exam 1 (ch 1, 2, 3, & 4)

the brain: 1. By the time it is born, the infant that began as a single cell is estimated to have a brain that contains approximately how many neurons? 2. brain swelling and hemorrhaging 2a. ___ are the most frequent perpetrators of this 3. Researchers use the ___ to learn about the brain's development in infancy 4. Newborns produce distinctive ___ ___ that reveal they can distinguish their mother's voice from another woman's, even while they are asleep 5. uses very low levels of near-infrared light to monitor changes in blood oxygen to study infants' brain activity related to face processing, perception, attention, and memory 5a. ___ and allows infants to be assessed as they explore the world around them 6. maps brain activity by recording magnetic fields produced by electrical currents and is being used to assess such perceptual, motor, and cognitive activities as vision, hearing, and language in infants 7. The newborn's brain is about ___% of its adult weight 8. By the second birthday, the brain is about ___% of its adult weight

1. 100 billion 2. shaken baby syndrome 2a. fathers 3. EEG 4. brain waves 5. fNIRS 5a. portable 6. MEG 7. 25 8. 75

~perception of occluded objects: 1. In the first ___ months of postnatal development, infants don't perceive occluded objects as complete; instead, they perceive only what is visible 2. what 3 things play key roles in the development of perceptual completion in young infants? 3. Infants develop the ability to track briefly occluded moving objects at ___ months ~depth perception: 4. Placed infants on the edge of a ___ ___ and had their mothers coax them to crawl onto the glass 5. Most infants would not crawl out on the glass, choosing instead to remain on the shallow side, which indicated what? ~smell: 6. Newborns (can/cannot) differentiate odors 7. They like the smells of ___ and ___ ~taste: 8. ___ to taste is present even before birth 9. Human newborns learn tastes prenatally through the ___ ___ and in breast milk after birth

1. 2 2. Learning, experience, and self-directed exploration via eye movements 3. 3-5 4. visual cliff 5. they could perceive depth 6. can 7. vanilla; strawberries 8. sensitivity 9. amniotic fluid

~hearing: 1. During the last ___ months of pregnancy, the fetus can hear sounds in the womb 2. A study with the Cat in the Hat showed what? 3. Changes in hearing during infancy: 3a. immediately after birth, infants cannot hear soft sounds quite as well as adults can; by ___ months, sound perception improves 3b. infants are less sensitive to the pitch of a sound than adults are; infants are less sensitive to low-pitched sound and are more likely to hear high-pitched sounds; by ___ years they improve --perception of the frequency of a sound 3c. newborns can determine the general location from which a sound is coming from; ___ months they improve; most improvement begins at ___ 4. These aspects of hearing (do/do not) continue to improve during the childhood years ~touch and pain: 5. Newborns (do/do not) respond to touch 6. Regular gentle ___ stimulation prenatally may have positive developmental outcomes 7. newborns (can/cannot) feel pain 7a. Newborn infant males cried intensely during ___ 7b. Circumcised infants also display amazing ___ 8. For many years, doctors performed operations on newborns without ___ 9. thalamus, somatosensory cortex, and amygdala 10. ___ of the 20 regions in the adult pain matrix also are present in the newborn's pain matrix 11. The amygdala (was/was not) present in the infant's pain matrix 12. Pain threshold in newborns occurs at a (higher/lower) level of stimulation than for adults

1. 2 2. infants recognized the pattern and tone of that book versus another one after it was read to them in the womb 3a. 3 3b. 2 --pitch 3c. 6; 2 4. do 5. do 6. tactile 7. can 7a. circumcision 7b. resiliency 8. anesthesia 9. pain matrix 10. 18 11. was not 12. lower

embryonic period: 1. what is the time period? 2. what 3 layers are formed? 3. Life support system develops including what 3 things? 4. basis for organs get laid down 5. Week ___: embryonic disk forms 3 layers 5a. (outer layer): skin, hair, nails, sensory organs, nervous system 5b. (middle): muscle, bones, reproductive system, circulatory system 5c. (inner): digestive and respiratory system 5d. what happens at the end of this week? 6. Once ___ ___ is formed, begins producing neurons 7. Week ___: head becomes apparent: eyes, nose, mouth and ears begin to form; heart's 4 chambers form, ribs, muscles, and digestive tract appear 7a. by the end: ___ inch long 8. Weeks ___: growth continues (arm/leg buds appear); neural tube becoming brain 9. Week ___: 1 inch long, main body parts formed and finally starting to take human looking form

1. 2-8 2. endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm 3. umbilical cord, amnion sac, placenta 4. organogenesis 5. 3 5a. ectoderm 5b. mesoderm 5c. endoderm 5d. part of ectoderm forms neural tube which will become spinal cord and brain 6. neural tube 7. 4 7a. 1/4 8. 5-8 9. 8

prenatal brain development: 1. By the time babies are born there are about ___ billion neurons 2. nerve cells 2a. name the function 3. Neurons move or ___ to the right locations and are starting to become ___ 4. Basic architecture of brain is assembled during the first ___ trimesters of prenatal development 5. 4 important phases of brain's development: 5a. ___ ___: 18-24 days after conception 5b. ___: 5th week on 5c. ___ ___ (not anencephaly): 6-24 weeks 5d. ___ ___: 23 weeks 6. long, narrow tube located on embryo's back 6a. name the 2 birth defects 6b. when highest region of brain fails to form --what is the result? 6c. result in varying degrees of paralysis of the lower limbs

1. 20-100 2. neurons 2a. Handle information processing at the cellular levels in the brain 3. migrate; connected 4. 2 5a. neural tube 5b. neurogenesis 5c. neuronal migration 5d. neural connectivity 6. neural tube 6a. spina bifida and anencephaly 6b. Anencephaly --Baby usually dies in the womb 6c. spina bifida

~prenatal development: 1. Egg is viable for ___ hours max 2. Sperm can live in the female body for ___ hours 3. After fertilization, it takes about ___ hours for 1st cell division 4. Cell division (increases/decreases) 5. After about a week after conception, about 100 cells combine to form what? 6. Blastocyst forms 2 layers (___) or outer layer will develop into protective structures ~germinal period: first ___ weeks 7. ___ (single celled) starts cell division (___) 8. After week ___: differentiation starts and becomes blastocyst and trophoblast forms 9. 11-15 days: ___ into uterine wall 10. Estimated that ___% of blastocysts never implant

1. 24 2. 72 3. 30 4. increases 5. blastocyst 6. trophoblast ~2 7. zygote; mitosis 8. 1 9. implantation 10. 50-70

gene-linked abnormalities: 1. More than ___ such genetic disorders have been identified, although most of them are rare 2. a genetic disorder in which the individual cannot properly metabolize phenylalanine (an amino acid) 2a. Results from a ___ gene 2b. Occurs once in every ___ to ___ live births 2c. Treated by a diet that prevents an excess accumulation of ___ 2d. Can produce ___ ___ and ___ if untreated 3. a genetic disorder that impairs the functioning of the body's red blood cells 3a. Occurs most often in ___ ___ 3b. More than ___ infants worldwide are born with it each year 3c. A recessive gene causes the ___ ___ ___ to become a hook-shaped "sickle" that cannot carry oxygen properly and dies quickly -what is the result? 3d. Research supports the use of ___ therapy for infants with it 3e. ___ ___ ___ may also be a potential treatment

1. 7,000 2. Phenylketonuria (PKU) 2a. recessive 2b. 10,000; 20,000 2c. phenylalanine 2d. intellectual disability; hyperactivity 3. Sickle-cell anemia 3a. African Americans 3b. 300,000 3c. red blood cell -the body's cells do not receive adequate oxygen, causing anemia and early death 3d. hydroxyurea 3e. stem cell transplant

fetal period: 1. what time period? 2. All systems start to ___ toward the end 3. ___ and ___ continue to develop 4. Viability about 25-26 weeks: ___ immature 5. Formally starts when ___ of major organs occur 6. Organism now called ___ 7. After ___ month: 3oz, 3 inches

1. 9-40 weeks 2. function 3. organs; systems 4. lungs 5. differentiation 6. fetus 7. 3rd

~childbirth setting and attendants: 1. ___ of births take place in hospitals 2. US births at home are rising, especially for which group of women? 3. In US hospitals the ___ are permitted, but in other countries they are not ~stages of birth: 4. uterine contractions are 15-20 minutes apart and last up to a minute, contractions come closer together every 2-5 minutes, contractions dilate the cervix to an opening of about 4 inches so that the baby can move to the birth canal 4a. how long does this last? 5. baby's head starts to move through the cervix and the birth canal, terminates when the baby completely emerges from the mother's body 5a. how long does this last? 6. afterbirth, placenta/umbilical cord/membranes are detached and expelling 6a. how long does this last?

