Exam 1 - ESC1000

The basic building block of a silicate is composed of ________. 2 oxygens and 1 silicon 1 oxygen and 1 silicon 4 oxygens and 1 silicon 3 oxygens and 1 silicon

4 oxygens and 1 silicon

What percentage of the continental areas of Earth's surface is covered by sediments and sedimentary rocks? 75% 100% 10% 65%

75%

What causes the volcanoes and deep valleys of East Africa? A continental rift along parts of the African continent beginning to slowly separate A fault allowing Arabia to slip westward past east Africa and penetrate into Turkey A transform fault aligned with the Red Sea carrying the Arabian and African blocks in opposite directions A continental collision zone between Africa and the Zagros Mountains along the southern margin of Eurasia

A continental rift along parts of the African continent beginning to slowly separate

What type of boundary occurs along the Aleutian Islands in the North Pacific? A convergent boundary on a volcanic arc above the northward-subducting Pacific plate A transform boundary where North America has moved towards Alaska A divergent boundary where shield volcanoes are forming A convergent, continental margin with uplifted fault blocks, much like those of the Basin and Range Province

A convergent boundary on a volcanic arc above the northward-subducting Pacific plate

What type of plate boundary is usually associated with pull-apart rift zones? A divergent plate boundary A transform plate boundary A convergent plate boundary All plate boundaries

A divergent plate boundary

What type of region is the modern-day Red Sea? A rift zone that may eventually open into a major ocean if Arabia and Africa continue to separate A tiny remnant of a once immense ocean that was closed as Africa moved Asia The site of a transform fault along which Arabia is moving away from Africa A rare example of a two-continent subduction zone where the African continental plate is sinking under the Arabian continental plate

A rift zone that may eventually open into a major ocean if Arabia and Africa continue to separate

Which of the following statements applies to the asthenosphere, but not the lithosphere? A zone in the upper mantle that deforms by plastic flowage A cool, rigid layer of crust and upper mantle that forms the tectonic plates A layer that deforms mainly by brittle fracturing and faulting Where partial melting of rising plumes produces huge volumes of basaltic magma

A zone in the upper mantle that deforms by plastic flowage

Which scientist argued forcefully for continental drift in the early part of the 20th century? Alfred Wegener Harry Hess James Hutton Wladmier Köppen

Alfred Wegener

Which of the following pairs of igneous rocks exhibit aphanitic texture? Andesite; rhyolite Granite; gabbro Andesite; diorite Rhyolite; gabbro

Andesite; rhyolite

What type of sandstone contains abundant feldspar? Arkose Quartz Lignite Oolite

Arkose

Which of the following is not a type of limestone? Arkose Coquina Chalk Travertine

Arkose

In which setting would regional metamorphism be most likely? At great depths in the crust where two continents are colliding At shallow depths below an oceanic ridge or rift zone At shallow depths along major transform faults in the continental crust At shallow depths beneath the seafloor where water pressures are immense

At great depths in the crust where two continents are colliding

Where in the ocean does oceanic lithosphere sink into the mantle? At subduction zones along convergent plate boundaries At transform fault zones along divergent plate boundaries At rift zones along mid-ocean ridges At sites of long-lived, hot spot volcanism in the ocean basins

At subduction zones along convergent plate boundaries

What term describes the zone of contact metamorphism that surrounds an intrusive magma body? Aureole Amphibole Augite Aerosol

Aureole

What is the dominant lava erupted from volcanoes on Hawaii and Iceland? Basalt Rhyolite Andesite Peridotite

Basalt

Why was Wegener's continental drift hypothesis rejected? Because Wegener could not identify a mechanism capable of moving continents Because Wegener could not find geologic similarities on different continents Because Wegener could not disprove competing theories that were more accepted by scientists

Because Wegener could not identify a mechanism capable of moving continents

Which of the following situations would exhibit sheared and mechanically fragmented rocks? Fault movements at shallow depths Intense compression in a deep-seated, regional metamorphic zone Heating of shales and mudstones near a pluton Regional metamorphism of pyroclastic volcanic rocks

Fault movements at shallow depths

What term describes a strong, parallel alignment of coarse mica flakes and/or of different bands in a metamorphic rock? Foliation Rock cleavage Stress fractures Lineation

Foliation

What do pumice and obsidian have in common? Glassy texture Basaltic composition Ultramafic composition Phaneritic texture

