EXAM 1 (CH.1-4)

According to the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (fire), which of the following are violated when any attempt is. made to limit the speech of anyone

-Bill of Rights -Doctrine of Free Speech

Which of the following have always been a mainstay in the popular media?

-Comfortable middle classes -affluent upper-class people

Identify the true statements about modern economic systems

-Corporations are large and bureaucratic -Ownership and management are separated

which of the following are reflected in the tendency toward hyphenation among ethnoracial minorities? (Asian-American, Native-American)

-Group identity -Political Power

Which of the following is a true statement about bisexuality?

-It continues to be a fluid identity long after its first application -it is especially interesting because it lacks social confirmation

Identify the true statements about structural functionalism

-It states that aspects of social life that do not contribute to social order will eventually disappear -It states that aspects of social life that persist must persist because they contribute somehow to the continued existence of society

In the context of the 19th-century economic systems, which of the following are true statements about a capitalist system

-Most jobs were either on farms or in factories -Ownership of property and control of labor were synonymous

Which of the following scenarios illustrate the concept of an achieved status?

-Tamara is a sports journalist -Samson is a physicist

identify the true statements about derogatory terms

-a few racial slurs have undergone inversion and have been repossessed by the target group of these slurs -a sense of group identity can sometimes be derived from the retention of derogatory terms

identify the ways in which the media promote stereotypes of masculinity and femininity

-by choosing which kinds of men and women to portray -by choosing which kinds of stories and programs to run

identify the true statements about the use of the term recognition in the context of tribes that existed in the U.S. after the 1870s

-it described a political relationship between a tribe and the U.S. government -it meant that a tribe has certain limitations and obligations -it meant that a tribe is entitled to some privileges

Identify the true statements about working class people in the U.S.

-most of them don't attend college -most of them don't own their own homes

which of the following can serve as cultural capital for a person?

-physical appearance -family name

Identify the dual stereotypes related to the portrayal of modern women in U.S. advertising, fashion, television, music video games, and films

-the perfect wife and mother and the triumphant career woman -the seductive sex object

identify the views of a constructionist on intermediate sexes

-they emphasize that the reality of sex and gender is created and experience differently in different societies -they imply that the third or fourth graders constitute part of a culturally constructed reality that recognizes statuses apart from man and woman

In the context of political correctness in language, identify the efforts to rectify real or alleged discrimination in society

-using euphemistic terms for members of of particular ethnic, racial, religious, gender, sexual, and ability groups Avoiding the use of gender-or-sexually exclusive language

identify the ways in which the priority of men in society and in the English language is reinforced

-using non-gendered words like congressperson, waitperson, or spokesperson -using the words lady, female, or woman as noun modifiers -using female versions of certain words created as extensions of existing male terms

symbol

According to Charon (1998), it is something used to represent or stand for something else

Identify a true statement about Erik Olin Wright's view on class conflict

He believed that societies have multiple lines of class conflict

According to Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary, in the context of ethnoracial language, which of the following is a meaning of the word white?

Innocent

Which of the following is a true statement about gender-neutral socialization?

It advocates see no biological reason, except for a few differences, to distinguish between what males and females can do

Racial Identity

It is something that can be used to divide people into mutually exclusive groups

Identify a result of fostering ethnoracial divisions among workers by capitalists

It prevents workers from unifying

In the context of interactions among people, identify a true statement about symbols

They are powerful social constructions

In the context of Karl Marx's conflict theory, identify a characteristic of workers:

They neither own the means of production nor have the ability to purchase the labor of others

In the context of peer influence on young people, identify a true statement about peer groups

They reinforce the lessons about social identity learned at home

According to Cherney and London (2006), one study of children between the ages of 5 and 13 found that

boys leisure preferences become slight more masculine as they get older

Which of the following components of identity and inequality is least likely to be attributed to innate biological or anatomical traits?

