Exam 1: Ch 17 & 18
Place the events of how a lipid-soluble hormone affects a cell in order. Start with the earliest event first.
1) Lipid soluble hormone binds to intracellular receptor 2) Hormone-receptor complex binds with hormone-response element 3) mRNA is synthesized 4) mRNA is translated into a new protein
The normal range that is the density or average number over cubic millimeter of whole blood, for platelets is _______/mm3.
150,000-400,00uL
new erythrocytes are produced at a rate of__
3 millions per second
Pancreatic islets form only 1% of the column of the pancreas, yet contain ____ cell types.
4
The average density, that is the number per unit of whole blood, of erythrocytes, is ______ uL/mm3 in adult females and _____ uL/mm3 in adult males.
4.8; 5.4 million
The normal range that is the density or average number per cubic millimeter of whole blood, for leukocytes is _____ uL/mm3.
4500-11000
How many of the 7 anterior pituitary hormones are tropic hormones?
5
Albumin constitutes about ______ of all plasma proteins.
58%
from myeloid stem cell to erythrocyte, the process of erythropoiesis takes
6-7 days
About ____ of plasma is made of plasma proteins.
7%
Plasma is composed of about _____ % water
92
What is the abbreviation of the hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex?
ACTH
Which hormone triggers the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex?
ACTH
What disease did JFK have?
Addison's disease
The hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus to the
Adenohypophysis
Contributes to the transport function of blood
Alpha globulins, beta globulins, regulatory proteins, albumins
As a result of the general stress response, blood concentration of epinephrine
And cortisol rise
The zona reticular is secretes
Androgens
The liver releases ____ which will become angiotensin 2.
Angiotensinogen
As thyroid hormones rise in the bloodstream, the _____ pituitary stops secreting TSH.
Anterior
The pituitary gland portion that both produces and secretes hormones is the
Anterior pituitary
Target cels for releasing hormones are in the
Anterior pituitary gland
Eicosanoids are locally acting hormones. If they target the same cells from which they were released, this is an example of _____ stimulation.
Autocrine
Which of the following describes lymphocyte maturation?
B-lymphoblasts develop into B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes develop from T-lymphoblasts
Lipid-soluble hormones...
Bind to a DNA molecule, initiating transcription of a gene
Amines that are small hormones produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid are called...
Biogenic/mono amines
Chronically elevated blood glucose levels damage
Blood vessels
Endocrine glands secrete their products directly into the...
Bloodstream
The ____ cells are the source of the parathyroid hormone, PTH.
Chief
Osmotic pressure due to plasma proteins is called ____ osmotic pressure.
Colloid
The lumen of the thyroid follicle is made of protein-rich fluid called
Colloid
Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to
Conserve sodium and excrete potassium
ACTH
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
What hormone produced in the adrenal cortex increases blood sugar levels?
Cortisol
Syndrome that is characterized by obesity, moon face, buffalo hump is called
Cushing
As thyroid hormones increase body temperature, TRH release is ________.
Decreased
When the thyroid hormone levels rise in the bloodstream, the thyroid gland
Decreases secretion of TH
Steroid
Derived from cholesterol and lipid-soluble
If a target cell is continually overstimulated by a hormone, it will decrease the number of receptors it has through ____ regulation.
Down
If the alpha cells of the pancreas are destroyed, blood sugar levels will
Drop
Glands that are ductless organs that secrete their products directly into the bloodstream are called...
Endocrine glands
If a female baby is born with androgential syndrome, she will exhibit which of the following symptoms?
Enlarged clitoris, increased ACTH
A lipid-soluble hormone passes freely through the plasma membrane and
Enters the nucleus, where it binds to the DNA molecule
In whole blood are responsible for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Erythrocytes and plasma
Select all that are released from platelets upon degranulation during platelet plug formation.
Erythropoietin, cAMP
The female ovaries produce the female sex hormones...
Estrogen and progesterone
Which of the following hormones influence both the male and female reproductive systems by regulating hormones produced in the gonads and the maturation of genes?
FSH and LH
What bones grow in acromegaly?
Face, feet, hands
The middle layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona
Fasciculata
Glucagon causes adipose cells to release what macromolecule into the bloodstream?