Glassy texture

________ is composed of alternating bands of light and dark silicate minerals. Mica schist Phyllite Marble Gneiss

Gneiss

Which of the following has the highest specific gravity? Gold Wood Water Quartz

Gold

What characteristic is used to classify detrital sedimentary rocks? Grain sizes of the detrital particles Colors of the cementing minerals Compositions of soluble minerals Degree of compaction and lithification

Grain sizes of the detrital particles

Which rock would be most likely to contain visible quartz and potassium feldspar crystals? Granite Gabbro Basalt Rhyolite

Granite

Of the following rock types, which is characterized by the segregation of light- and dark-colored minerals into thin layers or bands? Granitic gneiss Garnet schist Slate Quartzite

Granitic gneiss

Which of the following is not a criterion for defining something as a mineral? Generally inorganic Orderly crystalline structure Naturally occurring Hard

Hard

What is the major source of heat for contact metamorphism? Heat from a nearby magma body Deep burial and heat from Earth's interior Heat from grinding and shearing on faults Heat from the spontaneous decomposition of micas and feldspars

Heat from a nearby magma body

What are the two most important driving forces of metamorphism? High heat and pressure Weathering and accumulation Magma and lava Deposition and lithification Melting and crystallization

High heat and pressure

Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock? A rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a consolidated aggregate of different rock particles. A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern. A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks. In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.

In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.

Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock? In a mineral, the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains. A mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks; a rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals. A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern. A mineral is a consolidated aggregate of different rock particles; a rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement.

In a mineral, the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.

Where do coal beds originate? In freshwater coastal swamps and bogs In shallow lakes in dry, desert regions In channels of fast-moving streams In deep marine basins below wave action

In freshwater coastal swamps and bogs

_____ igneous rocks are those that cool below the surface. Intrusive Vesicular Volcanic Basaltic Extrusive

Intrusive

What is the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction? Ion Molecule Isotope Nucleus

Ion

What cement produces bright-red and yellow colors in some sandstones? Iron oxide Clay Calcite Quartz

Iron oxide

________ was (were) never proposed as evidence supporting the existence of Pangaea. Geometrical fit between South America and Africa Late Paleozoic glacial features Islands of Precambrian rocks along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Similar fossils on different continents

Islands of Precambrian rocks along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

What is the difference between "magma" and "lava"? It is just a name change, and lava is what magma is called if it reaches the surface of the Earth. Magma is less dense than lava. Magma makes igneous rocks and lava forms volcanoes. Magma is formed deep in the Earth and lava forms near the surface of the Earth.

It is just a name change, and lava is what magma is called if it reaches the surface of the Earth.

What is the most common type of chemical sedimentary rock? Limestone Chert Phosphate rock Quartz sandstone

Limestone

In which of the following sedimentary rocks are nonclastic textures common? Limestones Sandstones Boulder breccias Cherty conglomerates

Limestones

In order to use the mineral identification chart, begin by defining the _________ of the unknown mineral. luster crystal shape cleavage angle color

Luster

Which of the following describes the way light reflects from the surface of a mineral? Luster Streak Refraction hardness Cleavage

Luster

What is the difference between magma and lava? Magma is lower in temperature; lava is higher in temperature. Magma is generally granitic in composition; lava is dominantly basaltic in composition. Magma is molten rock located above the surface; lava is molten rock below ground. Magma is molten rock located below the surface; lava is molten rock erupted above ground. Magma cools to produce extrusive igneous rocks; lava cools to produce intrusive igneous rocks.

Magma is molten rock located below the surface; lava is molten rock erupted above ground.

What metamorphic rock forms during the metamorphism of limestone or dolostone? Marble Migmatite Amphibolite Quartzite

Marble

In a porphyritic volcanic rock, which mineral grains are the last to crystallize? Matrix or groundmass Phenocrysts Vesicles Pegmatites

Matrix or groundmass

An igneous rock becomes buried, is subject to high heat and pressure, and recrystallizes. This rock then is eroded, transported, deposited and subsequently lithified. Which rock types—in order—did the original igneous rock develop into? Metamorphic and sedimentary Igneous and sedimentary Sedimentary and metamorphic Metamorphic and igneous

Metamorphic and sedimentary

What platy, parallel mineral grains are the most visual aspect of foliated metamorphic rocks? Micas Feldspars Carbonates Quartz