1. 98.5 2. non-Latino White women 3. fathers 4. 1st stage 4a. 6-12 hours 5. 2nd stage 5a. 45 min-1 hour 6. 3rd stage 6a. shortest stage lasting only minutes

~patterns of growth: 1. the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom 2. sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities ~height and weight: 3. The average North American newborn is ___ inches long and weighs ___ pounds 4. In the first several days of life, most newborns lose ___% of their body weight as they adjust to feeding by sucking, swallowing, and digesting 5. Infants grow about 1 inch per month during the first year, approximately ___ their birth LENGTH by their first birthday 6. Infants ___ their birth WEIGHT by their first birthday 7. Growth slows considerably in the ___ year of life 8. Growth is often not smooth and continuous but rather is ___ occurring in spurts 9. In infancy, ___ ___ may occur in a single day and alternate with long time frames characterized by little or no growth for days and weeks

1. Cephalocaudal pattern 2. Proximodistal pattern 3. 20; 7.6 4. 5-7 5. doubling 6. tripling 7. second 8. episodic 9. growth spurts

~time span of research: 1. research strategy that simultaneously compares individuals of different ages 1a. (can/cannot) be completed in a short time 2. a research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more 3. due to a person's time of birth, era, or generation but not to actual age ~conducting ethical research: 4. APA's guidelines address what 4 important issues? ~minimizing bias 5. People from ethnic minority groups were excluded from most research in the ___ and simply thought of as ___ from the norm or average 6. If minority individuals were included in samples and their scores didn't fit the norm, they were viewed as ___ or "___" in data and discounted 7. using an ethnic label such as African American or Latino in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is

1. Cross-sectional approach 1a. can 2. Longitudinal approach 3. cohort effects 4. Informed consent, Confidentiality, Debriefing, Deception 5. US; variations 6. confounds; noise 7. ethnic gloss

~research designs: 1. name the 3 types 2. aims to observe and record behavior 2a. it (can/cannot) prove causation 3. describes the strength of the relationship between 2 or more events or characteristics 3a. a number based on a statistical analysis that describes the degree of association between 2 variables -what is the range? --what does a negative sign mean? ---The higher it is, the (stronger/weaker) the association between 2 variables ----what does 0 mean? -----it (can/cannot) prove causation 4. carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant 4a. If the behavior under study changes when a factor is manipulated, we say that the ___ ___ has caused the ___ to change 4b. manipulated, influential, experimental factor 4c. factor that can change in an experiment, in response to changes in the above term

1. Descriptive, correlational, and experimental 2. descriptive research 2a. cannot 3. Correlational research 3a. Correlation coefficient - -1.00 to +1.00 --inverse relationship ---stronger ----no relationship -----cannot 4. experiment 4a. manipulated factor; behavior 4b. independent variable 4c. dependent variable

1. Developmental psychology is ___, ___ field 2. Physical developments (do/do not) necessarily indicate later intelligence 3. One researcher supports the idea that parents that respond to their babies' cries have (more/less) independent children when they grow up 4. ___ ___ is a gray area 5. Biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes (are/are not) mutually exclusive or independent

1. broad; interdisciplinary field 2. do not 3. more 4. physical discipline 5. are not

genetic principles: 1. one gene of a pair always exerts its effects and overrides the potential influence of the other gene 2. A recessive gene exerts its influence only if the 2 genes of a pair are both ___ 3. Most mutated genes are ___ 4. when a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome 5. If there is an absent or altered disease-relevant gene on the X chromosome, (males/females) have no "backup" copy to counter the harmful gene and therefore may develop an X-linked disease 6. females who have one abnormal copy of the gene on the X chromosome; do not show any signs of the X-linked disease 7. occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father has passed on the gene 7a. A chemical process ___ one member of the gene pair 8. a (small/large) percentage of human genes appear to undergo imprinting 9. many different genes contribute to the development of a characteristic 10. Most diseases, such as cancer and diabetes, develop as a consequence of what 2 things? 11. studies that focus on the interdependent process by which 2 or more genes influence characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development

1. Dominant-recessive genes principle 2. recessive 3. recessive 4. X-linked chromosome 5. males 6. carriers 7. genetic imprinting 7a. silences 8. small 9. polygenic inheritance 10. complex gene interactions and environmental factors 11. gene-gene interaction

chromosomal abnormalities: 1. form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 1a. Round face, flattened skull, extra fold of skin over eyelids, protruding tongue, short limbs, and impaired motor/mental abilities 1b. Appears once in every ___ live births 2. Most common sex-linked chromosomal abnormalities involve the ___ of an extra chromosome or the ___ of one X chromosome in female 3. a chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY 4. genetic disorder that results from an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks 5. chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted 6. chromosomal disorder in which a male has an extra Y chromosome

1. Down syndrome 1a. Down syndrome 1b. 700 2. presence; absence 3. Klinefelter syndrome 4. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) 5. Turner syndrome 6. XYY syndrome

correlation: 1. name an example 2. relationship between 2 things 3. Multiple ___ analysis 4. Absolute value of r; the closer to 1.00, the (stronger/weaker) the relationship 5. Must rely on non-experimental methods for ___ reasons 6. name 3 types of correlational research ~experimental: 7. A researcher ___ what they can 8. Manipulates a variable (___) to see if it causes an effect on another variable (___) 9. Use ___ ___ to a group 10. name 5 essentials 10a. Research on cultural differences in ___ and ___ punishment

1. Examining children's social behavior in school (aggression) and relate it to parenting styles 2. Pearson correlation 3. regression 4. stronger 5. ethical 6. naturalistic observation, survey method, and archival research 7. controls 8. IV; DV 9. random assignment 10. samples, internal validity, external validity, cultural bias, sensitivity 10a. attachment; corporal

1. name the 2 psychoanalytic theories 1a. name 3 contributions 1b. name 3 criticisms 2. name the 3 cognitive theories 2a. name 2 contributions 2b. name 2 criticisms 3. name the 2 behavioral and social cognitive theories 3a. name 2 contributions 3b. name 2 criticisms 4. name 2 contributions & 2 criticisms for ethological theory 5. name 3 contributions & 2 criticisms for ecological theory

1. Freud's psychosexual development; Erikson's psychosocial theory 1a. emphasis on developmental framework, family relationships, and unconscious aspects of the mind 1b. lack of scientific support, too much emphasis on sexual underpinnings, and an image of people that is too negative 2. Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory, and information-processing theory 2a. positive view of development and an emphasis on the active construction of understanding 2b. skepticism regarding the pureness of Piaget's stages and inadequate attention to individual variations 3. behaviorism & Bandura's social cognitive theory 3a. emphasis on scientific research and environmental determinants of behavior 3b. little emphasis on cognition in Skinner's theory and inadequate attention paid to developmental changes 4. focus on the biological and evolutionary basis of development and the use of careful observations in naturalistic settings; too much emphasis on biological foundations and a belief that the concepts of critical and sensitive periods might be too rigid 5. systematic examination of macro and micro dimensions of environmental systems, attention to connections between environmental systems, and emphasis on a range of social contexts beyond the family; inadequate attention to biological factors, too little emphasis on cognitive factors

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory for Human Behavior: 1. how was this revolutionary? 2. Motivation for behavior is ___ in nature 3. t or f? Both early and later experiences are important 4. One must go through "___": a challenge that you must learn from, at each stage to resolve & move onto next stage 5. He (does/does not) take into account females or homosexual relationships

1. He focused on personality & development through the lifespan 2. social 3. true 4. crisis 5. does not

1. individuals' genes may be systematically related to the types of environments to which they are exposed 2. there are ___ ways that heredity and environment can be correlated 3. biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child 3a. name 1 example 3b. (More/Less) common in the lives of older children and adolescents who can extend their experiences beyond the family's influence and create or select their environments to a greater degree 4. a child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments 4a. name 1 example 5. children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating 5a. finding a setting that is suited to one's genetically influenced abilities

1. Heredity-environment correlations 2. 3 3. Passive genotype-environment correlations 3a. Parents that are intelligent, skillful readers will raise skilled readers 3b. more 4. Evocative genotype-environment correlations 4a. Active, smiling children receive more social stimulation than passive, quiet children do 5. Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations 5a. Niche-picking

periods of development: 1. a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features 2. conception to birth, single cell to organism, in 9 months 3. birth to 18-24 months, dependent on adults, psychological activities begin 4. 18 months to 3, transitional period 5. 3-5, preschool years, become more self-sufficient, school readiness skills, playing with peers, 1st grade marks the end 6. 6 to 10-11, master reading/writing/math, achievement becomes a theme, self control increases 7. 10-12 to 18-21, rapid physical hormonal changes, pursuit of independence, thought is more idealistic, more time is spent outside family

1. developmental period 2. prenatal period 3. infancy 4. toddler 5. early childhood 6. middle and late childhood 7. adolescence

1. what are 2 reasons babies are born with such immature brains? 2. What do newborns come "hard wired out of the box" with to help them survive? 3. what kind of reflexes are rooting & sucking reflex? 3a. explain each of the above reflexes 4. what kind of reflexes are Moro, Babinski, grasping, & stepping? 4a. explain grasping reflex 4b. explain stepping reflex 5. reflexes act ___ for later learning possibility 5a. especially ___ reflex 5b. pediatricians can assess them - problems indicate ___ problems

1. It needs to be small enough to leave birth canal, It adds to the brain's plasticity 2. universal reflexes 3. survival reflexes 3a. Rooting: touch baby's cheek & turn that direction, Sucking: touch baby's mouth & they will suck whatever is there 4. primitive reflexes 4a. touch hand & they grasp & can't let go until their muscle fatigues 4b. looks like they're trying to walk when you stand them upright and you hold them above the ground 5. stimulant 5a. stepping 5b. neurological

1. genetic principles start out with __ genetics 2. what are the 2 types of genes? 3. 2 ___ for a trait 4. ___ represents dominant trait & ___ recessive trait 5. Only way for recessive gene to be displayed is if it is ___ 6. Is there a one to one correspondence between genes and specific traits in humans?

