, which promotes inflammation. 2. The cytoplasm is a thin ring around the nucleus. 3. Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain bright red with eosin. 4. The most common type of white blood cells. 5. Two- to four-lobed nuclei. 6. Enlarge and become macrophages which engulf foreign substances. 7. Contain large cytoplasmic granules that stain dark blue or purple with basic dyes.

1) Basophils 2) Lymphocytes 3) Eosinophils 4) Neutrophils 5) Neutrophils 6) Monocytes 7) Basophils

Match the component of the heart wall with the correct explanation or definition. 1. Thin serous membrane of the outer surface of the heart 2. Thick middle layer of the heart 3. Covers surfaces of the heart valves 4. Composed of cardiac muscle cells 5. The inner surface of the heart Endocardium 6. Also known as the visceral layer of serosal pericardium

1) Epicardium 2) Myocardium 3) Endocardium 4) Myocardium 5) Endocardium 6) Epicardium

Match the definition with the appropriate hemostasis pathway. 1. Begins with chemicals that are outside of the blood. 2. Activated with the interaction of thromboplastin and calcium to form factor VII. 3. Begins with chemicals that are inside the blood. 4. Activated when factor XII comes into contact with collagen. 5. Utilizes plasma factors VIII, IX, XI, and XII. 6. Begins with activated factor X. 7. Utilizes factor V, calcium, and prothrombinase. 8. Continues with the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin.

1) Extrinsic pathway 2) Extrinsic pathway 3) Intrinsic pathway 4) Intrinsic pathway 5) Intrinsic pathway 6) Common pathway 7) Common pathway 8) Common pathway

First, match the common name with the function and then match the common name with the scientific name. 1. About 95% of the volume of the formed elements; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide 2. Most of the remaining 5% of the volume of the formed elements; are involved in immunity White blood cells (WBCs) 3. Tiny cell fragments involved in blood clotting Platelets

1) Red blood cells (RBCs); Erythrocytes 2) White blood cells (WBCs); Leukocytes 3) Platelets; Thrombocytes

What are the two factors that produce vascular spasms? 1. von Willebrand factor 2. Thromboxanes 3. Endothelin 4. Lysozymes 5. Fibrinogen -4, 5 -3, 4 -2, 3 -1, 5 -1, 2

2, 3

Which of the following factors is the initial stimulus for the release of EPO? -A decrease in blood oxygen -An increase in blood carbon dioxide -An increase in blood oxygen -A decrease in blood carbon dioxide

A decrease in blood oxygen

What might happen if the fibrous skeleton was missing? -Ventricles would contract before the atria. -All four heart chambers would contract nearly simultaneously. -No heart chambers would contract. -Left heart chambers would contract before right heart chambers.

All four heart chambers would contract nearly simultaneously.

Parasympathetic innervation of the heart occurs via -CN VI. -CN X. -CN IV. -CN XII. -CN VIII.

CN X

what is the correct order of mechanical events associated with cardiac muscle contraction? -Calcium entry into the sarcoplasm, muscle contracts, calcium binds to troponin, closing of calcium channels, calcium released from troponin, muscle relaxes -Calcium entry into the sarcoplasm, calcium released from troponin, muscle contracts, closing of calcium channels, calcium binds to troponin, muscle relaxes -Calcium entry into the sarcoplasm, closing of calcium channels, calcium binds to troponin, muscle contracts, calcium released from troponin, muscle relaxes -Calcium entry into the sarcoplasm, calcium binds to troponin, muscle contracts, closing of calcium channels, calcium released from troponin, muscle relaxes

Calcium entry into the sarcoplasm, calcium binds to troponin, muscle contracts, closing of calcium channels, calcium released from troponin, muscle relaxes

Steroids, peptides, and nucleic acids are the three classes of hormones. True or False

False

What is the name of the endocrine mode of reflex stimulation that releases hormone(s) due to direct stimulation from changing levels of nutrients or ions in the blood? -Humoral stimulation -Paracrine stimulation -Nervous stimulation -Hormonal stimulation

Humoral stimulation

_____________ hormones bind to nuclear receptors, usually found in the nucleus; _____________ hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors. -Water-soluble; lipid-soluble -Lipid-soluble; water-soluble -Water-soluble; water-soluble -Lipid-soluble; lipid-soluble

Lipid-soluble; water-soluble

Identify the enzyme that destroys fibrin in a degrading blood clot. -Prothrombin -Plasmin -Fibrinogen -Actinomyosin

Plasmin

What is the correct order of spread of the action potential through the heart's conduction system? -SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers/cell gap junctions -AV node, SA node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers/cell gap junctions -Purkinje fibers/cell gap junctions, SA node, AV node, AV bundle -SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers/cell gap junctions, AV bundle

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje/cell gap junctions

Among their many functions, hormones regulate blood volume, cellular concentration, and number of platelets. True or False

True

The main functions of the cardiovascular system include the transport and exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body. True or False

True

The receiving chambers of the heart are the atria, and the forcefully pumping chambers of the heart are the ventricles. True or False

True

Though the autonomic innervation by autonomic centers in the brainstem cannot initiate a heartbeat, it can increase or decrease the heart rate. True or False

True

Norepinephrine is considered a positive chronotropic agent because it causes -thyroid hormone to have a steadying effect on heart activity. -more forceful contractions during each heart rate. -heart cell membrane potentials to become more positive during action potentials. -less calcium to enter heart cells, which leads to lower risk of heart attack. -an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells.

an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells.