Micas

Which of the following minerals is in the mineral group known as mica? Muscovite Orthoclase Augite Olivine

Muscovite

What causes the linear patterns associated with paleomagnetism on either side of mid-oceanic ridges? Normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly parallel to the ridge Concentric circles about a rising plume of hot mantle rocks and magma Reversed magnetizations along the rift valleys and normal magnetizations along the ridge Normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly perpendicular to the ridge axis

Normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly parallel to the ridge

What element is the most abundant in Earth's crust by weight? Oxygen Carbon Chlorine Sodium

Oxygen

The former late Paleozoic supercontinent is known as ________. Pancakea Pandomonia Panatopia Pangaea

Pangaea

The former, late Paleozoic supercontinent is known as __________. Pangaea Laramidia Rodinia Scotia

Pangaea

What type of igneous rock consists of very coarse crystals? Pegmatite Obsidian Pumice Granite

Pegmatite

What ultramafic rock is thought to be common in Earth's mantle but rare in the crust? Peridotite Pumice Granite Pegmatite

Peridotite

Which of the following rocks is composed mainly of ferromagnesian minerals? Peridotite Rhyolite Andesite Granite

Peridotite

Which term describes a texture of igneous rocks that crystallized over a single, long period? Phaneritic Glassy Pyroclastic Aphanitic

Phaneritic

Which texture listed below would be most unlikely to occur in an extrusive igneous rock? Phaneritic Pyroclastic Glassy Aphanitic

Phaneritic

What foliated, metamorphic rock is texturally intermediate between slate and schist? Phyllite Fault breccia Quartzite Gneiss

Phyllite

Which of the following lists foliated metamorphic rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing grade of metamorphism? Slate, phyllite, and schist Phyllite, slate, and schist Schist, slate, and phyllite Slate, schist, and phyllite

Slate, phyllite, and schist

What term describes the sizes, shapes, and arrangements of mineral grains in an igneous rock? Texture Silica content Mineral content Bowen's reaction series

Texture

Which of the following is an example of an active continent-continent collision? The northward movement of India into Eurasia The Arabian Peninsula slamming into North Africa under the Red Sea The westward movement of the South American plate over the Nazca plate The northern movement of Baja California and a sliver of western California toward the Hawaiian Islands

The northward movement of India into Eurasia

What evidence did the Deep Sea Drilling Project find about the dates of rocks in the ocean basins? The ocean basins are relatively young; most ocean basin rocks and sediments are Cretaceous or younger in age. Proterozoic rocks are found only as seamounts in the deepest parts of the ocean basins. The young ocean floor deforms mainly by brittle fracturing and faulting making age dating impossible. The youngest sediments were deposited directly on the oldest seafloor basalts.

The ocean basins are relatively young; most ocean basin rocks and sediments are Cretaceous or younger in age.

During metamorphism, what is the major effect of chemically active fluids? They aid in the movement of dissolved silicate constituents and facilitate growth of the mineral grains. They increase the pressures in deeply buried, regional-metamorphic zones. They prevent partial melting so solid rocks can undergo very high-temperature regional metamorphism. They facilitate the formation of schistosity and gneissic banding in hornfels and slates.

They aid in the movement of dissolved silicate constituents and facilitate growth of the mineral grains.

Which of the following best characterizes ferromagnesian silicates? They are black to dark-green silicate minerals that contain iron and magnesium. They contain iron and manganese, are black in color, and exhibit metallic luster. They contain manganese and iron and are clear to light green. They are mostly clear, colorless, and rich in the elements silicon and oxygen.

They are black to dark-green silicate minerals that contain iron and magnesium.

Which of the following igneous rocks has a pyroclastic texture, meaning it was formed from a glowing avalanche? Welded tuff Porphyritic basalt Intrusive granite Andesitic lava

Welded tuff

A transform boundary is characterized by ________. stratovolcanoes on the edge of a plate and shield volcanoes on the adjacent plate a deep, vertical fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite directions two converging oceanic plates meeting head-on and piling up into a mid-ocean ridge a divergent boundary where the continental plate changes to an oceanic plate

a deep, vertical fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite directions

A transform plate boundary is characterized by __________. a deep, vertical fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite directions stratovolcanoes on the edge of a plate and shield volcanoes on the adjacent plate two, converging, oceanic plates meeting head-on and piling up into a mid-ocean ridge a divergent boundary where the continental plate changes to an oceanic plate

a deep, vertical fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite directions

A porphyritic texture where large crystals are embedded in a matrix of small crystal may form when ________. climate change causes crystals to cool at different rates a magma that has partially crystallized slowly moves to a different location where it then cools rapidly. crystals of different compositions grow to different sizes crystals of different compositions cool at different rates

a magma that has partially crystallized slowly moves to a different location where it then cools rapidly.