1. Mendelian 2. dominant and recessive 3. alleles 4. Y; y 5. homozygous 6. no

development is contextual and contexts exert 3 types of influences: 1. similar for individuals in a particular age group 1a. name 4 examples 2. common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances 2a. name 2 examples 2b. Long term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population due to ___ or change in ___ ___ 3. unusual occurrences that have a major impact on the lives of individual people 3a. name 2 examples

1. Normative age-graded influences 1a. Puberty, menopause, beginning formal education, and retiring from workforce 2. Normative history-graded influences 2a. Great depression and WWII 2b. immigration; fertility rates 3. Nonnormative or highly individualized life events 3a. Death of a parent when the child is young & pregnancy in early adolescence

~Watson's classical conditioning: 1. off of whose work? 2. learning occurs by pairing what 2 things? 3. what happened in the little albert experiment? 4. explain how classical conditioning would affect chemo patients ~Skinner's operant conditioning 5. Development consists of the pattern of behavioral changes brought about by ___ and ___ 6. ___ increases the likelihood a behavior will happen 6a. a positive example would be what? 7. ___ decreases the likelihood a behavior will happen 7a. giving something aversive -give 2 examples 7b. taking something away -give 1 example

1. Pavlov 2. an unconditioned stimulus with an unconditioned response 3. a previously unafraid baby was conditioned to become afraid of a rat 4. walking in a hospital or in the waiting room can cause nausea 5. rewards; punishments 6. reinforcement 6a. extra credit 7. punishment 7a. positive punishment -Spanking, make a student write a long essay 7b. negative punishment -Taking away the car for 2 weeks

~drugs: 1. name 3 types that can have serious teratogenic effects 2. Almost ___% of pregnant women use illicit drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, Ecstasy and other amphetamines, and heroin 2a. what 4 things can these cause? 2b. Babies born with a ___ addiction need ___ just like an adult addict (need to be weaned off of it) 2c. why is this statistic probably wrong? ~fetal alcohol syndrome 3. most ___ teratogen 4. Very susceptible during ___ month of development 5. is there a safe amount of alcohol to consume? 6. Teen moms: ___% reported alcohol use 7. Adult moms: ___% reported alcohol use

1. Prescription, over the counter, or recreational drugs 2. 3 2a. low birth weight, withdrawal symptoms, birth defects, or learning or behavioral problems 2b. heroin; heroin 2c. people aren't going to be that forthcoming 3. common 4. 2nd 5. no 6. 11.5 7. 8.7

the lifespan perspective: 1. what belief is central to the lifespan perspective on human development? 2. name the characteristic of the lifespan perspective: No age period dominates development 3. name the characteristic of the lifespan perspective: A biological event during infancy can warp the development of someone's mind and emotions 3a. Components of the ___ dimension: attention, memory, abstract thinking, speed of processing information, social intelligence 4. name the characteristic of the lifespan perspective: Some dimensions/components of a dimension expand while others shrink 4a. When one language is acquired early in development, the capacity for acquiring more languages (inc/dec) later in development 4b. During ___, relationships cause people to spend less time with their friends 4c. Older adults may become wiser, but they perform (better/worse) on speedy tasks 5. name the characteristic of the lifespan perspective: Cognitive skills of older adults can be improved through training and acquisition of effective strategies 5a. capacity for change 6. name the characteristic of the lifespan perspective: How heredity and health limit your intelligence; How families and schools influence intellectual development 7. name the characteristic of the lifespan perspective: include families, schools, peer groups, churches, etc; These are influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors 8. name the characteristic of the lifespan perspective: The mastery of life often involves conflicts and competition among 3 goals of human development 8a. when do maintenance & regulation of loss take center stage? 9. name the characteristic of the lifespan perspective: Brain shapes culture but can also be shaped by culture; We can go beyond what our genetic inheritance and our environment give us

1. The belief that development continues throughout the life 2. Development is lifelong 3. Development is multidimensional 3a. cognitive 4. Development is multidirectional 4a. decreases 4b. adolescence 4c. worse 5. Development is plastic 5a. plasticity 6. Developmental science is multidisciplinary 7. Development is contextual 8. Development involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss 8a. middle to late adulthood 9. Development is a co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual

fetal period: 1. age at which fetus can survive outside of womb 2. Less than ___ weeks don't survive 3. At 26 weeks: ___% survive but will have lifelong problems 4. what is the biggest problem that preterm babies have? 5. Birthweight less than ___ lbs have problems 6. name 3 amniotic fluid functions.

1. age of variability 2. 22 3. 50 4. Lungs are immature even into 7th/8th month 5. 5.5 6. shock absorbents, stable temperature, lung development

outcomes for the mother with breastfeeding: 1. Lower incidence of ___ ___ in women who breastfed 2. Reduction in ___ ___ in women who breastfeed their infants 3. Reduction in type ___ diabetes in women who breastfeed their infants 4. Breastfeeding mothers had lower rates of ___ for cardiovascular problems and diabetes 5. Lower incidence of ___ syndrome 6. Breastfeeding is argued to be the facilitator of development of an ___ ___ between the mother and infant 6a. This (is/may not be) true 7. name 5 categories of women who are least likely to breastfeed 8. name 3 circumstances where a mother should not breastfeed 9. None of the findings about breastfeeding imply ___

1. breast cancer 2. ovarian cancer 3. 2 4. hospitalization 5. metabolic 6. attachment bond 6a. may not be 7. Mothers who work full time outside the home, Younger than 25, Lack a high school diploma, African American, and Low income 8. Infected with HIV, Has tuberculosis, and Taking drugs 9. causality

~methods of childbirth: 1. name 3 drugs used for labor 2. used to relieve pain; Ex: tranquilizers, barbiturates 3. used in late 1st stage labor and during delivery to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness 3a. regional anesthesia that numbs the woman's body from the waist down 4. method that aims to reduce the mother's pain by decreasing her fear by providing information about childbirth and teaching her and her partner to use breathing methods and relaxation techniques during delivery 5. special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor, more detailed education about anatomy and physiology 6. baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen 6a. name the 4 situations in which this is performed 6b. what are the 2 most common reasons this is performed? ~assessing the newborn: 7. assesses the health of newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth, evaluates an infant's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability 7a. explain the scale 8. performed 24-36 hours after birth; used as a sensitive index of neurological competence up to 1 month after birth for typical infants 9. assessment of the newborn's behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities

1. analgesia, anesthesia, and oxytocin 2. Analgesia 3. Anesthesia 3a. epidural block 4. Natural childbirth 5. Prepared childbirth/Lamaze method 6. Cesarean delivery 6a. baby is lying crosswire, baby's head is too large, baby develops complications, or if vaginal bleeding occurs 6b. failure to progress through labor and fetal distress 7. apgar scale 7a. 7-10 = condition is good, 5 = developmental difficulties, & 3 or below = signals an emergency 8. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) 9. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)

sources of variability: 1. The chromosomes in the zygote (are/are not) exact copies of those in the mother's ovaries or the father's testes 2. Which chromosome the pair goes to the gamete (is/is not) a matter of chance 3. Before the pairs separate, pieces of the 2 chromosomes in each pair are ___, creating a new combination of genes on each chromosome 4. develop from a single zygote that splits into 2 genetically identical replicas, each of which becomes a person 5. develop when 2 eggs are fertilized by different sperm, creating 2 zygotes that are genetically no more similar than ordinary siblings 6. permanently altered segment of DNA 6a. name 3 ways they can be produced 7. those that make the individual more vulnerable to accelerated aging and the development of specific diseases 8. those that make the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age 9. the above 2 terms are aspects of an individual's ___ 10. a roundworm, the first animal to have its entire genome sequenced

1. are not 2. is 3. exchanged 4. Identical twins (monozygotic) 5. Fraternal twins (dizygotic) 6. Mutated gene 6a. chance events, a mistake by cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation 7. Susceptibility genes 8. Longevity genes 9. genotype 10. C. elegans

Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development: 1. what are the 2 processes that underlie a child's cognitive construction of the world? 2. you encounter something new and you assimilate that into your scheme 2a. name an example 3. change the scheme to match reality 4. Not even ___ enter his last stage 5. what does it emphasize? 6. name 3 criticisms

1. assimilation & accommodation 2. assimilation 2a. child thinks valet man is stealing their parents' car 3. accommodation 4. adults 5. positive view of development and active construction of understanding 6. Skepticism about the pureness of Piaget's stages because development doesn't happen in certain structured stages, Little attention to individual variations, and Underestimated ages at when children could do things

behavior genetics: 1. field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development 2. (Does/Does not) identify the extent to which genetics or the environment affects an individual's traits 3. Tries to figure out what is responsible for the ___ among people 4. behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins 5. investigators seek to discover whether the behavior and psychological characteristics of adopted children are more like those of their adoptive parents or biological parents

