Exam 1 Life Span Nutrition

Lack of breastfeeding costs the world economy around ___ billion dollars per year in lost earning potential.

$302 billion

Infants and young children who receive less than __ hours of sleep in a 24 hour period are at an ___ risk of obesity.

12, increased

A daily caffeine consumption of less than _____________ mg does not appear to increase risk of miscarriage. This is a numerical answer, enter the numeral only.

200

By age 24 months , a child should be fully transition to table food.

24 months

According to the RDA, how much additional protein above that of a nonpregnant woman should a pregnant woman consume during the second half of her pregnancy?

25 g

According to the National Academy of Sciences, women with a preconception BMI between 18.5-24.9 should gain how much during pregnancy?

25 to 35 lb

What percent of infants worldwide are still breastfed by 6 months of age?

30%

Toddlers should be physically active for at least 30 minutes per day along with 60 minutes of active play per day.

30, 60

For the first 6 months of lactation, what is the recommended maternal energy intake?

330 kcal more than the amount for nonpregnant women

The recommended energy intake in the second and third trimesters is the sum of the energy requirement for a nonpregnant woman and a daily addition of about __ kcal in the second and ___ kcal in the third trimesters, respectively. This is a numerical question; enter the numerals only. Do not use commas or decimals.

340, 452

When should the introduction of semisolid and strained foods to the infant's diet begin?

4 to 6 months

Younger infants typically do no sleep longer than 6 hours at a time.

6

Breastfeeding with no other source of nutrients is the best method of infant feeding for the first ___ months of life. Furthermore, the World Health Organization encourages breastfeeding through the ___ year of life. Numerical answers; enter the numerals only.

6, 2

Asma is exclusively breastfeeding her four-month-old infant, Suttam. She had a normal pregnancy and delivery, she was in good health prior to and during her pregnancy. She currently weighs 61.29 kg and has a normal BMI. What are her current protein needs? This is a numerical answer, enter the numeral only.

67.44

The average American reads at a(n) 5th grade level .

8th grade level

Which of the following hemoglobin/hematocrit results would potentially indicate anemia for a pregnant woman, living at sea level who does not smoke and who is in her second trimester?

9.75g/dL & 30%

Exclusive breastfeeding during the first month after birth potentially reduces ___ % of global infant deaths?

90%

Which of the following is an example of 'fortification' of micronutrients?

A food manufacture adding B-Vitamins and iron to their grain-based products.

A nutrition diagnosis should identify which of the following?

A problem that can be resolved through nutrition intervention.

Given the current funding trends for community and public health efforts, which of the following programs is MOST likely to be funded?

A program that provides community-supported agriculture boxes of produce to low-income elderly persons.

How are evidenced-based guidelines developed?

A work group of subject-matter experts are gathered to review evidence. Systematic reviews of the literature are conducted to support decision-making.

The acronym ADIME stands for...?

A: assessment D: diagnosis I: intervention M: monitoring E: evaluation

Which documentation style best reflects the nutrition care process?

ADIME

Assimilation is the process by which members of one culture adopt or reject mixed components of another culture.

Acculturation

Which of the following occurs in a low or middle income country that is a catalyst for the nutrition transition? Select all that apply.

Acculturative changes (Westernization). Rapid urbanization.

Which of the following is (are) MOST likely to be the cause of poor milk supply in a breastfeeding woman? Select all that apply.

Addition of supplementary formula feedings. Inadequate knowledge about breastfeeding. Poor latch.

Which of the following factors are most likely to support breastfeeding success?

Adequate amounts of paid maternity leave for working mothers Accommodations in places of employment for the expression and storage of human milk. Normalization of human milk feeding in public places and in various forms of media.

Which of the following personal factor's influence one's culture? Select all that apply

Age Language Nationality Sexual orientation

Which of the following represents the birthplace of the majority of recent immigrants to the United States?