The San Andreas fault zone in California is an example of ________. a transform plate boundary a divergent plate boundary a continental rift an ocean-continent collision

a transform plate boundary

The color of a mineral is considered to be a/an _____ property of a mineral. diagnostic crystalline ambiguous streak

ambiguous

Limestone is formed primarily through ________. chemical interactions between ocean bottom sediments and ions in sea water direct precipitation from seawater biochemical sediments secreted by marine organisms evaporation of calcite rich seawater

biochemical sediments secreted by marine organisms

Igneous rock is formed ________. at great depth within Earth by changes in mineral composition by the weathering of preexisting rocks by crystallization of magma

by crystallization of magma

Which mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas? gypsum calcite quartz plagioclase

calcite

Chemical sedimentary rocks form from materials ________. that form weak bonds with oxygen carried in solution too fine to see without a microscope all of the above

carried in solution

The most unreliable (variable) diagnostic property of minerals such as quartz is ________. color specific gravity habit hardness

color

Generally speaking, which of the following characteristics must a substance have in order to be a mineral? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. definite chemical composition a combination of mineral and non-mineral matter naturally occurring regular internal crystalline structure cohesive aggregate of materials

definite chemical composition naturally occurring regular internal crystalline structure

When two plates move together, lithosphere is ________. created melted not changed destroyed

destroyed

What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature? diamond silicate muscovite native gold

diamond

Which of the following tools is NOT commonly used to determine the hardness of a mineral on Mohs' scale? copper penny diamond fingernail wire nail glass plate

diamond

Metamorphism occurs when a rock ________. experiences conditions that are significantly different from those that formed the rock experiences conditions that include high pressures experiences conditions that include high temperatures experiences conditions that are similar to those that formed the rock

experiences conditions that are significantly different from those that formed the rock

If a mineral is determined to have two directions of cleavage, then surfaces that do not show cleavage may show __________. fracture a different streak than the surfaces with cleavage a different luster than the surface with cleavage striations

fracture

Which one of the following is not related to chemical weathering? frost wedging hydrolysis oxidation decomposition

frost wedging

Obsidian exhibits a ________ texture. fine-grained glassy coarse-grained porphyritic

glassy

The resistance of a mineral to abrasion is known as ________. cleavage hardness luster streak

hardness

The most important agent(s) of metamorphism, according to your text, is (are) ________. confining pressure chemically active fluids heat differential stress

heat

A very long-lived magma source located deep in the mantle is called a(n) __________. hot spot oceanic trench mid-oceanic ridge batholith

hot spot

Which of the following is not a type of plate boundary? hot spot convergent transform divergent

hot spot

If a mineral fails to produce a streak when rubbed across a streak plate, it most likely is harder than the streak plate. has metallic luster. is softer than the streak plate. lacks cleavage.

is harder than the streak plate.

Which of the following describes the light reflecting and transmission characteristics of a mineral? virtual absorption luster color streak fluorescence

luster

Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure? pyroxenes micas carbonates feldspars

micas

Which of the following is not an example of a foliation in a metamorphic rock? parallel alignment of flattened pebbles bedding planes and strata parallel alignment of platy or flat minerals compositional banding

parallel alignment of platy or flat minerals

Detrital sedimentary rocks are typically classified on the basis of their ________. texture particle size lithology provenance

particle siz

The texture of an igneous rock ________. determines the color of the rock is controlled by the composition of magma records the rock's cooling history is caused by leaching

records the rock's cooling history

Which of the following is a mineral as defined by a geologist? water salt concrete boulder sugar

salt

Detrital sediments would predominate in all of the following environments except ________. river floodplain delta swamp salt flat

salt flat

When sand lithifies, the resulting rock is commonly called ________. conglomerate shale breccia sandstone

sandstone

When two continents converge, ________. a volcanic arc forms on the upper plate the sediments trapped between them are pushed up and deformed to make a mountain range the heavier continent is subducted the lighter continent is subducted

the sediments trapped between them are pushed up and deformed to make a mountain range

