Exam 1

Neanderthals were overly specialized, leading to their rapid extinction.

True

Variation within species and reproductive success are the basis of natural selection.

True

Modern-looking humans evolved about __________ years ago.

100,000

Recent finds in Africa date Homo sapiens to about __________ years ago.

150,000

The prosimians include __________.

lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers

The sickle-cell allele continues to be transmitted in some populations because itconfers protection against __________.

malaria

Charles Darwin

natural selection

A unique research strategy of anthropologists that involves learning the language and culture of a group by participating in the group's daily activities is called __________.

participant observation

Ethnocentrism is a __________.

practice of judging another society by the values and standards of one's own society

Who are the Denisovans?

recently discovered hominin species

Which of the following is an example of acclimatization?

shivering

The term "ideology" refers to __________.

signs and symbols used to communicate particular ideas

Humans share which of the following characteristics with other primates?

stereoscopic vision

What is culture?

the customary ways that a particular population or society thinks and behaves

A distinguishing feature of anthropology is the goal of understanding how aspects of human experience such as local history, physical environment, family life, language, settlement patterns, and religion are interrelated. This approach to culture is referred to as __________.

the holistic approach

A. afarensis was sexually dimorphic, which means that __________.

the males had larger body sizes than the females

Jane Goodall

Chimpanzees

Diane Fossey

Gorillas

Olduwan tools

Australopithecines

Why are some long-term acclimatizations difficult to distinguish from adaptations?

Acclimatizations may persist even after the individual moves to another environment.

Homo ergaster is a name given by some archaeologists to what others consider to be Homo erectus found in __________.

Africa

The earliest known modern-looking humans found so far lived in __________.

Africa

What is the relationship between the terms hominoid and hominin?

All hominins are hominoids, but not all hominoids are hominins.

Zhoukoudian Cave

Homo erectus

According to paleontological evidence, human beings are descended from modern-day chimpanzees.

False

By 400,000 to 500,000 years ago, Homo erectus populations were firmly established in all parts of the Old World (Asia, Africa, and Europe) and the New World (both North and South America).

False

The earliest members of our genus, which appeared around 2.8 million years ago, are generally classified into what two species?

H. habilis and H. rudolfensis

What was one of the ways that Franz Boas brought about the end of the evolutionism period in early anthropology?

He was strongly opposed to "race" theory, and emphasized the importance of cultural context.

The creation of home bases or home ranges among early Homo groups may have increased the likelihood of __________.

food sharing

What subsistence strategy characterized most of human history?

foraging

Founder effect is a variety of __________.

genetic drift

In a population, height is determined by which two factors?

heredity and environment

How does anthropology differ from other disciplines concerned with humans?

It is broader in scope, both geographically and historically.

How does bipedal locomotion compare to the quadrupedal movement of chimpanzees?

It is more efficient over long distances.

An anthropologist would agree with which of the following statements concerning ethnocentrism?

It is not appropriate to judge another society by the values and standards of one's own society.

Hominin Footprints

Laetoli

Lemurs

Madagascar

What feature of Mousterian tools suggests that they were hafted?

Many of them were thinned or shaped on one side.

When did the hominoids first appear?

Miocene

The main process that increases the frequency of adaptive traits through time is called

Natural selection

Mousternian tools

Neanderthals

Louis and Mary Leakey

Paleoanthropology

Gregor Mendel

Theory of Simple inheritance

What is an important argument against bipedal development as an adaptation for life on the savannas?

There is evidence there were few savannas at this time.

The rapid diversification and adaptation of an evolving population into new ecologicalniches is known as __________.

adaptive radiation

Anything made or modified by a human is called a(n)__________.

artifact

The __________ theory is currently the most widely used explanation among paleoanthropologists for the emergence of modern Homo sapiens.

assimiliation

Upper Paleolithic hunters increased the power and accuracy of their projectiles by using __________.

atlatl

How long did Neandertals and humans coexist in Europe and the Near East?

between 20,000 and 60,000 years

To combat the problem of ethnocentrism, twentieth-century anthropologists developed the concept of __________.

cultural relativism