1. behavior genetics 2. does not 3. differences 4. twin study 5. adoption study

behavioral and social cognitive theories: 1. we can study scientifically only what can be directly observed and measured 1a. Development is ___ behavior that can be learned through experience with the environment 1b. what does it emphasize? 2. The consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence 2a. A behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus is (more/less) likely to recur, whereas a behavior followed by a punishing stimulus is (more/less) likely to recur 2b. what does it emphasize? 3. behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development 3a. what does it emphasize? 3b. Early research program focused on ___ ___ 3c. Stress that people acquire a wide range of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings through ___ others' behavior and that these observations play a central role in life-span development

1. behaviorism 1a. observable 1b. continuity in development 2. Skinner's operant conditioning 2a. more; less 2b. development consists of the pattern of behavioral changes that are brought about by rewards and punishments 3. Bandura's social cognitive theory 3a. cognitive processes have important links with environment and behavior 3b. observational learning 3c. observing

1. name the 3 different domains of development 2. name the 3 issues about the nature of development 3. extent to which development is influenced by nature and by nurture 3a. An evolutionary and genetic foundation produces ___ in growth and development 4. degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change 5. focuses on the degree to which development involves either gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages

1. biological age, psychological age, social age 2. roles played by nature & nurture, stability and change, and continuity and discontinuity 3. nature-nurture issue 3a. commonalities 4. stability-change issue 5. continuity-discontinuity issue

1. name the 3 developmental processes 2. produce changes in an individual's physical nature 2a. name 3 examples 3. changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language 3a. name 3 examples 4. changes in the individual's relationships with other people, emotions, and personality 4a. name 3 examples 5. name the biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes for a baby smiling in response to a parent's touch

1. biological, cognitive, and socioemotional 2. biological processes 2a. genes, brain development, & puberty 3. cognitive processes 3a. memorizing a poem, imagining an alternate future, & solving a crossword puzzle 4. socioemotional processes 4a. infant's smile from a parent's touch, adolescent's joy at senior prom, & affection of elderly couple 5. physical nature of touch and responsiveness to it, ability to understand intentional acts, & smiling often reflects a positive emotional feeling and helps to connect us in positive ways with other humans

~visual acuity and human faces: 1. Newborns (can/cannot) see small things that are far away 2. The newborn's vision is estimated to be ___/___ on the well-known Snellen chart used for eye examinations 3. By 6 months of age, an average vision is ___/___ 4. ___ are possibly the most important visual stimuli in children's social environment 5. Infants show an interest in human faces soon after ___ ~visual preference method: 6. what is the discovery? 7. Fantz placed an infant in a ___ ___ which had 2 visual displays on the ceiling above the infant's head 8. An experimenter viewed the infant's eyes by looking through a ___ 9. If the infant was fixating on one of the displays, the experimenter could see the display's ___ in the infant's eyes, allowing the experimenter to determine how long the infant looked at each display 10. Infants look longer & prefer to look at ___ stimuli 11. studying whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli

1. cannot 2. 20/240 3. 20/40 4. faces 5. birth 6. infants look at different things for different lengths of time 7. looking chamber 8. peephole 9. reflection 10. patterned 11. visual preference method

the collaborative gene: 1. threadlike structures made up of DNA 2. a complex molecule that has a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase 3. the units of heredity information; short segments of DNA 3a. name 2 functions 4. building blocks of cells; regulators that direct the body's processes 5. Each gene has its own ___ 6. complete genetic content of our cells, which includes developmental information used for creating proteins that contribute to the making of a human organism 7. Humans have around ___ genes 8. Humans have (more/less) proteins than genes 9. Each gene (is/is not) translated into a single protein 10. A gene (does/does not) act independently

1. chromosomes 2. DNA 3. genes 3a. Help cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins 4. proteins 5. location 6. human genome 7. 20,000 8. more 9. is not 10. does not

1. name the 4 steps of the scientific method 2. researchers often draw on ___ and develop ___ 2a. interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and facilitate predictions 2b. specific assertions and predictions that can be tested 3. describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion 3a. emphasize that ___ is merely a surface characteristic and that a true understanding of development requires analyzing the ___ ___ of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind 3b. early experiences with ___ extensively shape development

1. conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect research information (data), analyze the data, and draw conclusions 2. theories; hypotheses 2a. theory 2b. hypotheses 3. psychoanalytic theories 3a. behavior; symbolic meaning 3b. parents

sociocultural contexts and diversity: 1. behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation 2. compare aspects of 2 or more cultures 3. rooted in cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language 4. a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics 4a. Differences in the ability to control resources and to participate in society's rewards produce ___ ___

1. culture 2. cross-cultural studies 3. ethnicity 4. socioeconomic status 4a. unequal opportunities

~shared sleeping: 1. Sleeping arrangements for newborns vary between ___ 2. Whatever the sleeping arrangements, it is recommended that the infant's bedding provide ___ support and that the crib or bed has ___ ___ 3. In the US, shared sleeping remains a ___ issue ~SIDS: 4. condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without any apparent reason 5. More than ___ infant deaths annually are attributed to SIDS 6. Risk is highest at ___ months old 7. AAP has recommended that infants be placed to sleep on their ___ (supine position) 7a. Increases their access to ___ ___ and reduces their chances of getting ___ 8. Most critical factor in predicting whether an infant will develop SIDS is ___ ___ 9. ensuring that young infants sleep on their back rather than their stomach 9a. One concern of the critics is a decline in ___ ___

1. cultures 2. firm; side rails 3. controversial 4. sudden infant death syndrome 5. 2,000 6. 2-4 7. backs 7a. fresh air; overheated 8. prone sleeping 9. back to sleep movement 9a. prone skills

~gene-linked abnormalities: 1. glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production; breathing and digestion are hampered, resulting in a shortened life span 2. name 2 more examples 3. neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities 3a. (Can/Cannot) be prevented by folic acid prenatally 4. deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system ~interaction between genes and environment: 5. Not all genes are expressed - need ___ ___ for it to be displayed 6. The environment (can/cannot) turn on & turn off genes 7. name 1 example

1. cystic fibrosis 2. diabetes & hemophilia 3. spina bifida 3a. can 4. tay-sachs disease 5. environmental input 6. can 7. zika

Bandura's social cognitive theory: 1. explain what was concluded in the bobo experiment 2. what did it emphasize? 3. Relations between behavior, person/cognitive, and environmental factors are ___ 4. Emphasis on scientific research and environmental as determinants of ___ 5. name 2 criticisms

1. demonstrated that children are able to learn social behavior such as aggression through the process of observation learning, through watching the behavior of another person 2. behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development 3. reciprocal 4. behavior 5. Little emphasis on cognition in Skinner's view, Inadequate attention paid to developmental changes

~early experience and the brain: 1. Children who grow up in a deprived environment may have ___ brain activity 2. The brain demonstrates both ___ and ___ 3. Neuroscientists believe that what wires the brain is ___ experience ~neuroconstructivist view: 4. Research reveals that the brain has ___ and its development depends on ___ 5. The infant's brain depends on ___ to determine how connections are made 6. what 2 things influence brain development? 7. Child's ___ development is closely linked to development of the brain 8. what does it emphasize? -much like the ___ view proposes as well

1. depressed 2. flexibility; resiliency 3. repeated 4. plasticity; context 5. experience 6. Biological processes and environmental conditions 7. cognitive 8. the importance of considering interactions between experience and gene expression in the brain's development 9. epigenetic

1. the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span 2. name 3 reasons that studying lifespan development is important

1. development 2. a. You can better deal with students and children b. Gain insight about your own history c. Most development involves growth but it also includes decline

1. the gradual thinning, shortening, and drawing up of the cervix measured in percentages from 0% to 100% 2. white, creamy, naturally occurring biofilm covering the skin of the fetus during the last trimester of pregnancy 3. the hair that covers the body of some newborns 4. explain the apgar scale

1. effacement 2. vernix 3. lanugo 4. evaluates newborns; 0-2; 2 is highest

the ecological view: 1. Our perceptual system can select from the rich information that the ___ itself provides 2. we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us 2a. why is it called "ecological"? 3. perception is designed for ___ 3a. Perception brings us into contact with the environment so we can ___ with and ___ to it 4. opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities 5. An infant who runs down a steep slope or crawls across a narrow beam is doing what? 6. We directly and accurately perceive these affordances by sensing information from the environment and from our bodies through what 3 things? 7. Infants who were just learning to crawl or walk were (more/less) cautious when confronted with a steep slope 7a. The more experienced crawlers and walkers perceived that a slope affords the possibility for not only faster ___ but also for ___

1. environment 2. Gibson's ecological view 2a. it connects perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver 3. action 3a. interact; adapt 4. affordances 5. determining the affordances of the slope or beam 6. muscle receptors, joint receptors, and skin receptors 7. less 7a. locomotion; falling

ecological theory: 1. what does it emphasize? 2. holds that development reflects the influence of 5 environmental systems 3. setting in which an individual lives 3a. name 4 examples 3b. Most ___ ___ with social agents take place 4. relations between microsystems or connections between contexts 4a. name 2 examples 5. links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context 5a. name 1 example 6. culture in which individuals live 7. patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course as well as sociohistorical circumstances 7a. name 2 examples

