exam 1 his 102
In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?
Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs
How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?
Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests.
How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century? Correct!
Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests.
How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?
As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.
How did industry grow in continental Europe?
Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.
Who were the Luddites?
British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work
The baroque style flourished in the context of the
Catholic Reformation.
Who was the Italian author of On Crimes and Punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?
Cesare Beccaria
Why did the English government arrive at a crisis by 1640?
Charles I imposed unwelcome laws and reforms on the country.
Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain?
Combination Acts of 1799
In 1848, which reform did the French government refuse to implement, thereby creating a sense of class injustice?
Electoral reform
Which key development in the eighteenth century allowed
Establishment of limited liability investment
Which key development in the eighteenth century allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature? Correct!
Establishment of limited liability investment
In the nineteenth century, how did Ireland's population grow despite extreme poverty?
Extensive cultivation of the potato provided sufficient nutrition for population growth.
In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of
Great Britain, France, and Russia.
Moses Mendelssohn is most closely associated with what?
Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment)
In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government. You Answered
How did Frederick William of Prussia, the Great Elector, persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?
He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs.
How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?
He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts.
How did Charles X of France seek to rally political support for himself in 1830?
He invaded Algeria and established it as a French territory.
Who invented the spinning jenny?
James Hargreaves
The U.S. Constitution used which Enlightenment thinker's ideas of political checks and balances?
Montesquieu
Following the War of Austrian Succession, alliances were broken and new ones formed across Europe. A new war began. What was the resulting war?
Seven Years War
In North America, the French and Indian War raged from 1754-1763. What larger conflict was it a part of?
Seven Years War
Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris? You Answered
Several thousand Parisian women
Following the discovery of the New World, which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions?
Spain
After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style capital on the Baltic called
St. Petersburg.
Which social groups composed the revolutionary alliance during the revolutions of 1848 in central Europe?
Students and urban workers
Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments?
The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed.
Which factor caused the life-and-death political struggle between the Girondists and the Mountain?
The Girondists' more moderate policies
Which of these was the result of the "June Days" in France in 1848?
The triumph of the republican army after street fighting and the death or injury of more than 10,000 working-class people
Louis XIV selected councilors from
capable men of modest birth.
According to Olympe de Gouges,
men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law.
Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a
military dictatorship.
The Ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities or
millets
Carl Linnaeus is best known for
naming and classifying living organisms.
In the 17th-century, in central and eastern Europe...
peasants had largely lost the ability to own land independently; serfdom grew harsh.
A striking feature of the salons was that
philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.
Copernicus's theory of the universe
postulated a sun-centered view of the universe.
According to Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in the nineteenth century, property was Correct!
profit stolen from the working class.
Perhaps best known as the long-time companion of Voltaire, female scholar Gabriel-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet, published
the first translation of Newton's Principia into French.
Perhaps best known as the long-time companion of Voltaire, female scholar Gabriel-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet, published The Persian Letters.
the first translation of Newton's Principia into French.
Victor Hugo's political evolution was the opposite of Wordsworth's, whose
youthful radicalism turned into restraint and caution.
Which definition describes the Republic of Letters?
A cosmopolitan network involving western Europe and its colonies as well as eastern Europe and Russia
Which of these was the key demand of the Chartist movement?
All men must be given the right to vote.
Who was William Cockerill?
An English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium
Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?
Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve it.
Why was the Frankfurt parliament in 1849 unable to create a "Greater Germany"?
Determined to maintain its empire, Austria would not agree to a Greater Germany that separated German-speaking lands from non-German territories in the empire.
Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of
Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World.
Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of Correct!
Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World.
In 1850, in which occupational area did the largest number of British people work?
Farming and agriculture
How did William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, create conflict in Britain in the 1630s?
He sought to impose a new prayer book modeled on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Presbyterian Scotland.
What happened to King Charles I of England?
He was beheaded.
What royal family ruled Prussia?
Hohenzollern
Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages?
In a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo.
Which change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?
Interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished.
How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and antislavery delegates?
It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.
How did the French provisional government respond to the worsening depression and rising unemployment in 1848?
It established national workshops to provide employment in public works projects.
By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?
It harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into a total war effort.
Which effect did France's Constitutional Charter have in the post-Napoleonic period?
It secured most of the gains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the French Revolution.
How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?
It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.
Why was the Declaration of Independence so important to the American Revolution?
It universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all mankind.
Which major breakthrough in energy and power supplies catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?
James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s
Who was Denis Diderot's coeditor of the Encyclopedia?
Jean le Rond d'Alembert
After the arrest and deportation of Toussaint L'Ouverture, how was the war of Haitian independence resolved?