Americas

For which of the following nutrients is there increased renal secretion during pregnancy? Select all that apply.

Amino acids Glucose Vitamins B & C

What is the Joint Commission?

An organization which evaluates healthcare facilities to determine if they meet minimum levels of care standards.

Which of the following represent components of cultural competency? Select all that apply.

An understanding of the beliefs of other cultures. An understanding of the behaviors of other cultures. An understanding of your own attitudes and values.

Which of the following conditions are associated with genomic imprinting? Select all that apply.

Angelman syndrome Prader-Willi syndrome

When does metabolic programming occur? Select all that apply.

At conception During fetal development During infancy During early childhood

Which of the following represents a diverse diet according to the Minimum Dietary Diversity Index for Women?

At least 15 grams each daily of nuts, legumes, eggs, dark green leafy vegetables, and grains.

When do the majority of deaths in children less than 5 years of age occur?

At less than a month of age

Which type of disorders are the most common of the mendelian inherited disorders?

Autosomal recessive diseases

What is the most appropriate recommendation to make when counseling a newly pregnant patient about alcohol consumption?

Avoid alcohol completely throughout the entire pregnancy.

Which of the following screen time recommendations apply to infants and toddlers less than 18 months of age?

Avoid any exposure except for supervised video chats.

Match the type of human milk to its period after delivery of an infant.

Birth to about 2 days old: Colostrum 2 to 5 days old until 10 to 14 days old: Transitional milk 10 to 14 days old and beyond: Mature milk

Histone modification influences which proteins are transcribed through which of the following means?

By controlling what portions of DNA are unwound and accessible for transcription.

Which of the following is one the top five countries of origin of US immigrants? Select all that apply.

China India

Which of the following terms matches this definition: "foods and beverages other than human milk or infant formula added to an infant's diet"?

Complementary feeding

Which of the following represent good practices for health care professionals working with members of cultures other than their own? Select all that apply.

Conduct extensive research on clients/patients' countries of origin diet practices and disease risks. Work with your clients to develop an understanding of their foods, culture, and common ingredients. Use open-ended questioning and reflective listening to empower clients to make decisions about their health.

Due to the physiologic changes of pregnancy, women are at a higher risk for which of the following conditions? Select all that apply.

Constipation Diarrhea Gallstones Heartburn

To which of the following DNA nucleotide nitrogen bases do methyl groups attach and cause epigenetic alterations?

Cytosine

Within a strand of DNA, which of the following nucleotide base pairing is possible?

Cytosine-guanine

Why are pregnant women at an increased risk of constipation?

Decreased GI motility

Anabelle is a twenty-four-year-old woman. Her lifestyle choices and dietary pattern is consistent with disordered eating (though she does not acknowledge this). She consumes a strict fruitarian, raw diet (limited to foods fruits, peppers, tomatoes, lettuces, celery, cucumbers, avocados, olives and olive oil, almonds, squash seeds, walnuts, and coconut. No root vegetables, grains, legumes, cooked foods, soy products, or animal products allowed. No supplements, herbs, spices, caffeine, and alcohol allowed). Anabelle has recently suffered from stress fractures and has been diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. She is in a long-term relationship and would like to have a baby. Which of the following nutrition issues should a nutrition professional address first?

Disordered eating

Which of the following BEST represents fluid recommendations for lactating women?

Drink to thirst

When do the majority stillbirths die?

During labor & delivery

Which of the following are considered benefits of electronic health records?

Easier accessibility for health care team members Improved legibility of documentation Increased efficiency in documentation and providing care

Which of the following are considered benefits of electronic health records? Select all that apply.

Easier accessibility for health care team members Improved legibility of documentation Increased efficiency in documentation and providing care

What should a pregnant woman do to relieve nausea and vomiting during the early months of her pregnancy?

Eat small, frequent meals low in fat.

Which of the following is an example of non-responsive feeding?

Encouraging the infant to finish the last couple ounces of formula.

