Exam 1 PY 109
1. Increased talkativeness 2. Slurred speech and difficulty walking 3. Unconsciousness
Arrange the usual changes a user undergoes upon increasing his or her alcohol consumption in the correct order of occurrence.
Bias in information gathered
As only those students who are in classrooms can be surveyed, high school dropouts, who are more likely to use drugs, are excluded from the research data
engage in other deviant behavior
Studies of risk and protective factors of substance use conclude that adolescents whoa re likely to smoke cigarettes, drink heavily, and smoke marijuana are likely to ______________________________.
impulsive aggression
Studies with monkeys have found that low levels of serotonin metabolites are associated with _________________.
methamphetamine
treatment of ADHD and obesity
prescription drugs
use of drugs in greater amounts than, or for purposes other than, those directed by a physician or dentist
- perceiving that substance use is prevalent at one's school - engaging in frequent fighting, stealing, or other antisocial activities - having friends who use marijuana
According to a study conducted by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, identify the risk factors most likely associated with marijuana use among adolescents.
1. Use of beer or wine 2. Use of hard liquor and/or cigarettes 3. Marijuana use
According to a study from the 1970s that pointed out a typical sequence of involvement with drugs, arrange the stages of drug involvement in the order in which they occur.
his or her expectations of the effects they will produce
According to research, effects of psychoactive drugs on a user are influenced by ____________.
did not reduce euphoria produced by cocaine
According to several studies on cocaine self-administration using human subjects, drugs that block dopamine activity ________________________________________________.
There have been small changes in the rates of marijuana use since 1997.
According to the data collected by the Monitoring the Future Study by University of Michigan on marijuana use by 12th-graders, what is the observed trend on the use rates of the drug?
causes depression
too little activity
causes manic states
too much activity
behavioral control at a more primitive level than that of the cerebral cortex
Together with the hypothalamus, the limbic system involves important mechanisms for ____________________________.
illicit
A drug that is unlawful to posses or use is known as an ______________ drug.
cortex
A layer of tissue that covers the top and sides of the upper parts of the brain is known as ______________.
They involve many assumptions and complicated statistical analysis that are not standardized.
A limitation of brain imaging techniques
reinforcement
A procedure in which a behavioral event is followed by a consequent event such that the behavior is then more likely to be repeated is known as __________________.
They are an early indicator of the basic pattern of deviant behavior a typical user exhibits.
An accurate statement about gateway substances.
every drug acts at multiple sites
An accurate statement about psychoactive drugs is that _________________.
It gives real-time information about changes in brain blood flow
An advantage of functional MRI, or fMRI, technique used for brain imaging.
serotonin
Animal research has suggested one or more roles for ____________ in the complex control of food intake and the regulation of body weight.
sympathetic branch
involved in flight or fight reactions
substantia nigra
Cells from the _________ course together past the hypothalamus and terminate in the striatum to form the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway in the central nervous system.
ventral tegmental area
Cells in the nucleus accumbens region of the brain receive input from dopamine fibers that originate in the __________________________________.
Alzheimer's disease
Cells in the nucleus basalis region of the cerebral cortex in the central nervous systems are damaged in patients with __________________.
parasympathetic branch
involves effects associated with a relaxed physiological state
marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug
Data on marijuana use can be used to make a broader statement that illicit drug use among high school seniors has not changed a great deal between 1998 to 2012 because __________________________.
take corrective action when it occurs
Deviant drug use by an individual causes members of the individual's group to ______________________________.
acting on synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, or metabolism of neurotransmitters
Drugs can alter the availability of a neurotransmitter in the synapse by _______________.
stimulation of its receptors makes cells more excitable
Glutamate is often referred to as the brain's major excitatory neurotransmitter because ________________________.
They are known to play a role in pain relief.
Identify a feature of endorphins.
They bring serotonin molecules back into the releasing neuron.
Identify a true statement about serotonin transporters that are involved in the life cycle of a neurotransmitter.
They recognize, get attached, and hold the precursor molecule from which a neurotransmitter will be made.
Identify a true statement about synthetic enzymes involved in the process of synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules.
They carry sensory information into the central nervous system.
Identify a true statement about the peripheral nerves of the somatic nervous system.
It exerts generalized inhibitory functions
Identify an accurate statement about GABA, or y-amino butyric acid.
It influences levels of arousal and attentiveness
Identify an accurate statement about norepinephrine.
Not all substance use is abuse
Identify an accurate statement about substance use.
Higher mental processes, such as reasoning, occur in the cortex.
Identify an accurate statement about the cortex of the brain.
They affect the brain systems that depend on serotonin
Identify an accurate statement about the effect of drug molecules of LSD on the brain.
Homeostatic processes mobilize to counteract some alcohol-related effects.
Identify an accurate statement about the role of homeostasis in alcohol or drug use.
It provides an indirect measure of potential toxicity to specific neurons.
Identify an advantage of using positron-emission tomography, or PET, for brain imaging.
it is unclear whether observed brain differences are within the normal range of human variability
Many investigators conclude that drug users are cognitively impaired based solely on the brain imaging data. Such interpretations are inappropriate because __________________________________________________________________________.