Jean-Jacques Dessalines, L'Ouverture's lieutenant, led the resistance to a crushing victory over the French and later declared Haitian independence.
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?
Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.
How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?
Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the Spanish throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united.
In December 1825, some 3,000 Russian army officers inspired by liberal ideas staged a protest against which new tsar?
Nicholas I
The British Mines Act of 1842 and the various Factory Acts between 1802 and 1833 provide evidence that in the early and mid-nineteenth century
Parliament was sympathetic to the new industrial working class.
The British Mines Act of 1842 and the various Factory Acts between 1802 and 1833 provide evidence that in the early and mid-nineteenth century Correct!
Parliament was sympathetic to the new industrial working class.
Which was a social consequence of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?
People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions.
Which book by the baron de Montesquieu uses two foreign travelers to critique European customs? You Answered
The Persian Letters
Which factor was the most important influence on the peaceful midcentury reforms in Great Britain?
Political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class
After a defeat at Narva, Peter the Great constructed a new army and eventually beat the Swedish in 1709 at
Poltava.
The Junkers were
Prussian and Brandenburger nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the Prussian state.
Which social groups composed the revolutionary alliance during the revolutions of 1848 in central Europe? Correct Answer
Students and urban workers
How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era?
The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and church activities.
Which statement correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?
The Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century, when Galileo popularized it.
What did Henry Cort develop?
The coke-fired puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke
Which two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?
The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property
The attack on the Bastille had which political effect?
The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work.
The attack on the Bastille had which political effect? You Answered
The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work.
Which statement describes the core concept of the Enlightenment?
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.
Which statement best characterizes the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689?
The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution because sovereignty was placed in Parliament, which only represented the upper classes
Which reform did France's Second Republic institute in 1848?
The right to vote for all adult men
Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"?
The sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality.
Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on 9 Thermidor?
They believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed.
Which statement best describes the concerns of the early socialist thinkers about the emerging industrial society?
They believed that industrial society encouraged selfish individualism and fragmented communities.
How did European governments respond to the new science?
They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.
Why did the Antifederalists oppose the new American Constitution proposed by the Constitutional Convention?
They feared losing the individual freedoms for which they had fought.
How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working-class youths?
They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment.
In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, which conclusion did Andrew Ure come to about conditions in most factories?
They were not harsh and even quite good.
In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, which conclusion did Andrew Ure come to about conditions in most factories? You Answered
They were not harsh and even quite good.
How did the delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates General or National Assembly?
They were younger and less cautious; many joined political clubs.
When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to
a concept of the world in which communal needs outweigh individualistic competition and profit.
The primary cause of the 1688-1689 Glorious Revolution in England was
a fear that James II would establish Catholic absolutism.
Voltaire and other philosophes saw Confucianism as
a natural religion.
Composers in the Romantic movement
abandoned traditional musical structures and used a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions.
In the wake of the Great Fear in the summer of 1789, the National Assembly restored order by
abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges.
The trivial rituals performed at the court of Versailles were important because they gave nobles
access to Louis XIV.
In his Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that
all knowledge can be questioned and doubted.
In his Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that Correct Answer
all knowledge can be questioned and doubted.
The Romantic movement was characterized by
an emphasis on emotion, imagination, and spontaneity.
The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to
an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.
Domestic political power in the Dutch Republic in the late seventeenth century was held by
an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen.
Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies encouraged women to
aspire to a life of the mind.
The allied powers at the Congress of Vienna were determined to
avoid the creation of hostility and resentment in France.
The discipline of natural philosophy focused on
b. fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.
The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to
become landless rural wage earners.
After the development of the idea of "race," Europeans increasingly defined themselves in relation to other peoples as
biologically superior as well as culturally superior.
During the Enlightenment, most thinkers believed that
both European women and non-Europeans were inferior to European men.
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a
clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.
In eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was facilitated by the
consolidation of serfdom.
The reformer Robert Owen sought to
create a single large national union for British workers.
In the nineteenth century, Eugène Delacroix's work typically featured
dramatic, colorful scenes.
Mercantilist theory postulated that
economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as
empiricism
Catherine the Great, Joseph II, and Frederick the Great are considered....
enlightened absolutists or despots
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed
equality before the law.
The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included
everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy.
In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent
featured varying degrees of government involvement.
Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to
find the unique greatness of their respective peoples' histories and cultures.
For Newton, what was the most important, defining force in the universe?
gravity
Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor
improved only after 1840.
The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London commemorated the
industrial dominance of Britain.
In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on
interest payments on debt.
