Exam 1 comm 1301
how has media changed the book industry in the last 20 years
"The real competition [at Amazon.com] is not...between the hardcover book and the e-book. TV, movies, Web browsing, video games are all competing for people's valuable time. And if the book doesn't compete we think over time the industry will suffer." - The New Yorker
Tabloid Journalism: Selling Sex and Violence
- A tabloid is a small-format newspaper, usually 11 inches by 14 inches, featuring illustrations and sensational stories. Example: New York Daily News
Lee de Forest
- Called himself the father of radio because in 1907 he perfected a glass bulb called the Audion that could detect radio waves. He began what he called "broadcasts" from New York and then from the Eiffel Tower.
One-Way Versus Two-Way Communication
- Digital delivery has evolved from a one-way system like ordinary television to a two-way interactive system that works like a combination of television, telephone and computer.
Selective Perception
- Each person processes messages differently. Many variables are at play (family background, past experiences, education, interests, etc.) Multiplying sources for information and entertainment today mean that very few people share identical mass media environments. This makes it more difficult for scholars to analyze the specific or cumulative effects of mass media on the general population. (also called niche audiences)
Editorial
- Handles everything you read in the paper: news and feature stories, editorials, cartoons, photographs, and online editions. Different editors (news, sports, features, business, etc.) handle different parts of the paper. The managing editor oversees the news departments. Copy editors read and edit stories prior to publication. Opinion writers and editorial cartoonists work for an editorial page editor. Editorial department employees report to the editor-in-chief and the publisher.
News Aggregators
- Internet-only news sites that combine lists and shortened versions of stories with catchy headlines. This is the latest type of competition for newspapers. Technology-based Very little original content Looks like a newspaper website, but relies heavily on borrowed content from traditional news sites
Point-of-Purchase Magazines
- Magazines that consumers buy directly, not by subscription. They are sold mainly at checkout stands in supermarkets. Examples: Women's Day, Vogue, Glamour, Essence, Working Woman.
NEWSPAPERS ADAPT TO TRY TO MAINTAIN THEIR AUDIENCE(1950)
- Newspaper readership begins to decline following the introduction of television.
Chain Bookstores and Internet Retailers Compete
- Online booksellers such as Amazon are rapidly stealing business from chains and independent booksellers. Internet retailers can buy in huge volume, and they buy books only from publishers that give them big discounts, so they're able to sell most books cheaper and carry a bigger inventory than retail booksellers
PMRC and what they wanted
- Parents Music Resource Center - concerned about lyrics their children were listening to, wanted to inform of lyrical content - spouses of politicians (Tipper Gore) - Recording Industry Association of America voluntarily agreed to label music - kids seeked out music w/ advisory labels
Blockbusters
- Publishers are attracted to best-selling authors because usually they are easy to market. Brand loyalty draws loyal readers to buy every book by a favorite author, so publishers try to capitalize on an author's media visibility. Example: Tina Fey's Bossypants: $5 million deal
Royalty
- an amount the publisher pays an author, based on an established percentage of the book's price; royalties run anywhere from 6 to 15 percent of a book's cover price.
Why Media Properties Converge
1) Newspapers and broadcast stations are scarce commodities. 2)Newspapers and broadcast stations have moved past their early cycle of family ownership. 3) The Internet changed the economics of all the media industries. 4)The economic downturn that began in 2007 hit the newspaper business especially hard because newspapers were heavily dependent on real estate advertising and classifieds and challenged by the dynamics of the Internet.
Top 10 consumer magazines
1. Better Homes and Gardens 2. Game Informer Magazine 3. Good Housekeeping 4. Family Circle 5. National Geographic 6. People 7. Reader's Digest 8. Woman's Day 9. Time 10. Ladies' Home Journal
6 large publishing companies
1. Pearson (UK) - Largest educational publishing company in the world 2. Reed Elsevier (UK, Netherlands, U.S.) - Produces leading medical journal Lancet, classic medical reference Gray's Anatomy, and primary legal reference service, Lexis-Nexis. Only one of top six publishers with a corporate presence in the U.S. 3. Thomson-Reuters (Canada) 4. Wolters Kluwer (Netherlands) 5. Random House (Germany) 6. Hachette Livre (France)
E-book Percentage
11 percent of all book sales in the us today
David Sarnoff
21-year-old wireless operator relayed news from Nantucket Island, in Massachusetts, that he had received a distress call from the Titanic on his Marconi wireless. Four years later he wrote a memo predicting radio's future.
percentages of homes that have a radio
99%
Paywall
A fee-for-access system set up to charge readers for Internet content.