Discrepancy in honesty of answers
In most cases, there is no way of confirming a student's claims on a questionnaire
their molecular structure is similar to that of a neurotransmitter chemical
In most of the cases, drugs have their effects on the brain because _____________________________________________.
glucose
In positron-emission tomography, or PET, technique used for brain imaging, the radioactive chemical used is usually a form of __________________ or a drug that binds to specific neurotransmitter receptors.
increased efforts by governments to limit access to dangerous drugs
In the context of substance use, a significant development has been ______________________________.
prevents the action potential and thus disrupts communication between neurons
In the context of the action potential process for neuronal communication, an effect of selective blockade of sodium, or Na+, channels is that it _____________________________________________.
causing the normally released neurotransmitter to remain in the synapse longer than usual
In the context of the actions of drugs on neurotransmitter systems, cocaine, and most antidepressants block the transporters of dopamine, norepinephrine, or serotonin by ______________________________.
the brain is well supplied with blood
In the context of the effects of drugs on the brain, an equilibrium develops quickly for most drugs because ____________________________.
synapse
In the context of the life cycle of a neurotransmitter, calcium aids the movement of small vesicles filled with neurotransmitter toward the axon terminal membrane so that the neurotransmitter is released into the ___________.
GABA-a
In the context of the life cycle of a neurotransmitter, many of the sedative-like effects of barbiturates are dependent on their binding to ______________ receptors in the brain.
synthesis
In the context of the life cycle of a neurotransmitter, the forming of a neurotransmitter by the action of enzymes on precursor molecules is known as ___________________.
uptake
In the life cycle of a neurotransmitter, active __________ is an energy-requiring mechanism by which selected molecules are taken into the cells.
seizures resembling those seen in epilepsy
Interfering with normal GABA, or y-amino butyric acid, inhibition can lead to _____________________________.
Yes
Is cocaine a stimulant?
perceived availability
It does not appear to explain differences in rates of use over time. (University of Michigan)
perceived risk of regular use
It essentially is a mirror image of the trend in rates of using marijuana. (University of Michigan)
norepinephrine
It is likely that stimulant drugs use ____________ pathways in the central nervous system to induce wakefulness.
is reinforced by the effect of the drug
Many drug users are motivated to continue using substances because the behavior of taking a drug ___________________.
An agonist
Mimics the action of a neurotransmitter and directly activates its receptor
dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
Monoamine neurotransmitters that have specific transporters built into their terminals.
plants
Most of the drugs in use 50 years ago originally came from _________________.
An antagonist
Occupies a neurotransmitter receptor and prevents the neurotransmitter from activating it
whose lives have been completely taken over by substance use
People's understanding of the term addiction ranges from those who apply the term broadly to anyone who is especially interested in an activity to those who apply the term only to people ________________________________________.
norepinephrine
Pathways arising from the locus ceruleus in the brain stem have numerous branches and project both up and down in the brain, releasing ________________.
nucleus basalis
Pathways containing acetylcholine arise from cell bodies in the _______________ in the lower part of the brain and project widely throughout the cerebral cortex.
raphe nuclei
Pathways containing serotonin arise from the __________.
cocaine
local anesthetic
- Being committed to school - Participating in two or more extracurricular activities - Believing that religion is important and frequently attending religious services
Protective factors most likely associated with lower rates of marijuana use among adolescents according to a study conducted by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
amygdala and hippocampus
Structures that form part of the limbic system
Parkinson's disease
Substantial loss of cells along the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway in the central nervous system leads to ________________________.
hypothalamus
The __________ is a small structure located near the base of the brain.
basal ganglia
The _________________ are subcortical brain structures that control muscle tone.
blocking the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
The diet drug Sibutramine produces its weight-reducing effects by __________________________.
war on drugs
The enormous growth in government efforts for regulating dangerous drugs or drugs that produce dependence, both in expenditures and in the breadth of substances controlled, is termed as ______________.
Introduction of vaccines and development of antibiotics
The events that led to an enormous change in the development and marketing of legal pharmaceuticals over the past 100 years.
Yin
The moon, representing the cool, passive, and feminine nature
acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions in the somatic system is _________________, which acts on receptors that excite the muscle.
Yang
The sun, representing the warm, active, and masculine nature
drug
The term ________ refers to any substance, natural or artificial, other than food, that by its chemical nature alters structure or function in a living organism.
False
True or False. In recent years, increasing amounts of evidence indicate that specific glutamate pathways are not important for the expression of some psychoactive drug effects.
True
True or False. The chemistry of the drug molecules determines if some drugs act quickly and others more slowly.
substance-use disorder
When a person's substance use is recurrent, and the problems lead to significant impairment or distress, that person is diagnosed with __________________.
the way the drug is being used
When drug abuse, drug dependence, and deviant drug use are talked about, it is _________________ that is being referred to.
- Its use has been a matter of some concern - Enough people have tried it so that meaningful correlations can be carried out
Why has marijuana smoking been used as an indicator for much of the research on correlates of drug use?
Large-scale survey studies of the general population have yielded weak correlations with other personality traits.
Why has measurement of impulsivity become more popular recently among studies aiming to correlate rate of substance use to personality of users?
Multiple sclerosis
__________ is a disease that results from a loss of myelin wrappings of neurons.
drug dependence
_________________ refers to a state in which an individual uses a drug so frequently and consistently that it appears that it would be difficult for the person to get along without using the drug.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
____________________________ (MRI) is a technique that uses powerful magnets to determine the amount of hydrogen atoms at different locations in the body.
axon
a thin tube extending from the cell body
nonprescription drugs or chemicals
any use of drugs other than the use intended by manufacturers
dendrites
branchlike structures extending from the cell body
vomiting center
gets activated by various drugs
respiratory center
gets suppressed by various drugs
heroin
painkillers
cell body
the central region of a neuron, which is the control center
axon terminals
the end structure of an axon
depolarized
when the membrane potential of a neuron is less negative
hyperpolarized
when the membrane potential of a neuron is more negative