1. environmental factors 2. Brofenbrenner's ecological theory 3. microsystem 3a. Family, peers, school, neighborhood 3b. direct interactions 4. mesosystem 4a. Relation of family experiences to school experiences, school experiences to religious experiences 5. exosystem 5a. A husband's experiences at home may be influenced by a wife's experiences at work 6. macrosystem 7. chronosystem 7a. Divorce, career opportunities for women

1. development reflects an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity & the environment 2. the interaction of a specific measured variation in DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment 3. This area is plagued by difficulties in what 3 things? ~conclusions about heredity-environment interaction: 4. The relative contributions of heredity and environment (are/are not) additive 5. Genes produce proteins throughout the lifespan, in many different environments, so full ___ ___ doesn't happen all at once 6. The emerging view is that complex behaviors are influenced by genes and environments in a way that gives people a propensity for a particular ___ ___ 7. Although genetic factors clearly contribute to behavior and psychological processes, they (do/do not) determine these phenotypes independently from the contexts in which they develop

1. epigenetic view 2. Gene x environment (G x E) interaction 3. replicating results, inflated claims, and other weaknesses 4. are not 5. genetic expression 6. developmental trajectory 7. do not

1. behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods 1a. These are specific time frames during which the ___ or ___ of certain experiences has a long-lasting influence on individuals 2. selects from each theory whatever is considered its best features

1. ethology 1a. presence; absence 2. eclectic theoretical orientation

ethological theory: 1. stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology is tied to evolution and is characterized by experiences during critical or sensitive periods 2. who helped bring ethology to prominence by showing developmental importance of imprinting behavior of geese? 3. who concluded that attachment to a caregiver over the 1st year of life has important consequences for optimal social relationship development throughout the lifespan? 4. a time during an organism's life span when it is more sensitive to environmental influences or stimulation than at other times during its life 5. periods of psychological development in the child; the child is able to do great things and make very important acquisitions, like language and movement 6. name 2 contributions 7. name 2 criticisms ~eclectic theoretical orientation: 8. (Does/Does not) follow any one theoretical approach 9. Selects from each theory whatever is considered the ___ features 10. Allows for seeing the study of development as it actually ___, for example, different theorists making different assumptions, stressing different empirical problems, and discovering information using different strategies

1. ethology 2. konrad lorenz 3. john bowlby 4. critical period 5. sensitive period 6. a focus on the biological and evolutionary basis of development and the use of careful observations in naturalistic settings 7. Too much emphasis on biological foundations, The critical and sensitive period concepts might be too rigid 8. does not 9. best 10. exists

1. emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior 2. The many traits and characteristics that are genetically influenced have a long evolutionary history that is retained in our ___ 3. Our DNA is not just inherited from our parents; it includes what we inherited as a species from other species that were our ___ 4. Each of us carries a ___ ___, so a fertilized human egg cannot grow into another animal

1. evolutionary psychology 2. DNA 3. ancestors 4. genetic code

~mapping the brain: 1. region farthest from spinal cord that includes the cerebral cortex and several structures beneath it 2. involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose 3. vision 4. active role in hearing, language processing, and memory 5. play important roles involving spatial location, attention, and motor control 6. The type of information handled by neurons depends on what? 7. specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other 8. An entire hemisphere of the brain (can/cannot) be removed and the other hemisphere will take over functions that the removed hemisphere previously performed.

1. forebrain 2. frontal lobes 3. occipital lobes 4. temporal lobes 5. parietal lobes 6. whether they are in the left or right hemisphere of the cortex 7. lateralization 8. can

class kahoot questions: 1. name the theorist: Infancy and childhood form the core of personality 2. name the theorist: Environment shapes behavior. Reinforcement and punishment are integral 3. name the theorist: Zone of proximal development 4. name the theorist: Every period of life has a crisis that one has to go through 5. name the theorist: Multiple levels of the environment shape development 6. name the theorist: Came up with the idea of the air crib 7. name the theorist: Personality is based on drives - hunger, sex, pleasure, etc 8. name the theorist: Assimilation and accommodation are the 2 important processes that help us learn and develop 9. name the theorist: Studied water fowl and came up with the idea of imprinting 10. This theory claims that our brains are like computers 11. t or f? According to freud - the stages of development are id, ego, and superego 11a. explain 12. t or f? Both freud and piaget's theories stop at adolescence 13. t or f? The anal stage of development happens in puberty 14. t or f? The exosystem is comprised of things child doesn't come directly in contact with but has impact any way

1. freud 2. skinner 3. vygotsky 4. erikson 5. brofenbrenner 6. skinner 7. freud 8. piaget 9. lorenz 10. information processing 11. false 11a. They are parts of personality, not stages of development 12. true 13. false 14. true

1. name the theory: 5 stages of psychosexual development 2. name the theory: 8 stages of development, at each stage a unique developmental task confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved 2a. ___ is not a catastrophe but a turning point marked by both increased vulnerability and enhanced potential 3. name the theory: states that children go through 4 stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world 3a. what are the 2 processes underlie this construction? 3b. each stage is ___-related and consists of a distinct way of thinking 3c. the child's ___ is qualitatively different from one stage to another 4. sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development 4a. portrayed ___'s development as inseparable from social and cultural activities 4b. ___ development involves learning to use the inventions of society, such as language, mathematical systems, and memory strategies 4c. children's ___ ___ with more-skilled adults/peers helps them learn to use the tools that will help them adapt and be successful in their culture 5. emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it 5a. individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for processing information, which allows them to acquire increasingly complex ___ and ___

1. freud's theory 2. erikson's psychosocial theory 2a. crisis 3. Piaget's theory 3a. organization & adaptation 3b. age 3c. cognition 4. vygostsky's theory 4a. child 4b. cognitive 4c. social interaction 5. information-processing theory 5a. knowledge; skills

outcomes for the child with breastfeeding: 1. Breast-fed infants have fewer ___ infections 2. Breastfed infants have fewer infections of the lower ___ tract 3. There (is/is not) support for breastfeeding reducing the risk of allergies in young children 4. Breastfeeding for 3 months protects against ___ in babies 5. Breast milk contains ___ components that benefit the maturation of the infant's immune system and provide defenses for fighting off disease 6. Breastfed infants are (more/less) likely to develop ear, throat, and sinus infections 7. Breastfed infants are less likely to become ___ 8. Breastfed infants are less likely to develop ___ 9. Breastfed infants have lower rates of ___ 10. Breastfed infants were less likely to develop a ___ in their 1st 6 months of life 11. Breastfeeding (does/does not) have conclusive evidence about better cardiovascular function 12. Those who were breastfed were less likely to have ever been ___ through early childhood

1. gastrointestinal 2. respiratory 3. is not 4. wheezing 5. immunomodulating 6. less 7. overweight 8. diabetes 9. SIDS 10. fever 11. does not 12. hospitalized

1. Genes turn on/off = ___ ___ 2. Gene regulation controls ___ 3. Genes can be turned on/off by ___ ___ 4. It was assumed it was a ___ ___ relationship but it's not that straightforward 5. Genes greatly impact our health by genes we ___ 6. Risk for what 3 conditions with certain genes

1. gene regulation 2. development 3a. environmental factors 4. one-way 5. inherit 6. heart disease, cancer, and diabetes

epigenetics: 1. the blueprint for life 2. Genes tell all the cells in your body what their ___ is 3. ___ ___ for making proteins 4. humans have ___ genes 5. How do genes give instructions to cells? 6. do the heavy lifting in your body 6a. name 4 other functions 6b. required for what 3 things? 6c. made of what? 7. All done with the ___ million proteins in our own bodies make

1. genes 2. job 3. recipe book 4. 20,000 5. they make proteins 6. proteins 6a. Digestion, circulation, immunity, communication between cells 6b. structure, function, and regulation of body tissues/organs 6c. amino acids 7. 10-20

sources of variability: 1. made up by all of a person's genetic material 2. observable physical & psychological characteristics 3. DNA information is transcribed to RNA which in turn is translated into amino acids that will become proteins 4. ___ also interact with genotypes to influence phenotypes 5. For each ___, a variety of ___ can be expressed, providing another source of variability

1. genotype 2. phenotype 3. Genotype to phenotype 4. environments 5. genotype; phenotypes

1. large-muscle activities such as moving one's arms and walking 2. Newborn infants (can/cannot) voluntarily control their posture 3. Often can stand alone by ___ months old ~learning to walk: 4. Alternating leg movements occur during the ___ period and at ___ 5. what are the precursors to walking? 6. The key skills in learning to walk appear to be what 2 things? 7. Infants learn what kinds of places and surfaces are safe for ___ 8. Walking allows the infant to gain ___ with objects that were previously out of reach and to initiate ___ with parents and other adults, thereby promoting ___ development

1. gross motor skills 2. cannot 3. 10-12 4. fetal; birth 5. Alternating leg movements and forward stepping movements 6. stabilizing balance on one leg long enough to swing the other forward and shifting weight without falling 7. locomotion 8. contact; interaction; language

mother's prenatal influence: 1. name 4 things that moms-to-be should do 2. name 2 dietary restrictions 3. Mother's diet affects the ___ ___'s taste which influences the baby's taste palate 4. teen moms are more likely to have ___ babies 5. older moms are more likely to have children with ___ ___ 6. name 2 infectious diseases 7. ___ was given to moms to treat morning sickness 7a. what was the result? 8. alcohol use can cause what? 9. name 3 other bad influences