During a newborn's growth spurts at 2 weeks of age and again at 4 to 6 weeks of age, which of the following is recommended for breastfeeding mothers?

Ensure the breast is emptied at each feeding to promote production.

Which of the following would be most appropriate to appear in the "A" of an "ADIME" note?

Estimated nutrient needs

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own cultural background is the only appropriate way to view the world.

Ethnocentrism

Which of the following represents the definition of a protective factor?

Factors that mediate or moderate your risk of disease.

Cultural competency involves memorizing a list of practices, traits, and beliefs of a culture not your own.

False

In countries undergoing the "nutrition transition", chronic disease rates have increased while infectious and nutrition-related deficiency diseases are significantly decreased.

False

In obese women who may become pregnant or who are planning on becoming pregnant, ensuring 400mcg of folic acid supplementation per day reduces the risk of fetal development of neural tube defects.

False

Nutrition screening should only be carried out by the registered dietitian-nutritionist.

False

The "teach back" method's purpose is to help you test the knowledge your patient or client gained from your education session.

False

The decreased ratio of Omega-3 fatty acids to Omega 6 fatty acids in Westernized diets has increased the risk for inadequate fetal growth.

False

Which of the following represents a proximal influence of health?

Family dynamics

Which of the following represents the best way for a woman who might become pregnant, who is planning on becoming pregnant, or who is already pregnant to ensure adequate Omega-3 fatty acid intake?

Fatty, cold-water fish

Match the following to their part of the Nutrition Care Process:

First step: Nutrition assessment Second step: Nutrition diagnosis Third step: Nutrition intervention Fourth step: Nutrition monitoring & evaluation

Deficiency of choline in the maternal diet exacerbates deficiency of which of the following micronutrients?

Folate

For which of the following nutrients is supplementation a universal recommendation for pre-conception and pregnant women?

Folate

Which of the following nutrients is critical for the success of fertilization?

Folate

Match the following nutrients to their role in fetal development.

Folic acid: Brain & nervous system development Omega-3 fatty acids: Placental structure & function Vitamin D: Immune function Vitamin E: Oxidative stress

Which of the following represents appropriate Nutrition Diagnosis terminology?

Food and nutrition related knowledge deficit related to inaccurate understanding of protein needs as evidenced by...

Food literacy is the belief that indigenous communities have the right to create their own food systems based on their cultural and traditional interactions with their environments and understanding of their own needs.

Food sovereignty

____ is human milk high in water content for infant's hydration in addition to being high in water-soluble vitamins and protein.

Foremilk

Milk production is most affected by which of the following?

Frequent emptying of the breast.

How is it possible for maternal health to impact the health of two generations during the preconception period?

Germ cells and oocytes are formed during the fetal period.

Which of the following sociodemographic influences on health would be a DISTAL influence on the health and development of infants?

Government health programs

What should the caregiver avoid feeding an infant to reduce the risk of choking?

Grapes and hot dogs

When plotting an infant's weight or length on a percentile growth chart, a curve is produced that can be used to follow the infant's growth. What is this curve called?

Growth channel

Which of the following is TRUE about the effects of paternal health on offspring?

Health behaviors and dietary patterns in men during the preconception period impact both their children and their grandchildren.

Which of the following represents the chief obstetric cause of maternal mortality?

Hemorrhage

Which of the following sociodemographic factors generally leads to better food choices in pregnant women?

Higher level of education

Culture affects which of the following? Select all that apply.

How a person views healthcare. From whom a person will seek health treatment. How a person identifies illnesses and their causes. How a person views their relationship with their healthcare provider.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the impact of human milk on infant digestive health?

Human milk contains antibiotics that prevent the growth of microbes within the digestive system.

Which of the following would benefit this PES statement the most: "Excessive carbohydrate intake related to lack of nutrition knowledge about sources of carbohydrate and their impact on blood glucose levels as evidenced by prenatal weight gain and HgA1c?