Fatty acids
Following trauma to the walls of blood vessels, ______ is converted into long, insoluble strands of fibrin, which helps to form a blood clot.
Fibrinogen
If thrombin levels were low, coagulation would be difficult because
Formation of insoluble fibrin would be slow
In a signal transduction pathway, once a hormone binds to a receptor on the cell surface, it can activate a complex called the ____ protein.
G
In signal transduction, adenylate cyclase is activated by a
G protein
In signal transduction, adenylate cyclase is activated by a...
G protein
Which is reduced as a consequence of an aging endocrine system?
GH levels sex hormone levels muscle mass
Homeostatic mechanisms controlling growth hormone involve negative feedback by GH and what other hormone?
GHIH
Cells of the pancreatic islets that are stimulated by protein digestion in the digestive tract and procure pancreatic polypeptide are
Gamma cells
The outer most layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona
Glomerulosa
Pancreatic alpha cells secrete
Glucagon
The alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete the hormone
Glucagon
Addison's disease occurs when there is a chronic shortage of ___ in the body.
Glucocorticoids
Cushing syndrome results from chronic exposure of the body's tissues to excessive levels of which of the following?
Glucocorticoids
The zona fasciculata synthesizes a group of hormones called
Glucocorticoids
FSH and LH
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
multi-step signal transduction pathways provide __________ opportunities to regulate pathway activity than direct pathways.
Greater
Somatotropin is another name for _____ hormone.
Growth
When a water-soluble hormone binds to the target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can result in which of the following?
Growth, activation of enzyme pathways, and increased secretions
The life of a hormone is the amount of time it takes for the blood concentration to reach 50% of what was originally secreted is called the _____ life.
Half
The red pigmented protein in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide is called
Hemoglobin
Is the process that deals with enzymatic degradation of hormones and removal of the hormone from the blood by excretion or uptake into the target cells.
Hormone elimination
The endocrine system uses __________ to maintain homeostasis.
Hormones/feedback
The effects of hyperthyroidism include
Hyperactivity, weight loss, increased metabolic rate
Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the
Hypothalamus
The master control center of the endocrine system is the
Hypothalamus
Leukocytes and plasma protein protect the body against potentially harmful substances which are also part of the
Immune system
Glucagon _____ glucose levels within in the blood.
Increase
Increased cortisol levels in the body will result in which of the following?
Increased blood fatty acid levels, Decreased glucose uptake by most cells of the body, increased blood sugar levels
When a waters-soluble hormone binds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can result in which of the following?
Increased permeability of the cell membrane, and muscle contraction
Antidiuretic hormone
Increases water retention from renal tubes
The thyroid gland is located _____ to the larynx and is composed of two lobes connected by a narrow band of tissue called the ______.
Inferior; isthmus
The structure that extends from the base of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland is the
Infundibulum
Is what stimulates the formation of fibrin.
Injury to blood vessel wall
GH stimulates the release of ___ from the liver.
Insulin-like factors
____ must be combined with thyroglobulin in the colloid to produce thyroid hormones
Iodine
Scattered amount the pancreatic acini are small clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic
Islets
Select all the characteristics of a reticulocyte
It is synthesizing hemoglobin, its only organelles are ribosomes, mitochondria and the nucleus, it may be found circulating in the blood
In signal transduction, activated adenylate cyclase increase cAMP levels which then activates the enzyme protein _____ A.
Kinase
Which hormone is released by adipose tissue and is associated with decreasing appetite?
Leptin
The only formed elements that are uncleared when mature are the
Leukocytes
Lipid-soluble hormones are
Lipophilic
Glucagon causes target cells in the ____ to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream.
Liver
Growth hormone is considered a tropic hormone because it stimulates the ____ to produce insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2.
Liver
Which organ produces angiosinogen?
Liver
A hormone with an effect that lasts for days would have a
Long half-life
Glucagon is released in response to ____ blood glucose levels
Low
Under the influence of thrombopoietin, a mega kart oblast becomes a
Megakaryocyte
The hormone gland that the pineal gland secretes in
Melatonin
The zona glomerulose synthesizes a group of hormones collectively called
Mineralocorticoids
Biogenic amine
Modified amino acids and water-soluble
A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is ______.
Molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones
Th substance that stimulates the myeloid stem cell to form the progenitor cell of thrombopoiesis is
Multi-CSF
In order the substances that stimulate monocytes development and maturation are
Multi-CSF, GM-CSF, M-CSF
Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops. Most often, this takes the form of
Negative feedback inhibition
The nervous system uses nerve impulses and ___________ to transmit information.
Neurotransmitters
In males, ___ may influence the production of androgens
PRL (prolactin)
Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
Pancreas
Eicosanoids are locally acting hormones. If the target cells neighboring those from which they are released, this is an example of ______ stimulation.
Paracrine
An example of a peptide hormone is...
Parathyroid hormone
Which two hypothalamic nuclei are associated with the posterior pituitary gland?
Paraventricular and supraoptic
The class of hormones called _____ hormones are formed from chains of amino acids.
Peptide/protein
In the signal transduction pathway, activated F proteins can then activate which of the following enzymes?
Phospholipids C, adenylate cyclase
In whole blood plays the greatest role in maintaining norma fluid levels in the cardiovascular system and preventing fluid loss.
Plasma
The liquid portion of whole blood is called ______; the liquid portion of blood has had clotting proteins removed is called ____.
Plasma; serum
Formed elements of the blood that live n average for 8-10 days are
Platelets
Components of whole blood are more correctly called "formed elements" rather than "cells" because
Platelets are just cell fragments and mature erythrocytes don't have a nucleus or organelles.
Antidiuretic hormone is released by the
Posterior pituitary
The hypothalamus produces two hormones that are stored in and release by the
Posterior; pituitary
In females, _____ regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production.
Prolactin
Up regulation of a target cell can occur in response to
Prolonged decrease in the level of the hormone
Down regulation of a target cell can occur in response to
Prolonged increase in the level of a hormone
The processes of megakarocytes from which platelets are derived, extend between endothelial cells of blood vessels and are called
Proplatelets
The component of plasma least likely to be present in the same amount of interstitial fluid is
Protein
The formed elements of blood that live, on average, for 120 days are
RBCs
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) produced by the heart has which of the following functions?
Regulates blood Na levels and blood volume
The inner most region of the adrenal cortex is called the zona_____.
Reticularis
GH stimulates liver cells to increase gluconeogenesis; as a result, blood sugar levels...
Rise
Once activated by G proteins, phospholipase C creates DAG and IP3 which are considered to be to ______ messengers.
Second
Protein
Short chains of amino acids and water-soluble
Plasma and interstitial fluid have _____ concentrations of nutrients and waste product
Similar
Which organ releases secretin and cholecystokinin?
Small intestine
Which of the following hormones are lipid soluble?
Steroids and thyroid hormone
Tropic hormones
Stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones
Thyroid follicular cels synthesize a glycoproteins called
TGB
Insufficient iodine will result in the anterior pituitary producing an excess of
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
goiters can result even though the pituitary releases more ________ because the lack of ________ prevents the thyroid from producing the needed TH
TSH, iodine
Thyroid hormones increase metabolism and increase body
Temperature
An up-regulated cell has an increase in
The number of receptors available of binding
The heaviest component of blood is
The red blood cells
An example of a biogenic amine hormone is _______ hormone.
Thyroid
TSH is also called
Thyrotropin
The overall function of alpha globulins and beta globulins include
Transporting metals, ions, hormones and water-insoluble molecules
Check all that are functions of the blood in the body.
Transports oxygen from the lungs to body cells. Transports carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. Regulates body temperature.
True or False: Goiters often need to be surgically removed since iodine restoration won't result in their decrease.
True
True or False: One advantage of signal transduction pathway is that the binding of a few hormone molecules can affect millions of molecules within the cell.
True
True or False: The function of the oxyphil cells of the parathyroid gland is not known.
True
If a target cell is continually under stimulated by a particular hormone it has receptors, it will increase the number of receptors it has through ____ regulation.
Up
The formed elements of blood that have an average life span that varies form 12 hours to years are
WBCs
Which of the following are symptoms associated with hypothyroidism?