1. healthy diet, make sure you are financially stable, prenatal vitamins/minerals, get gynecological exam 2. avoid sushi, avoid predatory fish 3. amniotic fluid 4. preterm 5. Down syndrome 6. rubella & AIDS 7. thalidomide 7a. caused birth defects 8. fetal alcohol syndrome 9. tobacco, stress, and pollution

~Vygotsky's theory: 1. what does it emphasize? 2. what was its contribution? 3. a parent helps their child steer when learning how to ride a bike 4. you can reach a goal with help, but not alone 5. name 1 weakness ~emphasizes that individuals process information, monitor, and strategize about it 6. name 2 contributions 7. name 1 weakness

1. how culture and social interaction guide and are inseparable from cognitive development 2. importance of social interaction 3. scaffolding 4. zone of proximal development 5. did not take biology into account ~information processing theory 6. we can examine memory, language learning, Very productive area of psychology 7. hard to develop cohesive theory of development

the collaborative gene: 1. consists of many genes that collaborate with each other and with nongenetic factors inside and outside the body 2. activity of genes that is affected by their environment 2a. name 4 examples 3. Numerous studies have shown that external events outside of the original cell and the person, as well as events inside the cell, can ___ or ___ gene expression 3a. name 6 examples 4. Certain genes are turned on or off as a result of exercise mainly through ___ 4a. tiny molecules attach themselves to the outside of a gene -Makes the gene more or less capable of receiving and responding to ___ ___ from the body --The ___ of the gene is changed, not its ___

1. human genome 2. genetic expression 2a. Light, day length, nutrition, behavior 3. excite; inhibit 3a. Stress, respiration, radiation, temperature, loneliness, and sleep 4. methylation 4a. methylation -biochemical signals --behavior; structure

Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory of development: 1. The ___ in the middle 2. environment that the individual is embedded in & has close contact with 2a. name 4 examples 3. interconnection between everything & the microsystem 4. has an impact on individual, but no close contact 4a. Links between a social setting in which the individual has a ___ role and their immediate context 4b. name 3 examples 5. attitudes and ideologies of the culture of the individual 6. patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course; sociohistorical conditions 6a. name 2 examples 7. name 3 contributions 8. name 2 criticisms

1. individual 2. microsystem 2a. Family, school, health services, religious group 3. mesosystem 4. exosystem 4a. passive 4b. Neighbors, family friends, mass media 5. macrosystem 6. chronosystem 6a. pandemic, great depression 7. systematic examination of macro and micro dimensions of environmental systems, Attention to connections between environmental systems, Emphasis on a range of social contexts besides family influences child's development 8. Inadequate attention to biological factors, Little emphasis on cognitive factors

1. integrating information from 2 or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing 2. An extreme empiricist position is also ___ 3. The accumulation of experience with and knowledge about their perceptual world contributes to infants' ability to process ___ ___ of people and things ~perceptual-motor coupling: 4. explores how people assemble motor behaviors for perceiving and acting 5. discover how perception guides action 6. action and perception (can/cannot) guide each other 7. perceptual-motor development is prescribed by a genetic plan to follow a fixed and sequential progression of stages in development 7a. Has been replaced by what? 8. infants learn new perceptual-motor couplings by assembling skills for perceiving and acting 9. New perceptual-motor coupling (is/is not) passively accomplished

1. intermodal perception 2. unwarranted 3. coherent perceptions 4. dynamic systems approach 5. ecological approach 6. can 7. genetic determination view 7a. dynamic systems view 8. dynamic systems view 9. is not

The first year - motor development milestones and variations: 1. what was the aspect of pregnancy and delivery that showed the strongest link to reaching motor milestones earlier? 2. Mother's smoking in the ___ trimester of prenatal development was associated with reaching the motor milestones later 3. Increase in size in the ___ year were related to reaching motor milestones earlier 4. ___ also was linked to reaching the milestones earlier 5. The timing of these milestones may vary by as much as ___ months 6. Some infants do not follow the ___ ___ of motor accomplishments 7. The motor accomplishments of the first year bring increasing ___, allowing infants to explore their environment more extensively and to initiate interaction with others more readily

1. larger size at birth 2. last 3. first 4. breastfeeding 5. 2-4 6. standard sequence 7. independence

preterm and low birth weight infants: 1. weigh less than 5 lbs 8 oz at birth 2. less than 3 lbs 4 oz 3. less than 2 lbs 3 oz 4. born 3 weeks before the pregnancy has reached its full term 5. birth weight is below normal when the length of the pregnancy is considered 6. born at less than 28 weeks gestation 7. born at less than 33 weeks of gestational age 8. The number and severity of health problems (increase/decrease) when infants are born very early and very small

1. low birth weight infants 2. very low birth weight 3. extremely low birth weight 4. Preterm infants 5. Small for date/gestational age infants 6. extremely preterm 7. very preterm 8. increase

genes and chromosomes: 1. what 3 processes help genes get passed from generation to generation and end up in all of the trillion cells in the body? 2. All of the cells in your body, except the sperm and egg, have ___ chromosomes arranged in ___ pairs 3. the cell's nucleus duplicates itself and the cell divides; 2 new cells are formed, each containing the same DNA as the original cell 4. forms eggs and sperm (gametes); a cell of the testes or ovaries duplicates its chromosomes but then divides twice, thus forming 4 cells, each of which has only half of the genetic material of the parent cell 5. an egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell (zygote) 5a. In the zygote, 23 unpaired chromosomes from the egg & 23 unpaired chromosomes from the sperm combine to form what?

1. mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization 2. 46; 23 3. mitosis 4. meiosis 5. fertilization 5a. 1 set of 23 paired chromosomes

1. period after childbirth or delivery that lasts for about 6 weeks or until the mother's body has completed its adjustment and has returned to a nearly prepregnant state 1a. When the woman adjusts to the process of ___ 2. major depressive episode that typically occurs about 4 weeks after delivery 2a. many women (do/do not) seek help 2b. Risk factors: history of depression, anxiety during pregnancy, neuroticism, low self-esteem, postpartum blues, poor marital relationship, low level of social support 3. Interaction difficulties of depressed mothers and their infants occur across ___ and ___ ___ ___ groups and encompass less sensitivity of the mothers and less responsiveness on the part of their infants 4. formation of a connection 5. baby remains in the mother's room most of the time during its hospital stay

1. postpartum period 1a. childbearing 2. postpartum depression 2a. do not 3. cultures; SES 4. bonding 5. rooming-in arrangement

development in the second year: 1. In the second year of life, toddlers become (more/less) motorically skilled and mobile 1a. Motor activity is vital to child's ___ development 1b. (Many/few) restrictions, except for safety, should be placed on their adventures 2. ___ months: toddlers can pull a toy attached to a string and use their hands and legs to climb a number of steps 3. ___ months: toddlers can walk quickly or run stiffly for a short distance, balance on feet while squatting, walk backward, kick a ball, throw a ball, and jump in place 4. Most infancy experts are (pro/against) structured exercise classes for babies 5. Mothers in developing countries tend to stimulate their infants' motor skills (more/less) than mothers in more developed countries 6. When caregivers provide babies with physical guidance by physically handling them in special ways or by giving them opportunities for exercise, infants reach motor milestones (earlier/later) 7. Many forms of ___ ___ have been found to produce substantial delays in motor development 8. Some studies of ___ shows slight delays in motor development, but other studies show no delays 9. Infants' development of a skill requires considerable ___ ___ 10. why can't the infant's movement be repeated in the same way over time and in different situations?

1. more 1a. competent 1b. few 2. 13-18 3. 18-24 4. against 5. more 6. earlier 7. restricted movement 8. swaddling 9. behavioral flexibility 10. their bodies, their environments, and their tasks change

~non-experimental research: 1. (most/least) types of research 2. Must be careful about the conclusions that are made because why? ~Trying to describe phenomena (without changing it in any way) as it naturally occurs: 3. Look for and access relationships between ___ 4. Observe phenomena in a ___ or ___ setting 4a. name 3 example 4b. Assess personality and temperament of a child by interviewing ___ -name 3 examples 4c. observe children playing to see if they engage in similar activities at specific ages 5. name 2 strengths 6. name 1 weakness 7. name 2 other non-experimental studies

1. most 2. you aren't working with people ~descriptive research 3. phenomenon 4. natural; field 4a. survey, research, questionnaires 4b. parents -big 5 personality, Beck Depression inventory, Thomas and Chess study 4c. observational 5. Good for when we can't experiment, a jumping off point 6. Correlation is not causation 7. case studies and qualitative research

changes in neurons: 1. nerve cell that handles information processing 2. The ___ carries signals away from the cell body and ___ carry signals toward it 3. layer of fat cells, encases many axons, insulates axons, and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon 4. At the end of the axon are ___ ___, which release chemicals called neurotransmitters into ___, which are tiny gaps between neurons' fibers 5. Neurons change in 2 significant ways during the first years of life: 5a. process of encasing axons with fat cells -Begins prenatally and continues into adolescence and ___ ___ --___ myelination is not completed until 4 or 5 years of age. 5b. Connectivity among neurons increases, creating new ___ ___ 6. New ___ grow, connections among dendrites ___, and synaptic connections between axons and dendrites ___ 7. Nearly ___ as many of these connections are made as will ever be used 8. unused connections are replaced by other pathways or disappear 9. The age at which blooming and pruning of synapses occurs varies by ___ ___

1. neuron 2. axon; dendrites 3. myelin sheath 4. terminal buttons; synapses 5a. myelination -emerging adulthood --auditory 5b. neural pathways 6. dendrites; increase; increase 7. twice 8. pruning 9. brain region

1. controlling genetics and environment 2. adoption, twin, and family studies 3. genetically linked Parents experiences therefore can make a difference for offspring 4. Your genes impact how you interact with the environment. Elicit certain types of environments. 5. Also called niche-picking, children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating and suited for their genetically influenced abilities.