In the 17th-century, in central and eastern Europe... You Answered
peasants had largely lost the ability to own land independently; serfdom grew harsh.
The British Corn Laws of 1815 were enacted with the goal of
raising the price of foreign grain and therefore benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain.
The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819
required members of the German Confederation to root out subversive ideas and to spy on liberal and radical organizations.
In the summer of 1789, the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by
revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of Paris.
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
rococo
The Romantic poet William Wordsworth conceived of poetry as the
spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in tranquility.
Antifederalists said the framers of the Constitution had...
taken too much power from the states and made the federal government too strong.
In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that
the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."
In 1849, the revolution in Hungary was subdued with the help of 130,000 troops sent by
the Russian Empire.
Charles Fourier, a utopian socialist, envisioned mathematically precise communities called "phalanxes" and also argued for
the abolition of marriage, free unions based on love, and sexual freedom.
According to Marx, the driving historical force in the nineteenth century was
the economic relationship between classes.
According to Marx, the driving historical force in the nineteenth century was Correct!
the economic relationship between classes.
According to the doctrine of laissez faire, the government should intervene in
the economy as little as possible.
Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that
the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority
In addition to massive population decline, another effect of the Great Famine in Ireland was
the increase in anti-British sentiment.
In the nineteenth century, Count Henri de Saint-Simon believed that
the key to progress was proper social organization.
Descartes' deductive mathematical reasoning and Bacon's inductive experimentalism combined to help produce....
the modern scientific method.
David Ricardo's iron law of wages states that
the pressure of population growth will always sink wages to subsistence level.
Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition because of
the rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773.
The guiding force behind Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin's domestic policies was
the subordination of all institutions to the monarchy.
The abbé Sieyès considered the third estate
the true strength of the French nation.
The most influential aspect of René Descartes's theories of nature was that
the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.
At the Troppau Conference in 1820, Klemens von Metternich and Alexander I proclaimed
their support for the principle of active intervention to counter threats to all autocratic regimes.
Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution because
they held classical Greek culture in high esteem.
The Mines Act of 1842 prohibited
underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten.
The Chartist movement in Britain in the 1830s and 1840s demanded
universal male suffrage.
The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was
usually a response to the wishes of the families.
Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established through
violent revolution by the lower classes.
Johannes Kepler believed that the speed of a planet in its elliptical orbit
was precisely related to the distance from the sun.
The Loyalist faction in the American Revolution
was primarily wealthy and politically moderate.
When liberals in the late eighteenth century called for equality, they were primarily concerned with equality for
white propertied men.
When liberals in the late eighteenth century called for equality, they were primarily concerned with equality for Correct Answer
white propertied men.
In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships,
women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that
women were best suited to a passive role in social relations.
What was the major peace settlement for the Seven Years War?
Treaty of Paris (1763)
What document ended the American Revolution?
Treaty of Paris (1783)
Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?
Wood had been overharvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.
During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve?
Workers demanded several democratic and socialist reforms.
Who wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)?Adam Smith
Adam Smith
Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?
After doubling its national debt in the Seven Years' War, Great Britain sought to tax the American colonies to fund the further defense of the colonies.
Why did Scotland, outside of France, become a major center of Enlightenment thought, as exemplified by the contributions of Adam Smith and David Hume?
After the Act of Union, Scotland was freed from political crisis.
Why did Scotland, outside of France, become a major center of Enlightenment thought, as exemplified by the contributions of Adam Smith and David Hume? Correct!
After the Act of Union, Scotland was freed from political crisis.
In the wake of the Thirty Years' War, what religion was recognized in the Holy Roman Empire via a renewed Peace of Augsburg? Correct!
Calvinism
Which benefit did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton?
Capital and skills in salesmanship
What began the War of Austrian Succession?
Frederick II invaded Silesia
Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-1653, known as the You Answered
Fronde
How did railroads affect the nature of production?
Markets became broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.
Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), the latter a founding text of the feminist movement?
Mary Wollstonecraft
Which of these was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1851?
Much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.
What family secured royal power in the wake of the Time of Troubles in Russia?
Romanovs
The Quadruple Alliance, the nations that defeated Napoleon, included
Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain.
How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?
The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products.
How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century? You Answered
The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products.
Within the Ottoman government, which group staffed the top levels of the bureaucracy?
The sultan's slave corps
Which important criticism did Karl Marx levy against the French utopian socialists?
Their schemes for social improvement were unrealistic.
As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth-century Europe?
There were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories.
Why did the British decide to stop fighting the Americans at Yorktown in 1781 and to offer such favorable terms to the Americans in Paris in 1783?
To cut their losses and end a war that had gone global
Which of these was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?
To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within