Interactive
A message system that allows senders and receivers to communicate with each other simultaneously.
Niche audience
A niche market is the subset of the market on which a specific product is focused. The market niche defines as the product features aimed at satisfying specific market needs, as well as the price range, production quality and the demographics that is intended to impact.
How do book publishers make money
Adult and Juvenile Trade Books (55 percent of market) - Usually sold through bookstores and to libraries. Designed for the general public. Textbooks (32 percent) - Published for elementary, secondary and college students. Professional and Scholarly Books (13 percent) - University presses publish a small number of scholarly books each year. Professional books are designed for a specific profession. They are often reference books.
radio listening habits
Adults tune in to the radio more at work and in the car than at home. Car - 60 percent Home - 30 percent Work and other places - 10 percent
Demographic of Newspapers
Ages 65 and up - 55 percent Ages 55-64 - 44 percent Ages 45-54 - 31 percent Ages 35-44 - 27 percent Ages 25-34 - 21 percent Ages 18-24 - 20 percent
Consumer Magazines
All magazines sold by subscription or at newsstands, supermarkets and bookstores: People, Men's Health, Cosmopolitan.
payola
An illegal payment by record labels to radio stations to persuade them to play the label's records
Birth of the Partisan Press
As dissatisfaction with British rule grew, newspapers became political tools that fostered the debate that led to the colonies' independence.
Printing: Second Info Communication revolution
As societies grow more literate, the demand for manuscripts flourished, but a scribe could only produce 1 at a time. in 1455, Johannes Gutenberg printed a bible on a press that used movable type.
Henry Luce
Built a magazine empire with titles such as Time, Fortune, Sports Illustrated and Money
Comm Network (Channel)
Cable, Telephone, Satellite and Cellular companies - provide internet communications delivery acting as a conduit by gathering all the services from national and international networks
Mass Communication
Communication from one person or group of persons through transmitting device(a medium) to large audiences or markets
Intrapersonal communication
Communication within one person
Comm Network (Message)
Content- all text, audio and video that are digitized into bits are potential content for a digitized communication system.
what the Artists and Repertoire division does
Develops and coordinates talent. These employees are the talent scouts. They try to find new artists and constantly search for new songs to record.
how most musicians make the most money
Direct Sales - Promotional tours and music videos. Music Licensing - Two licensing agencies handle the rights to play music for broadcast: the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) and Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) Today, broadcasters as well as subscription and streaming services must license artists through BMI and ASCAP. These services agree to play only licensed artists, which makes being heard more difficult for new talent. BMI and ASCAP, in turn, pay the authors, recording artists, producers and sometimes even the recording companies—whoever owns the rights to use the music.
Interpersonal communication
Direct sharing of an experience between two people
Dumb Versus Smart Communication
Dumb communication can only deliver programming. Smart communication allows for a two-way exchange.
Frederick Douglas
Established the weekly newspaper the north star, often called the most important african american pre-civil war newspaper
Competition with Radio and TV
Eventually, television influenced the look and content of many newspapers
Internet
Fastest growing media industry. About 80% of U.S. adults have Internet access.
James Franklin's New England Courant Establishes an Independent Press Tradition
First American newspaper to appear without the crown's "Published by Authority" sanction.
Yellow Journalism is Born: Hearst's Role in the Spanish-American War
For three years, the two newspapers unrelentingly overplayed events in the Cuban struggle for independence from Spain, each trying to beat the other with irresponsible, exaggerated stories, many of them invented. Showed that newspapers can have a significant impact on political attitudes.
FIRST MASS MEDIUM TO DELIVER THE NEWS(newspapers)
From 1690 until the introduction of radio in 1920, newspapers were the only mass news medium available. Until 1920, newspapers were the only way for large numbers of people to get the same news simultaneously. The invention of broadcasting in the early 20th century changed newspapers' exclusive access to news because broadcasting offered quicker access to information. In the late 20th century, the expansion of the Internet challenged newspapers' delivery system, and advertisers fled printed newspapers for an online audience.
ratings
G for general audiences, M (later changed to PG) for mature audiences, R for restricted (people under 17 admitted only with an adult), and X for no one under 18 admitted. The PG-13 rating—special parental guidance advised for children younger than 13—was added, and the X rating was changed to NC-17.