1. nonhuman animal studies 2. human studies 3. Passive genotype-environment correlations 4. Evocative genotype-environment correlations 5. Active genotype-environment correlations

~tobacco: 1. Nicotine travels through the ___ to the fetus 2. Reduces ___ ___ levels to baby 3. associated with: ___ birth weight, placenta ___, ADHD, birth ___, ___ delivery, fetal ___ restriction, and SIDS ~maternal illness: 4. (increase/decrease) the chance that a baby will be born with a birth defect or have a chronic health problem 5. name 7 diseases that are known to potentially have an adverse effect on the fetus 6. If the pregnancy woman contracts ___ during 1st 3 months of pregnancy, damage can occur in the eyes, ears, heart, or brain of the developing fetus 6a. On a positive note, it has been nearly ___ in the industrial world due to the vaccine created in 1969 7. Moms need to stay away from ___ ___ because some have parasites

1. placenta 2. blood oxygen 3. low; previa; defects; preterm; growth 4. increase 5. diabetes, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, rubella, varicella, hypothyroidism, and strep B 6. rubella 6a. eliminated 7. cat litter

1. human traits are ___ 2. human traits are (more/less) complicated than Mendel's peas 3. More than one set of ___ for different traits 4. Genes (do/do not) act independently 5. 10+ for eye color located on chromosome ___ 6. Genes instruct ___ ~genes and chromosomes 7. permanently altered segment of DNA 8. make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or accelerated aging 8a. (increases/decreases) likelihood, no guarantee 9. make the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age

1. polygenic 2. more 3. genes 4. do not 5. 15 6. proteins 7. mutated gene 8. susceptibility genes 8a. increases 9. longevity genes

~sleep and cognitive development: 1. There is a (negative/positive) link between infant sleep and cognitive functioning 2. This link likely occurs because of sleep's role in ___ ___ and ___ ___, which may improve daytime alertness and learning ~nutritional needs and eating behavior: 3. Nutritionists recommend that infants consume appx ___ calories per day for each pound they weigh 4. As motor skills improve, infants change to chew and swallow movements with ___ and more ___ foods 4a. They also transition toward ___ ~breast vs bottle feeding 5. For the first ___ months of life, human milk or an alternative formula is the baby's source of nutrients and energy 6. AAP recommends that an infant be breastfed exclusively for the first ___ months 7. The growing consensus is that breastfeeding is (better/worse) for the baby's health 8. Since the 1970s, breast feeding by US mothers has (increased/decreased)

1. positive 2. brain maturation; memory consolidation 3. 50 4. semisolid; complex 4a. self-feeding 5. 4-6 6. 6 7. better 8. increased

~stress: 1. Maternal stress has been associated with poor birth outcomes including what 3 things? 2. Stress results in increases in what 3 things which affect the fetal environment and have implications for maternal and infant health? 3. why might high levels of maternal stress may help explain some of the socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities seen in rates of preterm birth? ~diet: 4. ___ ___ (complex vitamin B) prevents neural tube defects 5. Need ___ micrograms/day 6. Study of 34.000 women ___% lower risk of 20-28 weeks and ___% lower risk of 28-32 weeks

1. preterm birth, infant mortality, and low birthweight 2. cortisol, norepinephrine, and inflammation 3. because the experience of social disadvantage and minority status is characterized by higher levels of stress 4. folic acid 5. 400 6. 70%; 50%

1. synthetic hormone similar to progesterone that is associated with reduction in preterm births 2. ___ can reduce the likelihood of preterm birth 3. ___ who give birth when their bodies have not fully matured are at increased risk for having low birth weight babies 4. Increased number of low birth weights is due to what 4 things? 5. skin to skin contact in which the baby, wearing only a diaper, is held upright against the parent's bare chest

1. progestin 2. exercise 3. adolescents 4. drug use, poor nutrition, multiple births, reproductive technologies 5. kangaroo care

~malnutrition in infancy: 1. Early weaning of infants from breast milk to inadequate sources of nutrients can cause ___ ___ and malnutrition in infants 2. ___ and ___ malnutrition is detrimental to physical, cognitive, and social development 3. ___ can benefit individuals who have experienced malnutrition in infancy ~built in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements which are automatic and beyond control: 4. ___ carried survival mechanisms 5. infant's cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched 5a. what is the purpose? 6. newborns automatically suck an object placed in their mouth 6a. what are the 2 purposes? 7. occurs in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement 7a. When ___, the newborn arches its back, throws back its head, and flings out its arms and legs 7b. It is believed to be a way of grabbing for support while ___ 8. Some reflexes ___ throughout life 9. occurs when something touches the infant's palms; the infant responds by grasping tightly 9a. does not ___, but instead turns into a complex, ___ action 10. Allow infants to respond ___ to their environment

1. protein deficiency 2. severe; lengthy 3. interventions ~reflexes 4. genetically 5. rooting reflex 5a. direct the infant to turn its head toward something to suck 6. sucking reflex 6a. enables newborns to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food. It also serves as a self-soothing or self-regulating mechanism. 7. Moro reflex 7a. startled 7b. falling 8. persist 9. grasping 9a. disappear; voluntary 10. adaptively

fetal period: 1. characterized by ___ ___ 2. Organs become more ___ and begin working 3. Interconnection between body parts become more ___ and ___ 4. Brain becomes more ___ 5. Gain height/weight: ___ lbs and ___ inches long 6. why don't babies gain this much weight until later?

1. rapid development 2. differentiated 3. complex; integrated 4. sophisticated 5. 7.5; 20 6. so that the mother doesn't carry around that much weight the whole time

genetic impact: 1. Most mutated genes that cause problems are ___ 2. ___ depends on gene(s) that have been impacted ~sex-linked genes: 3. When a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome 4. Most X-linked inherited diseases manifest in ___ who have only one X chromosome 4a. name 3 examples 5. Some disorders happen during ___ 6. what are the 2 leading cause of cognitive deficits? 7. There are over ___ gene linked disorders

1. recessive 2. genes 3. X-linked inheritance 4. males 4a. hemophilia, color blindness, and muscular dystrophy 5. meiosis 6. Fragile X syndrome & Down syndrome 7. 7,000

1. All human body cells have a nucleus with chromosomes except which 3 cells types? 2. how many pairs of how many chromosomes? 3. Body cells duplicate themselves (make exact replicas or ___ cells) to grow/repair tissues through mitosis 4. Human sex cells (___) are formed through cellular division or meiosis 4a. has only ___ the number of chromosomes 5. All body cells reproduce themselves this way (except neurons) 5a. Through this copying process, occasionally ___ are made -can cause what 2 problems? 6. the haploid cells created have unique combinations of chromosomes and genes (not duplicates of mom/dad) 6a. Over ___ million different combinations 6b. The more ___, the more likely the offspring will survive -name 2 reasons why this is important in nature

1. red blood cells and some hair/nail cells 2. 23 pairs of chromosomes 3. daughter 4. gametes 4a. 1/2 5. mitosis 5a. mistakes -cancer and cell death 6. meiosis 6a. 8 6b. diversity -natural selection & survival of the fittest

1. information interacts with sensory receptors such as the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin 1a. name 1 example 2. interpretation of what is sensed 2a. name 1 example 3. decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus 4. recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation 5. name 3 measures researchers use in habituation studies ~2 types of perceptual constancy: 6. recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object 6a. name 1 example 6b. when does it develop? 7. recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes 7a. name 1 example 7b. ___ month olds have shape constancy, but they do not have it for irregularly shaped objects

1. sensation 1a. waves of pulsating air are collected by the outer ear and transmitted through the bones of the inner ear to the auditory nerve 2. perception 2a. air waves that contact the ears might be interpreted as noise or as musical sounds 3. habituation 4. dishabituation 5. sucking behavior, heart and respiration rates, and the length of time the infant looks at an object 6. size constancy 6a. When you move away from a bicycle, you do not perceive it to be shrinking even though its image on your retinas shrinks; you perceive its size as constant 6b. 3 months to 10 years olf 7. shape constancy 7a. Even though your retinal image of the objects in your room changes as you walk and look, you will still perceive the objects as having the same shape 7b. 3

freudian psychoanalytic theory: 1. Describe development as primarily ___ and heavily colored by ___ 2. ___ is a surface characteristic, and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand it 3. the theory that early experiences with parents extensively shape development and personality (does/does not) live on today 3a. which theory connects to this? 4. first ___ years of life shape personality 5. name 4 strengths 6. name 4 weaknesses 7. t or f? Some clinical psychologists still use psychotherapy