Identifying the relevant data points in the signs and symptoms.

How does metabolism and glucose utilization change for women during pregnancy?

In later pregnancy, insulin resistance increases to shunt glucose to the fetus.

Which of the following PES statements is most relevant to the scope of practice of a nutrition professional (based on the nutrition diagnosis/problem section of the statement)?

Inadequate oral intake related to non-responsive feeding relationship as evidenced by caregiver failing to respond to infant's hunger cues of rooting and increased alertness.

Which of the following is an example of responsive feeding?

Including the infant in the family meal when introducing solids.

Which of the following is NOT an indication of adequate infant growth from breastfeeding?

Infant feeds from both breasts during a feeding.

How does responsive feeding relate to infant and child nutritional status?

Infants and children learn to consume a variety of flavors and textures.

Which of the following describes the growth expectations for most infants?

Infants double their birth weight by 4 to 6 months of age.

What are the potential outcomes of a responsive feeding relationship between parent/caregiver and child?

Infants learn to attend to internal cues of hunger and satiety.

Which of the following is TRUE about fruits, vegetables, and infant feeding? Select all that apply.

Infants whose mothers who consume vegetables and fruits during pregnancy are more likely to accept those flavors. Infants whose mothers who consume vegetables and fruits during breastfeeding are more likely to accept those flavors. Infants who are repeatedly offered fruits and vegetables (even sour and bitter flavors) are more likely to accept them over time.

In which of the following situations is breastfeeding contraindicated? Select all that apply.

Infants with classic galactosemia. Mothers living in high income countries who are HIV+.

How do the dietary recommendations for breastfeeding mothers differ from those for pregnant women?

Intake of almost all nutrients is needed at higher levels during lactation.

Which of the following nutrients generally needs to be supplemented (either directly or through fortified foods) during lactation even when the mother is well nourished and following a generally healthy diet?

Iodine

Which of the following nutrients has a critical role in fetal cognitive development?

Iodine

Which of the following is TRUE about supplementation of micronutrients for preconception and pregnant women?

Iron can impair zinc absorption so multi-mineral supplements may be indicated.

What is the relationship of iron deficiency to maternal mortality?

Iron-deficient women are less tolerant of hemorrhage after labor and delivery.

Which of the following is TRUE about Vitamin D supplementation and pregnant or preconception women? Select all that apply.

It can be difficult to consume an adequate amount of Vitamin D from dietary sources. Women who have darkly pigmented skin or cover their skin benefit from supplementation.

When is it appropriate for a registered dietitian to identify an etiology as the root cause of the nutrition problem that cannot be addressed directly by nutrition intervention?

It is appropriate if the RDN can address the signs and symptoms associated with the etiology through nutrition intervention.

Why should whole cow's milk NOT be given to infants younger than 1 year of age?

It is associated with lower intakes of iron and linoleic acid.

Which of the following is TRUE about the medical record?

It is considered a legal document. It is a communication tool between health care providers. If something is not recorded, it is presumed it did not occur.

Which of these statements is NOT true about colostrum?

It is higher in fat than mature milk.

Compared with later stages of the life cycle, which of the following describes the infant's protein requirement?

It is higher on a per-kilogram basis than that of an adult.

What is the recommendation for vitamin supplementation of infants fed commercially prepared formula?

It is rarely needed.

How does the Nutrition Care Process relate to other health professions?

It mimics the care cycle of all health care professions for their respective scope of practice.

Which of the following represents a social determinant of health?

Living in a single-parent household.

Which of the following influence(s) our social determinants of health? Select all that apply.

Local infrastructure. National laws and policies. Your socioeconomic status. Your social status within your community.

For managing leg cramps in pregnancy, diets high in which of the following minerals is considered beneficial?

Magnesium

Which of the following represents the only safe alternative to human milk?

Manufactured infant formula.

Which of the following is the greatest predictor of fetal outcome?

Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI

Which of the following groups of people are most at risk for having a low level of health literacy? Select all that apply.

Members of non-dominant cultural/ethnic/racial groups Non-native speakers of English Older adults

The nutrition intervention can include which of the following as appropriate to the needs of the patient or client?

Modification of their diet order. Referral to community services. Education about dietary choices. Discharge to another provider.

Which of the following sociodemographic characteristics (in the US) are most often associated with higher rates of breastfeeding? Select all that apply.

Mother is married Mother has a higher level of education

Which of the following are TRUE of nutrition interventions during the pre-conception period? Select all that apply.

Nutrition interventions made after conception do not appear able to prevent pregnancy-induced hypertension or diabetes. Health changes made by the father do not influence fetal health once conception has occurred.

Which of the following factors represent(s) an increased risk of birth defects? Select all that apply.

Obesity in the father. Obesity in the mother. Older mother. Older father.

Which of the following nutrients appear to be ligands (or at least precursors of ligands) involved in genomic control? Select all that apply.

Omega-3 fatty acids Vitamin D

Which of the following groups have the lowest relative risk of maternal mortality?

Overweight women in a high-care setting

What is the term that describes the natural variations in a gene that create no adverse effects on the individual and appear frequently within the population?

Polymorphism

Which of the following can increase the risk of growth failure in a breast-fed infant as a result of poor milk production? Select all that apply.

Poor latching or suck during the feeding episode Inappropriate positioning leading to poor latching. Severe malnutrition in the mother

Edwina is a twenty-nine-year-old Native American woman with Type 2 Diabetes. She has had Type 2 Diabetes since she was sixteen years old. She lives in the Jemez Pueblo reservation in New Mexico. This is a relatively rural location with the nearest hospital being a thirty-minute drive away. At her last doctor's visit, she found out she was about four months' pregnant and decides to visit with an outpatient dietitian available through Indian Health Services. Which of the following represents both a comparative standard category and one that should take priority when the dietitian determines what comparative standards to use?

Population characteristics

Which of the following represents the greatest risk to the health of an infant?

Pre-pregnancy BMI greater than 24.9

Which of the following represents the chief cause of infant mortality?

Preterm birth

Which of the following represents the best way to reduce maternal mortality?

Prevent unwanted pregnancies

Which hormone promotes milk production?

Prolactin

Which feeding practice will avoid the development of tooth decay in infants?

Put the infant to bed without a bottle.

Which of the following terms best matches this definition: "reciprocity between caregiver and infant or toddler during the feeding process"?

Responsive feeding

Which of the following terms best matches this definition: "interaction between caregiver and infant or toddler that fosters emotional development?"

Responsive parenting

What would be a behavior demonstrated by a 7- to 9-month-old to indicate that she is sated and finished eating?

She plays with or throws her utensils.

Which of the following special considerations for preconception nutrition is important due to the decreased amount of time to replenish nutrients?

Short intrapartum intervals

Which of the following maternal conditions will decrease the amount of essential fatty acids across the placenta to the infant? Select all that apply.

Smoking BMI greater than 29.9

What recommendation about sodium should be given for pregnant women?

Sodium intake should be above 2 to 3 g/day.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding The Joint Commission?

The Joint Commission specifies that a qualified dietitian must be involved in establishing a hospital's nutrition care process.

Which of the following best fits an example of a sentinel event?

The RDN forgets to include electrolytes in a TPN order recommendation and the patient ends up in intensive care.

Match the following definitions:

The capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and the services needed to make appropriate health decisions: health literacy The ability to articulate health concerns, verbalize symptoms, explain medical history, and ask appropriate questions: oral literacy The ability to both read printed material thoughtfully and critically for pleasure and for knowledge; and write for a wide variety of purposes, both practical and creative: print literacy The ability to utilize, assess, interpret, access, and communicate mathematical information along with utilizing math in daily life: numeracy

Which of the following represents non-responsive feeding?