Postal Act of 1879
Gave magazines second-class mailing privileges and a cheap rate. Allowed for quick, reasonably priced distribution of magazines. Today magazines still have a preferential postage rate. The number of monthly magazines increased from 180 in 1860 to more than 1,800 by 1900.
Business
Handles production, advertising, distribution, and administration. A business manager and his/her staff run the business side of the newspaper.- Employees in this department also report to the publisher and/or editor-in-chief.
Average magazine reader
High school graduate Married Owns a home Works full time
Comm Network (Sender)
Internet Service Providers- Also known as ISPs. Provide a way of organizing the information to help you find what you want.
Muckrakers
Investigative magazine journalists who targeted abuses by government and big business.
Concentration of Ownership
Large companies buy smaller companies so that fewer companies own more types of media businesses.
Trade, Technical and Professional Magazines
Magazines dedicated to a particular business or profession: Veterinary Practice Management, Columbia Journalism Review
Company Magazines
Magazines produced by businesses for their employees, customers and stockholders: Chevron USA Odyssey
Magazines reflect trends and culture
Magazines, more than any other medium, have reflected the surrounding culture and the characteristics of their society. Examples: Glamour, Parenting, Seventeen, Sports Illustrated, Maxim As readers' needs and lifestyles change, so do magazines. The current trend is toward specialty and Internet magazines, in response to the shrinking number of print magazine readers. Magazines must give their readers information they can't find anywhere else.
Alternative (Dissident) Press
Media that present alternative viewpoints that challenge the mainstream press.
BuzzFeed
News aggregator that draws an average of 150 million monthly viewers. Numbered lists has driven much of the content since the site launched in 2006, but it has added more traditional news content in recent years, including breaking news. 550 employees Based in New York Succeeds in distributing its lists though mobile devices and social networks Social media accounts for 50 percent of BuzzFeed's traffic.
Internet Editions
Newspaper publishing companies first launched Internet editions in late 1990s to capture new audiences. In 2010, for the first time, more readers went online for news than to the printed edition.
Newspapers vs Magazines
Newspapers covered daily crises. Magazines could carry cultural, political and social ideas to help foster a national identity. Magazines became America's only national medium to travel beyond local boundaries. Subscribers depended on them for news, culture and entertainment.
NEWSPAPERS ADAPT TO TRY TO MAINTAIN THEIR AUDIENCE(1990s)
Newspapers launch internet editions to attract readers who have abandoned the printed product.
Newspapers
Newspapers today are struggling to make a profit. Eight declared bankruptcy from 2008-2010.
television's impact and movie industry's response
Number of television sets owned grew by 400 percent. .- Number of people going to the movies fell by 45 percent. - More than 4,000 theaters closed between 1946 and 1956. - Movie attendance has risen a few times since the 1950s, but the trend of declining attendance continues today. Technological gimmicks such as 3-D movies were used to lure audiences back to the theaters. The novelty soon wore off.
Ethnic and Native American Newspapers
People outside the mainstream of society, such as Spanish and German immigrants, used newspapers to create a sense of community and ethnic identity.
Pass-Along Readership
People who share a magazine with the original recipient. People keep magazines an average of 17 weeks Each magazine has an average of four readers Better ad targeting
overseas piracy
RIAA says pirates control 18 percent of album sales, and this represents $1 billion a year in lost income.
how satellite radio is funded
Radio transmission by satellite, with limited or no advertising, available by subscription. Includes more than 140 channels of varied music and talk.
narrowcasting
Seeking niche audiences, as opposed to broadcasting's traditional audience building concept.
Production
Smaller, portable cameras; digital video that allows filmmakers to shoot in darker locations with less artificial lighting; digital recordings that allow for instant playback; exciting special effects; digitized color that can intensify movie images
Distribution
Some distribution companies already send their movies by satellite-to-satellite dishes on top of each theater and directly to consumers' homes. Traditional film projectors are being replaced by digital projectors. Digitized movies are cheaper to distribute and can be shown on more screens.
know the three major record labels
Sony/BMG, Universal, Warner
Declining Readership
Staff cuts, newspaper closures, and consolidations Decline of the two-newspaper market Newspaper chains
blacklisting
Studio owners' refusal to hire someone who was suspected of taking part in subversive activities.
What subjects did early magazines (1800s) cover?