1. unconscious; emotion 2. behavior 3. does 3a. attachment 4. 5 5. Great impact on culture, Developmental framework, Family relationships, Unconscious aspects of mind 6. Not testable or falsifiable, Lack of scientific support, Too much emphasis on sexual underpinnings, Negative view of human beings 7. true

factors linked to SIDS: 1. Occurs more often in infants with abnormal brain stem functioning involving the neurotransmitter ___ 2. ___ ___ are estimated to occur in as many as 15% of SIDS cases 3. 6% of infants with ___ ___ die of SID 4. ___ is linked to a lower incidence 5. ___ ___ ___ infants are 5-10x more likely to die of SIDS 6. More likely to occur in infants who do not use a ___ when they go to sleep 7. Infants whose ___ have died of SIDS are 2-4x as likely to die of it 8. ___ ___ and ___ infants are 4-6x as likely to die of SIDS 9. More common in lower ___ groups 10. More common in infants exposed to ___ ___ 11. More common when infants and parents share the same ___ 12. More common if infants sleep in ___ bedding 13. Less common when infants sleep in a bedroom with a ___

1. serotonin 2. heart arrhythmias 3. sleep apnea 4. breastfeeding 5. low birth weight 6. pacifier 7. siblings 8. African American; Eskimo 9. SES 10. cigarette smoke 11. bed 12. soft 13. fan

1. Human life begins as a ___ ___ 2. The nucleus of each cell contains ___ 3. Threadlike structures made up of DNA 4. Complex double-helix molecule that contains genetic code or information 5. Units of hereditary information composed of DNA 5a. name 2 functions

1. single cell 2. chromosomes 3. chromosomes 4. DNA 5. genes 5a. Help cells reproduce themselves, Manufacture the proteins that maintain life

1. a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens 1a. made up of what 3 things? 2. there is an (increase/decrease) in children who grow up in poverty since 2001 3. the US percentage of children living in poverty is much (higher/lower) than the rates of other developed countries 4. ethnic minority children are (more/less) likely to experience persistent poverty over many years and live in isolated poor neighborhoods

1. social policy 1a. values, economics, and politics 2. increase 3. higher 4. more

freudian psychoanalytic theory: 1. adult personality is determined by how conflicts at each stage between sources of pleasure and the demands of reality are resolved 2. Unresolved conflict leads to ___ 3. which 2 stages are up until toddler hood? 4. name the 5 drives 5. name the 5 stages 6. name the stage name, time period, and location of pleasure centers for stage 1 7. name the stage name, time period, example, and location of pleasure centers for stage 2 8. name the stage name, time period, example, and location of pleasure centers for stage 3 9. name the stage name, time period, and example, for stage 4 10. name the stage name, time period, and example, for stage 5

1. stages of development 2. fixations 3. oral and anal 4. food, water, hunger, sex, pleasure 5. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital 6. oral stage, Birth to 1.5 years, Infant's pleasure centers on the mouth 7. anal stage, 1.5 to 3 years, Potty training, Child's pleasure focuses on the anus 8. phallic stage, 3-6 years, Child's pleasure focuses on the genitals, Wants to get dad out of the way bc they want mom 9. latency stage, 6-puberty, Child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills 10. genital stage, Puberty onward, A time of sexual reawakening: source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family

1. Using a ___ variable as an independent variable = age (not randomly assigned; quasi experimental) 2. name 1 strength of longitudinal research 3. name 2 weaknesses of longitudinal research 4. collecting data from many different individuals at a single point in time 5. two or more groups of individuals of different ages are compared over a period of time (combination of cross sectional and longitudinal)

1. subject 2. seeing development over a lifespan 3. hard to keep track of subjects, expensive 4. cross-sectional design 5. cross-sequential design

1. what are 3 requirements for research methods in psychology? 2. relying on observation 2a. (objective/subjective) and structured 2b. ___ driven 3. open to scrutiny from other knowledgeable people 3a. making sure it can have the same results over and over 4. ___ & self-correcting

1. systematic empiricism, publicly verifiable, and testable 2. empiricism 2a. objective 2b. theory 3. peer review 3a. replication 4. falsifiable

~observation: 1. name 4 sets of skills 2. name 2 places we can make observations 3. controlled setting where many of the complex factors of the real world are absent 4. observing behavior in real-world settings, making no effort to manipulate or control the situation 4a. name 3 examples 4b. explain the museum findings ~other methods: 5. has uniform procedures for administration and scoring 6. in-depth look at a single individual

1. systematic, know what we are looking for, know who we are observing, how the observations will be recorded 2. laboratory or the everyday world 3. laboratory 4. naturalistic observations 4a. Sporting events, child-care centers, work settings 4b. Parents were far more likely to engage boys than girls in explanatory talk in a science museum 5. standardized test 6. case study

teratology and hazards to prenatal development: 1. any agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively alter physical, cognitive, and behavioral developmental outcomes 2. It is estimated that ___% of all birth defects are caused by a prenatal exposure or teratogen 3. Teratogen damage and severity depends on what 3 things? 3a. how much are you exposed to 3b. we don't know how this functions, but some embryos are more susceptible than others 3c. where are you in your pregnancy, where is the embryo in its development --Various parts of the body (are/are not) more sensitive to teratogens at different stages of development 4. name 4 negative effects of exposure during fetal period 5. You (can/cannot) bank the blood from the umbilical cord 5a. what is the reason you would want to do this? 5b. Researchers look at this to see where ___ ___ came from to affect their baby

1. teratogen 2. 10 3. dose, genetic susceptibility, and time exposure 3a. dose 3b. genetic susceptibility 3c. time exposure --are 4. Stunted growth, Fetal brain development problems, Organ functioning problems, and A lot of bad things happen during organogenesis & in the embryonic period 5. can 5a. stem cells can help with or be donated to research 5b. environmental toxins

true or false: 1. The environment can have an impact on our genes 2. Development is static - once you are an adult development stops 3. Culture does not affect development 4. Physical development is independent of psychological or cognitive development 4a. Once babies start using their hands, it helps them develop cognitively because they start figuring things out 5. Even very young children influence their environment 5a. Physiologically negative effect when there is a crying baby on the airplane 6. All humans share 99.9% of their genetic makeup 7. It is impossible to spoil a baby 8. Personality is set by adulthood

1. true 2. false 3. false 4. false 4a. true 5. true 5a. true 6. true 7. true 8. false

stages of birth: ~stage 1: 1. what happens? 2. (shortest/longest) stage 3. Contractions are ___ minutes apart at the beginning and last up to ___ 4. cause a woman's cervix to stretch open; also called what 2 things? 5. Contractions get (closer/further) as first stage progresses ~stage 2: 6. what happens? 7. when is the stage over? 8. With each contraction, the mother ___ 9. how long does it last? ~stage 3: 10. what is it called? 11. what 3 things are detached and expelled?

1. uterine contractions 2. longest 3. 15-20; 1 minute 4. dilation and effacement 5. closer 6. baby's head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal 7. when the baby is completely out 8. pushes 9. 45 min-1 hour 10. afterbirth 11. Placenta, umbilical cord, and other members

series chemical tags that lie on top of your genes - it tells your body which genes to read and how often (turns genes on and off): 1. Unlike your genes which are ___, the epigenes can and do change throughout life 2. changes in epigenome are influenced by ___ 3. name 4 examples of things that impact how your genes are expressed 4. Epigenetics is a big reason why identical twins begin to look different with ___ 5. Development results from ___ exchanges between heredity and all levels of environment 6. Genes affect ___ and experiences 7. Experiences and behavior affect ___ ___ 8. Environment has impact on what ___ are made within cells and they switch genes on or off 9. We now know that ___ ___ stay in place 10. This explains how genetic info passes from generation to generation (___ isn't changed but ___ is) 11. ___ ___ therefore can make a difference for offspring

epigenome 1. permanent 2. environment 3. Stress, diet, exercise, sleep quality 4. age 5. bidirectional exchanges 6. behavior 7. gene expression 8. proteins 9. epigenetic tags 10. DNA; epigenome 11. parent's experiences

~finely tuned movements including grasping a toy, using a spoon, or buttoning a shirt: 1. Infants (do/do not) have hardly any control over fine motor skills at birth 2. During the first ___ years of life, infants refine how they reach and grasp 3. Infants (do/do not) have to see their own hands in order to reach for an object 4. infants grip with the whole hand 5. toward the end of the first year, infants also grasp small objects with their thumb and forefinger 6. ___ plays a role in reaching and grasping 7. Infants who participated in sessions with sticky mittens grasped and manipulated objects (earlier/later) in their development 7a. The infants who had worn the sticky mittens ___ at objects longer, ___ at them more during visual contact, and were more likely to ___ the objects 8. Infants need to ___ their gross motor skills and fine motor skills 9. Many develop the ___ grip and begin to ___ at the same time 10. why is tool use an excellent context for studying problem solving in infants?

~fine motor skills 1. do not 2. 2 3. do not 4. palmar grasp 5. pincer grasp 6. experience 7. earlier 8. looked; swatted; mouth 9. pincer; crawl 10. tool use provides information about how infants plan to reach a goal