class

Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (fire)

committed to abolishing all offensive speech codes on college campuses

in the context of the effect of bio predisposition on gender identity, a study on the differences in the behaviors of male and female newborns and infants revealed that

consistent sex differences in the achievement of fundamental developmental milestones appear within the first year of life

identities

definitional categories used to specify, both to ourselves and to others, who we are

gender

designates the psychological, social, and cultural aspects of masculinity and femininity

the structural-functionalist perspective of inequality

does not give an acknowledgment of the interconnected roles that economic and political institutions play in creating and maintaining a stratified society

multiculturalism

emphasizes the importance of maintaining those cultural elements that give people variety and make them different from one another

A perspective of inequality proposed by Karl Marx and Fridrich Engles states that a system of stratification allows members of the dominant group to:

exploit those in subordinate positions

According to Karl Marx and Freidrich Engles, the phenomen in which people in power have access to the means necessary to create and promote a reality that justifies their exploitative action is known as

false consciousness

identify the linguistic expressions that render female invisible

fellowship, chairman

the conflict perspective of inequality

gives an acknowledgement of the interconnected roles that economic and political institutions play in creating and maintaining a stratified society

a feature of the issue of political correctness is that it is ___

gives importance to the rights of people who are the direct or indirect targets of offensive remarks

a culture where heterosexuality is assumed to be the normal, taken-for-granted mode of sexual expression is considered

heteronormative

most researchers of race and the media argue that ___

images of ethnoracial minorities, in general, have improved over time

sexual orientation

indicate s the sex for whom a person feels erotic and romantic desire

In the context of the theories of inequality, structural-functionalist states that _______

inequality is inevitable and necessary in society

Class standing is perceived by many people as

inseparable from race and gender

Individuals in whom anatomical sexual differentiation is either incomplete or unclear are referred to as

intersexuals

gender neutral socialization

is the process of bringing up boys and girls to have both male and female traits and behaviors

Sex

is typically used to refer to the biological markers of maleness or femaleness

Ethnic identity

it is something that is learned from other people

Which of the following is a true statement about pro-ana website?

it provides young women with inspirational messages about the appeal of extreme thinness

cultures and civilizations would be impossible without symbols, of which _____ is the most important type

language

which among the following belong to the middle class in the US?

lawyers

A study of Davis (2003) of 467 TV commercials shown between children's cartoons found that ___

male characters are more likely than female characters to be in a major role

In 1973, DSM of APA listed homosexuality as a

mental illness associated with psychopathic personality disorders

the ___ in the U.S. is likely to include college-educated managers, supervisors, executives, small business owners, and professionals

middle class

Terms used to refer to people outside the sexual mainstream have throughout history expressed ___

moral, spiritual, legal, or psychiatric condemnation

According to M. Morgan (1987 and Signorielli (1990), children who watch a lot of television are ____ than children who watch little television

more likely to hold stereotypical attitudes toward gender

traditionally, one caste determines

occupational choices

According to McLoyd, Cauce, Wilson (2000) and Staples (1992), among ethnoracial groups that remain DISADVANTAGED, parents discussion of race and ethnicity is more likely to focus on

preparing their children for the possibility of prejudice, hatred, and mistreatment

According to Sadker, Salata (2004) research on the treatment of girls and boys in educational institutions found that girls

receive less teacher attention and less useful feedback than boys

the power of slurs stems from the realization that they are ___

reflect broader cultural and political themes

Films, TV shows, and other entertainment products tend to

reflect white sensibilities and assumptions

According to the conflict perspective of inequality, social inequality is a

reflection of the unequal distribution of power in society

films and television continue to present stereotypes that show women as __ characters

shallow

people of the same race share common, inborn biological traits such as ____

skin color

Structural Functionalism

society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. Things that persist, even if harmful/unfair must persist because they contribute somehow to the continued existence of society.