The caregiver pressures and encourages the infant to continue to eat.

In protein synthesis, what subcomponent of DNA directs the inclusion of a specific amino acid within the protein?

The codon

Which of the following best represents a limitation to this PES statement: "Inadequate oral intake related to vegan diet as evidenced by consumption of 500 calories/day less than estimated needs (2000kcal/day) and 10% weight loss over past three months."

The etiology does not address the root problem.

Which of the following represents a distal influence on health?

The fact that a person lives in a low-income country.

Which of the following would NOT be a practice allowed in a Baby Friendly Hospital?

The family is sent home with a discharge pack: infant formula and other free samples in a diaper bag.

A caregiver or parent is responsible for which of the following when providing food to an infant or young child? Select all that apply.

The frequency with which foods are offered. Which types of foods are served. Type and size of utensils offered (if any). The amount of food served. Acting as a role model.

Which of the following represents the last step in the cycle of responsive feeding?

The infant experiences a predictable response to his or her signals.

What does the term 'double-burden of malnutrition' refer to?

The influence of stunting on obesity and chronic disease risk in low income countries.

Why are essential fatty acids important during Stage 14 of embryonic development?

The nerve system is being developed

"Inadequate energy intake" is an example of which of the following components of the Nutrition Care Process?

The nutrition diagnosis.

Who is the focus of the nutrition care process?

The patient or client

Which of the following represents the period known as the "first 1,000 days"?

The period that starts at the moment of conception and continues to the first 24 months after birth.

Sandi and her three girls (3, 6, & 8 years old) are trying to get to Sandi's mother's home in California from the Midwest. Sandi is trying to get away from an abusive relationship and to start over. They have recently run out of money and are stuck halfway between. Sandi's mother doesn't have a lot of money, either and can't help. The family has been living out of their car. They have gotten temporary shelter in a homeless shelter and Sandi decided to see if she could get some WIC benefits for the youngest girl while they were there. Which of the following is TRUE about the use of this nutrition intervention "nutrition education on importance of fruit and vegetable consumption" as the proposed solution to this nutrition problem: "Limited access to food related to parental homelessness and lack of income as evidenced by client report of family eating one or two meals per day and mother panhandling for money for food"?

The proposed intervention does not relate to the etiology of the nutrition problem.

Which of the are TRUE about nutrition screening and nutrition assessment?

The purpose of nutrition assessment is to evaluate for a nutrition-related problem.

Which of the following best represents a limitation to this PES statement: "Excessive energy intake R/T daily high calorie/high fat fast food choices AEB consumption of too many calories."

The signs/symptoms are not specific.

Which of the following are unique to younger, pregnant adolescents?

Their nutrient needs may not be met by standard prenatal supplements.

Which of the following is TRUE of nutrient supplementation for women who are planning on becoming pregnant?

They should take a multi-vitamin/multi-mineral supplement.

Why is it important to include records of stillbirths and neonatal deaths in health surveys and national registries?

To demonstrate the impact of providing appropriate medical care during pregnancy, labor and delivery.

Which of the following is NOT considered the purpose of the Nutrition Care Process?

To establish a standardization of nutrition care for individual patients and clients.

What is the purpose of evidenced-based guidelines?

To provide the best available scientific evidence for patient care. To provide care and treatment guidelines for health professionals. To enable reimbursement by healthcare providers for some conditions.

Which of the following best represents how current US toddler diets compare to (US) recommended dietary patterns?

Total daily added sugar intake exceeds national recommendations.

Which of the following laboratory values will increase during pregnancy?

Triglycerides

A potential limitation of translating educational materials from English into a client's spoken language is that the client may not be literate in their primary language.

True

A risk of poor numeracy skills in a person with Type 2 Diabetes is an inability to correctly interpret their blood glucose values.

True

In addition social influences on health, psychological influences also have an important influence on health outcomes.

True

Moderate alcohol consumption in men can reduce sperm count and concentration.

