exam 1

Which of the following statements is the best example of a hypothesis?

"Unemployed men are more likely to commit spousal abuse than employed men."

language

-Language is the primary method people use to communicate with one another. -Language is based on a series of symbols that can be strung together in an infinite number of ways. -Language allows culture to exist.

A small group of seven students evaluated Professor Zanylo's lectures. On a scale of 1 to 10, the scores the students registered were 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 9, 10. Professor Zanylo's mode score was ________ and his median score was ________.

9;8

The sociologist responsible for suggesting the connection between history and biography to explain the sociological imagination was ________.

C. Wright Mills

Which sociologist argued that research without theory is simply a collection of unrelated "facts"?

C. Wright Mills

The two anthropologists who studied the Hopi Indians and concluded that language has embedded within it ways of looking at the world were ________.

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf

Sam is conducting interviews to assess students' opinions on how President Bush handled the second Gulf War. Because this is a controversial topic at Sam's conservative campus, what is the best way for him to develop a sense of rapport with the sample?

He should begin by asking neutral questions and holding off on sensitive issues.

Why did Mario Brajuha refuse to turn over his research notes to the authorities, even when subpoenaed?

He wanted to protect his respondents.

The theorist who is sometimes referred to as "the second founder of sociology" was ________.

Herbert Spencer

What is the defining characteristic of a random sample?

It gives each person in the population of interest an equal chance of being chosen.

Jackie enjoys having her boyfriend Seth hold her close when they are watching television. She appreciates it when Professor Jones maintains a distance of at least two feet from her while he assists her with her tutoring. In view of this, which statement applies to the relationships that Jackie shares with Seth and with her professor?

Seth is enjoying intimate distance and the professor is at personal distance.

Juanita is conducting survey research for the Colgate-Palmolive Company. The company recently sent several cases of personal-sized toothpaste to Dr. Yankum as a part of a promotion. Juanita is surveying patients as they leave Dr. Yankum's office to ask if the dentist gave them any hygiene items to continue quality dental care. Juanita has discovered that practically every patient received Colgate and has concluded in her report that dentists prefer Colgate toothpaste over other brands. What flaw exists in Juanita's research?

She is using a biased sample to collect her data.

One of the early concerns of IQ tests was that they tested the subject's knowledge of the upper-class white culture of the scientists who developed them, and not the true educational potential of the person tested. In view of this, which assessment of the early IQ tests is most accurate?

The early IQ tests lacked validity.

Jane is a 49-year-old woman of Irish-German descent. What do these characteristics have in common?

These are examples of her ascribed statuses.

What is the greatest flaw in using self-administered questionnaires for a research study?

They cause the researcher to lose control of the data collection.

In Amsterdam, a 21-year-old prostitute is scantily clothed, exhibiting her attributes in a storefront, smiling at potential patrons as they walk by. Based on this mental image, which statement best describes what is in progress?

This is an example of social interaction.

The first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard University, who spent his lifetime studying race relations in America and was one of the founders of the NAACP, was ________.

W. E. B. Du Bois

Which of the following is an example of social structure?

a driver signaling a right turn with his directional signals

Most American high schools routinely schedule ceremonies to recognize the most talented student athletes and scholars. Such activities illustrate the importance that Americans place on which value, as defined by sociologist Robin Williams?

achievement and success

People from all walks of life, races, religions, and ethnic groups participate in the U.S. legislative process. In view of this, which term best describes American society?

america is a pluralistic society

Which of the following research errors is less likely to be classified as fraud and more likely to be considered as simply sloppy work?

analyzing the data incorrectly

The two sociologists who referred to society as being a kind of living organism were _______ and ________.

auguste comte and emile durkheim

Dr. Zahn's academic interest is analyzing various aspects of society and publishing his findings in sociological journals. In view of this, Dr. Zahn is considered to be a(n) ________ sociologist.

basic (pure)

Facial expressions, posture, and gestures are all examples of ________.

body language

Which perspective is most appropriate for a research sociologist to use?

both macro and microsociology, depending upon the situation

According to Max Weber, the Protestant ethic was a central factor in the birth of ________.

capitalism

The concept of natural selection, which proposed that genes of a species are not distributed evenly among the offspring, thus enabling certain members of the species to survive while others die out, was developed by ________.

charles darwin

Theorists who would argue that the mass media represents the interests of society's political and economic elites would be most aligned with the ________ perspective.

conflict

In an experiment, one group of participants is exposed to treatment, another is exposed to an application identified to them as treatment, and another is not exposed to any treatment. In such a procedure, the participants who are not exposed to any form of treatment, either genuine or false, are classified as the ________ group.

control

The three conditions necessary for causation between variables are ________, ________, and ________.

correlation; temporal priority; lack of spurious correlation

Although computers are supplied by the university, many professors never quite learn how to use them. Others feel they might break them so they avoid trying anything new. Others save data to their hard drive but also make a paper copy to keep. Such behavior is an example of ________.