According to Weber (1970) _______ _________refers to the prestige, honor, respect and power associated with different social class positions in society

socioeconomic status

Identify the theory of inequality that states that society is a complex system composed of various parts, much like a living organism

structural-functionalism

Stratification contributes to _____________ in societies

structured inequalities

According to O'Brien (1999), systems of difference in society are always associated with

systems of power and privilege

Prestige

the amount fo honor and respect people receive from other (in the context of the sources of inequality identified by Max Weber, 1970)

panethnic labels

the broad terms applied to diverse subgroups that are assumed to have something in common

in the context of the role of social class in creating personal identity, what happens to children as families climb the class ladder?

the children's sense of entitlement based on their class identity tends to increase

In the context of the theories of inequality, __ views the structure of society as a source of inequality which always benefits some groups at the expense of other groups

the conflict perspective

the fact that titles such as spokesman and congressman are modifications of traditional male terms highlights ___

the cultural belief that the occupations in question are still men's domain

sexual dichotomy

the natural division of sex into two categories, namely male and female

socialization

the way people learn to act and think in accordance with the rules and expectations of a particular society (Newman 2017)

Identify a true statement about the majority of parents when it comes to teaching their children how to be sexual

they are more likely to act as inadvertent models for their children

Identify a true statement about the people belonging to the lower class or underclass people in the U.S.

they are the people who do society's dirty work

According to Murphy (1997), identify a true statement about labels for heterosexuals in a heteronormative society

they bear little of the political weight that labels for sexual minorities bear

What was the view of most experts in the 1950s and 1960s on homosexuality?

they believed that it was a pathological choice

Identify a true statement about socially constructed human identifiers

they reflect social rankings and power relations

who among the following belong to the upper class in the U.S.?

top financiers

According to McLoyd, Cauce, (2000) and Staples (1992), in ethnoracial groups that have been able to OVERCOME discrimination and achieve at high levels, ethic socialization can focus simply on the

values of their culture of origin

the media tends to focus much of their favorable attention on the concerns of the:

wealthy and privileged

the ___ in the U.S. typically includes industrial and factory workers, office workers, clerks, and farm and manual laborers

working class

in the context of class and race lessons, identify the true statements about public schools

working class and poor kids are likely to be closely monitored for behavioral conformity and are expected to follow a laundry life of formal and detailed rules

According to MacDonald and Parke (1986) and Tauber (1979) identify a true statement about the communication of parents with their children in the context of gender-typed expectations

Parents tend to engage in rougher and more interactive physical play with infant sons than infant daughters

According to Weitzman, Birns, and Friend (1985) which of the following is a true statement about the communication of parents with their sons?

Parents use action verbs, numbers, and explicit language

cultural capital

Refers to the status characteristics that can influence a persons social and economic status

Identify a true statement about power as a source of inequality

Sometimes groups with little if any wealth have exerted a powerful influence on more advantage groups

Identify a consequence of the tendency to overlook within-group variation

The actions of a lone member of a minority group may be taken as typical of all members of the group.

In the context of children's exposure to gender in the media, which of the following is true about video games?

The gender messages in the games may have detrimental effects on boys' attitudes towards girls

Socioeconomic status is determined at birth and considered unchangeable in societies that stratify people on the basis of

a caste system

ascribed status

a social identity or position that a person obtains at birth of develops into involuntarily as he or she gets older

one-drop rule

a term related to racial identity that dates back to a common law in the South that a "single drop of black blood" made a person black

sociological perspective

a way of examining everyday life that emphasizes the interplay between societal forces and personal characteristics

Constructionism

a way of thinking that argues that we know to be real and essential is always a product of the culture and historical period in which we live in

essentialism

a way of thinking that focuses on what are believed to be universal, inherent, and unambiguous essences that distinguish one group from another

In the context of the effect socialization of children within a group, according to Van Ausdale and Feagin (2001), learning to be white is

about learning how to handle privileges and behaviors associated with whiteness in society

The official U.S. poverty line identifies the

amount of yearly income a family requires to meet its basic needs