Weight gain, sluggishness, feeling cold
Secretion of insulin causes
a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose
Which are characteristics of type O blood?
a,b,e (has anti-A antibodies, has anti-B antibodies, has neither surface A nor B on its erythrocytes)
In a signal transduction pathway, activated G proteins can then activate which of the following enzymes?
adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C
The four classes of plasma proteins are ___, ___, ___, and regulatory proteins
albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
principle mineralocorticoid is
aldosterone
Modified cardiac muscle cells in the atrium secrete the hormone
atrial naturetic peptide ANP
Both parathyroid hormone and ________ increase blood calcium.
calcitriol
Ultraviolet light is involved in the synthesis of
calcitriol
Division of blood stem cells and their development into more specific and committed precursor cells is stimulated by
colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), hormones and growth factors
Blood is described based on which of the following physical characteristics
color, volume, viscosity, plasma concentration, temperature, pH
Androgenital syndrome is caused by an inability to produce the hormones called
corticosteroids
The adrenal cortex synthesizes over 25 hormones collectively referred to as
corticosteroids
Chronic inflammation is often treated with the glucocorticoid called
cortisol
The most common glucocorticoids are
cortisol and corticosterone
Which of the following factors is the initial stimulus for the release of EPO?
decrease in blood oxygen
Acinar cells of the pancreas produce an alkaline pancreatic juice that aids in
digestions
Pancreatic juice is secreted through the pancreatic ducts into the
duodenum
Identify components of plasma that will be found in similar concentrations to that of interstitial fluid
electrolytes, nutrients, wast products
As a mixed, or heterocrine gland, the pancreas has both ___ and ___ functions
endocrine and exocrine
The hormone secreted by the kidneys is
erythropoietin
The wall of each thyroid follicle is formed by simple cuboidal epithelial cells called _________ cells.
follicular
Too much growth hormone in childhood causes pituitary ______.
gigantism
If you haven't eaten in a long while and your blood glucose levels are low, your pancreas will release _____.
glucagon
As the body attempts to resist stress and repair injured or damaged tissues, it releases increased levels of which corticosteroids?
glucocorticoids
what class of corticosteroids stimulates the metabolism of lipids and proteins?
glucocorticoids
Which are characteristic of type A blood?
has anti B antibodies has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes will agglutinate with blood type B
What is the name of the endocrine mode of reflex stimulation that releases hormones due to direct stimulation from changing levels of nutrients or ions in the blood?
humoral stimulation
If one is administered high doses of corticosterone, they may experience which of the following side effects?
immunosuppression
The kidneys secrete a hormone that performs which of the following functions?
increase in red blood cell numbers
Elevated levels of glucagon result in which of the following
increased glycogenolysis, increased lipolysis, increased blood sugar levels
Melatonin secretion from the pineal gland ____ at night and ___ during the day.
increases, decreases
Beta cells secrete ____ when blood glucose levels are elevated
insulin
Which hormone is associated with stimulating appetite?
leptin
The Buffy coat consists of
leukocytes and platelets
Which of the following hormones are considered gonadotropins?
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
If a women has an overactive zona reticularis, she will experience which of the following?
masculinization
MSH stands for
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
ADH and oxytocin are secreted by
neurosecretory cells
Which of the following hormones are made in the hypothalamus?
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The pancreas is composed mostly of groups of cells called
pancreatic acini
Platelets are formed from
pieces of the megakaryocyte breaking off.
Normally the concentration of protein is higher in _____ than in ____.
plasma and interstitial fluid
Which components of whole blood provide protective functions for the body?
plasma, platelets, leukocytes
Which components of whole blood provide protective functions for the body?
platelets, leukocytes, plasma
Aldosterone stimulates Na+ ____ and K+ _____.
retention, secretion
Delta cells of the pancreatic islets synthesize ____ also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone.
somatostatin
The kidneys secrete a hormone that performs which of the following functions?
stimulate production of red blood cells
The posterior pituitary gland releases hormones into
the bloodstream
Identify the substance that stimulates events in the platelet developmental pathway.
thrombopoietin