cultural lag

In recent years, cultures have become more similar to each other as a result of travel and communication. Sociologists use the term "________" to describe this process.

cultural leveling

McDonald's sells Quarter Pounders in Tokyo, Moscow, Paris, Berlin, and practically every other major city in the world. Mickey Mouse and Fred Flintstone are among the most popular cartoon figures in Mexico. These are examples of ________.

cultural leveling

In his book, Sick Societies, anthropologist Robert Edgerton proposed that cultures should be evaluated on their "quality of life" and not just automatically accepted. This is contrary to which of the following sociological concepts?

cultural relativsim

Language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, material objects, and technology that are passed from one generation to the next by members of society describe ________.

culture

Anthropologist Ralph Linton said, "The last thing a fish would ever notice would be water." What does this imply about culture?

culture is taken for granted by members of society who share it

In the research model, the step in which the researcher specifies what he or she wants to learn about a specific topic of study is called ________.

defining the problem

As societies grow larger, they divide work among members based on some standardized characteristic such as age or sex. This is referred to as ________.

division of labor

If a researcher is reading diaries to collect information about the attitudes of rape victims, he or she is using ________ to collect the data.

documents

An approach to social interaction in which social life is analyzed in terms of the stage is called ________.

dramaturgy

Karl Marx believed that ________ was the central force for social change, while Max Weber believed that ________ was the force most responsible for social change.

economics; religion

The anthropologist recognized for his work on personal space was ________.

edward hall

The first person to propose that the scientific method could be applied to the study of social life was ________.

emile durkheim

The author added three values to the original list of ten core values that Robin Williams identified as the most common in American society. Which of the following is NOT one of the three values added?

equality

The presentation of self in everyday life, also called dramaturgy, was developed by ________.

erving goffman

In addition to choosing the appropriate research method, sociologists must follow research _______ to achieve truth, honesty, and openness.

ethics

Which of the following elements did C. Wright Mills attribute as being the one that sociologists would use to explain individual behavior?

external influence

Andrea is an aspiring associate editor for a major publisher. She is single but feels married to her work. Last year she received a $20,000 bonus for the excellent work she did in promoting new textbooks published by her employer. Based on this information, Andrea's ascribed status is ________ and her achieved status is ________.

female; associate editor

If Alice came to class wearing a soiled and torn blouse, she would be violating a ________. But if Alice came to class not wearing a blouse (or any other garment), she would be violating a ________.

folkway; more

What was the social event that most influenced Auguste Comte to explore patterns within society and become interested in what holds society together?

french revolution

Basic needs that a society must meet in order to survive, which include replacement of members, preserving order, and socializing new members, are referred to as ________.

functional requisites

The notion that the mass media represents the varied interests of many groups would reflect a position consistent with ________ theory.

functionalist

Mark views society as a system of interrelated parts, while John views society as composed of groups competing for scarce resources. Mark would be considered a(n) ________ and John would be seen as a(n) ________.

functionalist; conflict theorist

People all over the world, including college students, are breaking down national boundaries because of advances in communication, trade, and travel. This is referred to as ________.

globalization

More than twenty years prior to the birth of Durkheim and Weber, Society in America, an analysis of American social customs, was published by sociologist ________.

harriet martineau

What are the three qualities on which research ethics is based?

honesty; truth; openness

What are the three primary variables in determining one's social class?

income, education, occupational prestige

Max has developed the hypothesis that the stress felt by unemployed men increases the probability of spousal abuse. In this case, stress would be considered the ________ variable and spousal abuse would be considered the ________ variable.

independent;dependent

There is a high correlation between the number of Americans who pay income tax in the month of April and the number of swimsuits sold. Which of the following statements is the best description of this relationship?

it is spurious relationship

The social thinker of the 19th century who predicted that there would be a classless society once the working class united and began a revolution was ________.

karl marx

While in the Peace Corps, Kristina enjoyed a delicious Cambodian dinner that included several entrees. Later that evening she was told that one of the entrees was roast dog, the same canine Kristina was playing with the day before. At this point Kristina became ill and swore she would be a vegetarian as long as she was in Cambodia. Which statement most applies to Kristina's experience?

kristina experienced culture shock

Symbols can be strung together in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thought. This is referred to as ________.

language

Anthropologists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf concluded that ________.

language creates ways of thinking and perceiving

The contemporary conflict sociologist who pointed out that conflict is most likely to develop among people in close relationships was ________.

lewis coser

Functionalists and conflict theorists tend to focus on the ________, or large scale patterns of society, in conducting their analyses.

macro level

A focus on the broad features of society to analyze such things as social class and how groups relate to one another is called ________.

macrosociology

The methodical and exacting process by which a researcher measures a variable is known as ________.