Subjects that expanded the audience for magazines in the 1800s were women's issues, literature and the arts, politics and social crusades
Convergence
The melding of the communications, computer and electronics industries because of advances in technology. Also used to describe the economic alignment of the various media companies with each other to take advantage of technological advancements. The FCC, beginning in 1980, gradually deregulated the broadcast media.
when movie attendance peaked
The movie industry reached its apex in the late 1930s and early 1940s.
file sharing,
The peer-to-peer distribution of copyrighted material on the Internet without the copyright owner's permission. April 2000: Metallica sued Napster for copyright infringement. Rapper Dr. Dre also sued two weeks later July 2000: Appeals court orders Napster to shut down its website.
how the internet impacted industry
The recent expansion of MP3 digital technology signaled a new era for music lovers, making quality music available on the Internet. Because of the Internet, music can be shared globally in an instant, which is a huge benefit for artists and consumers. Internet also makes music piracy so easy that many people consider it a harmless act, and the economic implications for recording artists are substantial
Subsidiary Rights
The rights to market a book for other uses—to make a movie or print a character from the book on T-shirts, for example.
Who invented the phonograph?
Thomas edison
how record companies make the most money
Today, the recording industry makes almost two-thirds of its revenue from digital content such as downloads and streaming. 64 percent digital sales 36 percent physical sales
Competition Breeds Sensationalism
Two New York publishers, Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, revived and refined the penny press sensationalism that had begun in 1833 with Benjamin Day's New York Sun.
Dissident Voices Create the Early Alternative Press
Two strong social movements—emancipation and women's suffrage—brought new voices to the American press.
National Newspapers
USA Today, The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times are in constant competition to become the nation's number one newspaper. Each paper has about 1 million daily print, with an expanded audience online.
Guglielmo Marconi
Used the results of three discoveries by Morse, Bell, and Hertz to expand his idea that messages should be able to travel across space without a wire. Reginald Aubrey Fessenden and Lee de Forest advanced this idea to create today's radio.
techniques movies used to lure audiences in the 1950s
Wide-Screen and 3-D Movies with Stereophonic Sound - These techniques tried to give the audience a "you are there" feeling—something they couldn't get from TV. Changes in Censorship - Burstyn v. Wilson protected movies under the First Amendment, which meant fewer legal restrictions on what a movie could show. Moviemakers tried sex and violence to attract audiences. Spectaculars - Spectaculars like The Sound of Music (1965) and The Godfather (1971) and its sequels rewarded the rush for big money. There were also major flops. Movie Ratings - The MPAA began a rating system modeled on Great Britain's: G for general audiences, M (later changed to PG) for mature audiences, R for restricted (people under 17 admitted only with an adult), and X for no one under 18 admitted. The PG-13 rating—special parental guidance advised for children younger than 13—was added, and the X rating was changed to NC-17.
Modern Magazine Trends (last 30 years)
Women are leading consumers of magazines, U.S. magazines target specific audiences, nation's largest magazine targets people over 50, most U.S. magazines have relatively small circulations
Comm Network (Receiver)
You, the subscriber- Checking email, tweeting, watching movies, reading news articles, playing video games etc.
Conglomerates
a company that owns media companies
Amount of time in percent that adults spend with media each day
about 12.5 hours (748 minutes) more than three-fourths of their waking hours.
War of the Worlds broadcast and its significance
broadcast in 1938 demonstrated how easily information could be misinterpreted on the radio.
Broadcast Networks
collection of radio or TV stations that airs programs across the country at designated program times. Station ownership and operations are regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
Telecommunications Act of 1996
deregulated radio ownership rules
yellow journalism
journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration.
Chains
multiple print outlets owned by one corporation
Vertical Integration
one company simultaneously controls several related aspects of the media business. Each part of the company helps the others.
vertical integration
one company simultaneously controls several related aspects of the media business. Each part of the company helps the others.
Ida B. wells
part owner of the Memphis free speech and headlight, she wrote under the pseudonym Lola. her struggle for social justice represents an early example of the role the dissident press in american history
Cross ownership
single ownership of two or more related businesses (as a newspaper and a television station) that allows the owner to control competition
Hollywood 10
targeted in 1947, by the house un-american activities committee , eventually went to jail for refusing to answer questions before the committee about their political beliefs. a group of Hollywood stars led by Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall, represented 500 of their colleagues in DC protesting the way the Hollywood 10 investigation was being conducted.
Radio Act of 1912
to license people who wanted to broadcast or receive messages.
Hays Code
was the set of industry moral guidelines that was applied to most United States motion pictures released by major studios from 1930 to 1968. It is also popularly known as the Hays Code.