Intrusive igneous rocks are often characterized as coarse-grained because ________. the pressures at depth cause them to have a rough texture the slow cooling at depth allows large crystals to grow small holes from escaping gases leave them rough and course the uplift process that exposes the rock fractures them and makes them rough

the slow cooling at depth allows large crystals to grow

Wegener thought that ________. there were once two big continents that were separated later by the Atlantic Ocean there were once several continents that recombined to form the continents we have today there was once one big continent that was later separated by the Atlantic Ocean there was once one big continent that later broke into several pieces

there was once one big continent that later broke into several pieces

A mineral is determined to be able to scratch your fingernail, but unable to scratch a piece of glass. Its hardness on the Mohs scale is harder than 3. undetermined; could have a hardness between 2.6 and 5.4. softer than 2. harder than 5.

undetermined; could have a hardness between 2.6 and 5.4.

If magma or lava cools quickly, the resulting igneous rock will have ________. very large crystals very small crystals more silicate minerals more variations in mineral types

very small crystals

A __________ is an open cavity in a volcanic rock that was filled by a gas bubble when the lava was still mainly liquid. vesicle vug phenocryst xenolith

vesicle

Volcanoes form above subduction zones because ________. the asthenosphere is displaced by the subducting lithosphere and rises to the surface to form volcanoes the lithosphere thickens above the subducting lithosphere and causes volcanoes to form the subducting lithosphere melts as it descends and the magma rises to form volcanoes water is squeezed out of the subducting slab and the water triggers melting of the overlying asthenosphere

water is squeezed out of the subducting slab and the water triggers melting of the overlying asthenosphere

The first step in turning a rock into a sediment is ________. rock is broken into small pieces during the transportation phase compaction gravity and erosional agents (wind, water, etc.) remove material from the parent rock weathering alters the rock

weathering alters the rock

Why are lava flows typically finer-grained than intrusive igneous rocks? Because the extrusive magma cools quickly and mineral grains do not have time to grow Because the intrusive magma, which is well insulated by the surrounding rock, cools Because intrusive magma flows onto Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow Because the extrusive magma, located deep below the surface, cools very slowly producing very small mineral grains

Because the extrusive magma cools quickly and mineral grains do not have time to grow

What is probably the single most important, original, depositional feature in sedimentary rocks? Bedding or stratification Sizes of the sand grains Degree of lithification Compaction of the mud and clay

Bedding or stratification

What is the name of dark-colored mica? Biotite Calcite Quartz Olivine

Biotite

What is the main difference between a conglomerate and a sedimentary breccia? Breccia clasts are angular; conglomerate clasts are rounded. A breccia is well stratified; a conglomerate is poorly stratified. Breccia clasts are the size of baseballs; conglomerate clasts are larger. Breccia has a compacted, clay-rich matrix; a conglomerate has no matrix.

Breccia clasts are angular; conglomerate clasts are rounded.

Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas? Calcite Quartz Dolomite Plagioclase

Calcite

What are the two important processes involved in lithification of sedimentary rocks? Cementation and compaction Cooling and reorganization Transportation and accumulation Crystallization and uplift

Cementation and compaction

Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and halite? Chemically derived sedimentary rocks Detrital sedimentary rocks Varieties of dolostone Varieties of coal and peat

Chemically derived sedimentary rocks

Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure? Clay minerals Carbonate minerals Pyroxene minerals Feldspar minerals

Clay minerals

What is the tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes called? Cleavage Luster Streak Crystal form

Cleavage

Which of the following sedimentary rocks would you expect to have originally been deposited by fast-moving streams? Conglomerate Mudstone Oolitic limestone Greywacke

Conglomerate

In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms? Covalent Ionic Subatomic Isotopic

Covalent

What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature? Diamond Silicate Native gold Muscovite

Diamond

Which one of the following is an important fundamental assumption underlying the plate tectonic theory? Earth's diameter has been essentially constant over time. Earth's magnetic field originates in the outer core. Radioactive decay slows down at the extreme pressures of the inner core. Earth's ocean basins are very old and stable features.

Earth's diameter has been essentially constant over time.