In a patient, the differential count shows neutrophil levels are very high. This may indicate a(n) -bacterial infection. -viral infection. -allergic reaction. -parasitic infection.

bacterial infection.

Thyroid hormone is somewhat unique in that it is a -protein hormone that is water-soluble. -steroid hormone that is water-soluble. -steroid hormone that is lipid-soluble. -monoamine that is water-soluble. -biogenic amine that is lipid-soluble.

biogenic amine that is lipid-soluble.

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to -oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. -only carbon dioxide. -only oxygen. -both oxygen and carbon dioxide. -only nitrogen

both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

When blood is flowing out of the left ventricle, the bicuspid valve is __________ and the aortic semilunarvalve is __________. -closed; closed -open; open -closed; open -open; closed

closed; open

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to -develop greater filtering ability. -excrete sodium and potassium. -conserve sodium and potassium. -excrete sodium and conserve potassium. -conserve sodium and excrete potassium.

conserve sodium and secrete potassium.

Excess potassium ions in cardiac tissue will cause the heart rate and stroke volume to -increase. -decrease.

decrease.

Under the microscope, a leukocyte has a bilobed nucleus and pink granules in the cytoplasm. This is probably a(n) -basophil. -lymphocyte. -agranulocyte. -eosinophil.

eosinophil.

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of -platelets in the blood. -erythrocytes in the blood. -plasma in the blood. -all formed elements in the blood. -leukocytes in the blood.

erythrocytes in the blood.

The most abundant formed elements of the blood is/are -platelets. -plasma. -erythrocytes. -leukocytes.

erythrocytes.

Hypersecretion of growth hormone can lead to a condition called _________, while hyposecretion can lead to a disorder called ___________. -acromegaly; gigantism -gigantism; pituitary dwarfism -pituitary dwarfism; acromegaly -chronic hyperglycemia; gigantism

gigantism; dwarfism

The red pigmented protein in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide is called -fibrinogen. -thrombin. -myoglobin. -hemoglobin.

hemoglobin.

Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by -neural stimulation. -hormonal stimulation. -positive feedback stimulation. -humoral stimulation.

humoral stimulation.

Thyroid hormone's effects are to -decrease metabolic rate and body temperature by turning on the G protein, cAMP cascade. -decrease metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells. -increase metabolic rate and body temperature by turning on the G protein, cAMP cascade. -increase metabolic rate and body temperature by turning off the G protein, cAMP cascade. -increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells.

increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells.

Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion. -decrease; increase -increase; decrease -increase; increase -decrease; decrease

increase; decrease

During which event of the cardiac cycle are all four valves closed while both the atria and ventricles relax? -Isovolumetric relaxation -Ventricular ejection -Isovolumetric contraction -Ventricular filling

isovolumetric relaxation

Oxygenated blood flows from the __________ to the __________ before being pumped into the systemic circulation. -right atrium; right ventricle -left ventricle; right atrium -left atrium; left ventricle -right atrium; left atrium

left atrium; left ventricle

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system -does not use receptors. -may have a longer lasting effect. -takes only seconds. -is not essential to life. -None of these are correct.

may have a longer lasting effect.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the -kidney. -hypothalamus. -cerebellum. -anterior pituitary. -posterior pituitary.

posterior pituitary.

Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to -prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone. -prolonged increase in the level of a hormone. -signals from antagonistic hormone products. -signals from the posterior pituitary.

prolonged increase in the level of a hormone.

The right side of the heart pumps blood through vessels to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart through the __________ circulation. -fetal -coronary -systemic -pulmonary

pulmonary

The cells of the ___________ act as the heart's pacemaker, which establishes the pace for cardiac activity. -sinoatrial (SA) node -Purkinje cells -atrioventricular (AV) bundle -atrioventricular (AV) node

sinoatrial (SA) node

Tropic hormones -block the actions of hormones that endocrine glands secrete. -function in only one sex. -stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones. -function only under certain environmental conditions.

stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones.

Without a plateau extending the refractory period in cardiac muscle, sarcomeres might be stimulated so quickly that they would contract and not relax and instead would experience a sustained contraction, also called -relaxation. -depolarization. -tetany. -repolarization.

tetany.

The _______ secretes triiodothyronine. -thyroid gland -adrenal gland -pancreas -parathyroid gland -pineal gland

thyroid gland

During the depolarization phase of cardiac muscle -ligand-gated calcium channels open. -voltage-gated sodium channels open. -voltage-gated potassium channels open.

voltage-gated sodium channels open.