True

People with fewer economic resources generally suffer from more acute and chronic diseases than wealthier counterparts.

True

Which of the following forms of physical activity should be limited during late pregnancy?

Vigorous intensity activities

What nutrient does the American Academy of Pediatricians (AAP) recommend to be supplemented at 2 months of age for breast-fed infants, although the DRI for the nutrient in lactating women is at the same level as that in nonpregnant women?

Vitamin D

Which vitamin is NOT adequately provided by breastmilk (if the mother is deficient)?

Vitamin D

If a woman has a BMI greater than 25.0 before pregnancy, which of the following are TRUE about weight gain during pregnancy at her pre-pregnancy BMI?

Weight gain should be controlled to 15 to 25 lb.

Which of the following are strongly influenced by the first 1000 days of life? Select all that apply.

What flavors & textures of foods you will prefer. Your non-communicable (chronic) disease risk. Your risk of developing food allergies. Wage earning potential in adulthood.

When should a Vitamin B12 supplement be considered for a preconception or pregnant woman?

When overall maternal dietary diversity is low.

In which of the following situations is human milk feeding NOT recommended? Select all that apply.

When the mother is HIV+ and lives in a high-income country. When the mother uses illegal drugs.

When is calcium supplementation most beneficial during pregnancy?

When the mother is at risk of pre-eclampsia or prenatal hypertension.

Which of the following is TRUE of using US Institute of Medicine prenatal weight gain grids in low-and-middle income countries?

Women living in low- and middle-income countries are generally shorter than women living in high-income countries like the US.

Which of the following is TRUE about breastfeeding rates in high-income countries? Select all that apply.

Women with higher incomes and/or higher educations are more likely to breastfeed than women with lower incomes and/or lower education. Women and babies benefit from early education about infant feeding and post-partum support and management of issues.

Which of the following is the definition of cultural awareness?

You are able to self-reflect on your own biases towards cultures other than your own.

Which of the following is a definition of cultural skill?

You are capable of providing culturally tailored assessments to your clients or patients.

Blood pressure typically decreases during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.

decreases

In women who entered pregnancy with a BMI between 18.5-24.9, insulin sensitivity decreases throughout the course of the pregnancy.

decreases

Presence or absence of acetyl or methyl groups which influence histone winding or unwinding are influenced by which of the following? Select all that apply.

dietary patterns lifestyle habits presence or absence of toxins medications

Utilizing laboratory values is a reliable and easy way to determine if a pregnant woman is consuming an adequate diet.

false

When dietary planning for cultures not your own, it is best to categorize dietary patterns by race, ethnicity, and religion.

false

DNA strands are wound tightly around a protein called a(n) histone .

histone

Which of the following represents methods of epigenetic regulation on genetic expression? Select all that apply.

histone winding or unwinding methylation RNA interference

When a methyl group attaches to a CPG site, it impairs protein transcription.

impairs

Women whose BMI is less than 20.0 have a(n) increased risk of abnormal ovulation compared to "normal" weight women.

increased

The longer duration of breastfeeding as an infant, the lower the risk of heart disease later in life.

longer, lower

Which of the following will result from the normal physiologic adaptation during pregnancy?

nausea

Within the disciplines developed in response to the Human Genome Project, proteomics is a discipline focused on identifying what proteins get encoded from genes and how they function.

proteomics

Policy approaches that can influence social environments are more likely to improve health in target populations.

social environments

Nutrition risk screening using the Electronic Health Record (EHR) is best done by which of the following health professionals?

the admitting health professional.

Which of the following best represents the definition of culture?

the shared knowledge, beliefs, and life practices of a particular people, or other social group.

Epigenetic changes causes alterations in All of the above are. effects of epigenetic changes. .

the types of proteins that are produced.

The WHO recommends that infants be breastfed till the end of the first 1000 days of life to achieve maximum benefit.

till the end of the first 1000 days of life