operational definition

Matthew is completing his master's thesis, which addresses the culture of outlaw motorcycle gangs. For the past six months, he has been riding with a gang, observing and describing behaviors in an attempt to present a view of these groups from a gang member's perspective. Like Mario Brajuha, he is determined to keep the identities of his subjects confidential. Which research method is Matthew employing?

participant observation

The social institution that is most recognized for allocating power, determining authority, and preventing chaos is ________.

politics

Anthony, a retired Army officer, is a professor of sociology at a small state university. During the Vietnam War, he was awarded the Medal of Honor and he usually wears a small ribbon on the lapel of his suit coat denoting this. He also wears his West Point ring from the class of 1965. Using the terminology of dramaturgy, the lapel pin and class ring would be classified as ________.

props

The feeling of trust that researchers establish with their respondents is referred to as ________.

rapport

The term "cultural lag," referring to the varying ________ among elements within cultures, was coined by sociologist ________.

rates of change; William Ogburn

Diana Scully and Joseph Marolla conducted structured interviews of convicted rapists who were in prison. They divided the interviews equally between themselves, utilizing the same questions and methods. The primary objective for dividing the group of interviews equally was to ________.

reduce the chance of interviewer bias

The term "________" refers to the extent to which different studies come up with similar results.

reliability

Tiffany has a keen interest in the original theories of William Sheldon regarding the relationship between body type and juvenile delinquency. She has duplicated the study using Sheldon's original methodology to see if her results are compatible to Sheldon's. Such a study illustrates the concept of ________.

replication

The sociologist who identified ten underlying core values of American society was ________.

robin williams

Officer Friel has just pulled over a motorist exceeding the speed limit by 40 miles per hour. When he approached the vehicle, he recognizes the driver as his best friend's daughter. Officer Friel is aware that the young lady has had some money problems and the last thing she can afford is a $200 speeding ticket that will also raise her insurance rates. At this point, which of the following terms best describes the position facing Officer Friel?

role conflict

Phillip would like to collect information from a large number of people, but he has a limited budget. In order to sample a large number, but to keep the cost low, Phillip should use ________ as a research method.

self-administered quetsionaires

What distinction did sociologist Frances Perkins hold in American history?

she was the first woman to hold a presidential cabinet position

When we communicate information about ourselves, we use the social setting, our appearance, and our manners to make impressions on others. Erving Goffman referred to these methods as ________.

sign-vehicles

The notion that only the fittest members of society deserve to survive and that social programs to help the poor will ultimately weaken the social order is a doctrine known as ________.

social Darwinism

Durkheim referred to patterns of behavior that characterize a social group as ________.

social facts

The organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs are referred to as ________.

social institutions

The typical patterns of a group, such as its usual relationships between men and women or students and teachers, are referred to as ________.

social structure

The sociological perspective emphasizes how the social context influences people's lives, particularly how people are influenced by ________.

society

what three terms are interchangeable

sociobiology neo-Darwinism evolutionary psychology

Because of his incredibly accelerated study program, Professor Zuchov has the unique privilege of being a 17-year-old university professor. Sociologically, this is an example of ________.

status inconsistency

Signs that identify a position in society that someone occupies are referred to as ________.

status symbol

Bumper stickers such as "Proud Parent of an Honor Student" and "Warning: This Driver Convicted of DUI" are best described as being ________.

status symbols

Walker is conducting research on scholarship recipients at Faber College. In his sample of 250 students, he is ensuring he has a proportionate number of students based on class standing, race, sex, and major course of study. Walker's sample is an example of a ________.

stratified random sample

When a group has a distinctive way of looking at life, but at the same time its values and norms reflect the dominant culture of its society, the group would be considered a(n) ________.

subculture

To show ourselves as expert role players and to gain positive recognition from others, we often have additional people work with us to ensure that our role communicates to others the ideas that we want them to form about us. This is referred to as ________.

teamwork

What is the use of objective and systematic observation to test theories, one that is often employed by sociologists?

the scientific method

Based on dramaturgy, what is the definition of social setting?

the sign-vehicle where action unfolds

The concept that describes opening a window into unfamiliar worlds that allows us to understand human behavior by placing it within its broader social context is called ________.

the sociological perspective (or imagination)

Leo, Ryan, and Matthew regularly interact with one another and share similar values, norms, and expectations. In view of this, which concept most applies to their relationship?

they are a group

Courtney raises champion sheep, Joe is a cab driver in New York, and Rufus is a member of the RAW family of professional wrestling. What do Courtney, Joe, and Rufus have in common?

they are all members of subcultures

Steve and Naomi are counting the empty whiskey bottles in trashcans to measure the level of whiskey consumption in town. These researchers are using a method of research referred to as ________.

unobtrusive measures

In the statement, "Poverty causes crime," the words "poverty" and "crime" are best described as ________ because they are subject to change.

variables