A minerals luster is produced by its ability to transmit light. Opaque minerals always have a metallic luster because they do not transmit any light. True False

False

As the South Atlantic basin widens by seafloor spreading, Africa and South America are moving closer together. True False

False

Earth's radius and surface area are slowly increasing to accommodate the new oceanic crust being formed at mid-ocean ridges. True False

False

Hawaii is the oldest island of the Hawaiian Island chain. True False

False

Iceland is a good example of an island arc, formed from an oceanic-oceanic plate collision. True False

False

Metamorphism can affect only sedimentary rocks. True False

False

Slate is associated with high-grade metamorphism. True False

False

The Octet rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by six valence electrons. True False

False

What is a typical rate for seafloor spreading? 2 cm/yr 2 cm/hr 2 cm/s 2 cm/day

2 cm/yr

Which of the following best describes the conditions of contact metamorphism? Pressures are fairly low, the rock may be in the upper part of the crust, and heat is supplied from a nearby magma body such as a pluton, dike, or sill. Pressures are very high, the rock is deeply buried, and temperatures are raised by Earth's internal heat. Heat is generated by shearing and mechanical movements along faults. Depths are fairly shallow, but temperatures and pressures are so high that the rocks begin to partially melt.

Pressures are fairly low, the rock may be in the upper part of the crust, and heat is supplied from a nearby magma body such as a pluton, dike, or sill.

Which of the following denotes the massive, positively charged, nuclear particles? Protons Electrons Isotopes Neutrons

Protons

Which volcanic rock is extremely vesicular and glassy? Pumice Obsidian Pegmatite Welded tuff

Pumice

Of the following list, which common mineral found in igneous rocks is the most abundant mineral in detrital sedimentary rocks? Quartz Calcite Orthoclase Biotite

Quartz

Which mineral is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2)? Quartz Calcite Diamond Olivine

Quartz

What metamorphic rock forms from sandstone? Quartzite Schist Slate Amphibolite

Quartzite

Which of the following rock types form during the highest grade of regional metamorphism? Schist Hornfels Slate Phyllite

Schist

What type of foliation results from the parallel alignment of abundant, coarse-grained, mica flakes in a metamorphic rock? Schistosity Gneissic banding Slaty cleavage Phyllitic structure

Schistosity

In what type of depositional environment is oolitic limestone most likely to form? Shallow, clear marine waters with vigorous current activity and lots of corals Quiet, muddy lagoons and bays Deep marine waters below most wave action Acidic, organic-rich waters in freshwater swamps and bogs

Shallow, clear marine waters with vigorous current activity and lots of corals

Which of the following is not evidence supporting the theory of plate tectonics? Shifting plates were caused by changes in the Moon's orbit. Ocean floor drilling Hot spots Measurements of plate motions

Shifting plates were caused by changes in the Moon's orbit.

Which two elements are found in all silicate minerals? Silicon and oxygen Iron and silicon Silicon and sodium Oxygen and carbon

Silicon and oxygen

What process is evident at oceanic trenches? Sinking of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle at a subduction zone Rifting beneath a continental plate and the beginning of continental drift Rising of hot asthenosphere from deep in the mantle Transform faulting between an oceanic plate and a continental plate

Sinking of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle at a subduction zone

Which low-grade metamorphic rock, composed of extremely fine-sized mica and other mineral grains, typically exhibits well developed rock cleavage? Slate Schist Hornfels Quartzite

Slate

Which of the following properly describes Mount St. Helens and the other Cascade volcanoes? They are young, active volcanoes built on a continental margin above a sinking slab of oceanic lithosphere. They are a row of young, active, volcanoes built as western North America moved over a hot spot deep in the mantle. They are old, deeply eroded volcanoes built before the Pacific Ocean existed. They are old, deeply eroded, basaltic volcanoes built when western North America was over the present-day site of the proposed Hawaiian hot spot.

They are young, active volcanoes built on a continental margin above a sinking slab of oceanic lithosphere.

How do electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding? They can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral. They are tightly bound to certain atoms and cannot readily move. They react with protons to make neutrons in the outer valence shells. They move to adjacent negative ions, forming positive ions.

They can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral.

Cleavage is related to the internal structure of a mineral. True False

True

Glassy igneous rocks form when magma cools too fast for mineral grains to grow. True False

True

Most limestone has a biochemical origin. True False

True

One magma can produce several different igneous rocks having different mineral compositions. True False

True

The Himalayan Mountains are the tectonic product of a collision between India and Eurasia that began 50 million years ago and still continues. True False

True

Under the right circumstances, any rock can be transformed into another type of rock in the rock cycle. True False

True