Exam 1 Study Guide

Assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders

Clinical Psychologists

_____ produces graphs illustrating the activity between two points in the brain.

EEG

_____ interference can be said to be backward acting.

Retroactive

Which scholar theorized the existence of the unconscious?

Sigmund Freud

When the target behavior occurs, a pleasant event begins Example: After a child does his chores, his mother gives him ice cream. This makes it more likely that he will do his chores in the future

Positive Reinforcement

A response that is automatically triggered by a stimulus event.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Dysfunction in understanding or creating coherent speech is known as:

Wernicke's aphasia.

Which form of brain imaging relies on the use of electrodes placed on the scalp? a.) EEG b.) CT c.) fMRI d.) MRI

a.) EEG

What might Rafe experience if he is using alcohol? a.) enhanced relaxation b.) quickened bodily functions c.) enhanced pleasure d.) hallucinations

a.) enhance relaxation

Which is NOT involved in memory? a.) reversal b.) retrieval c.) encoding d.) storage

a.) reversal

As a result of taking sleep aid drugs for many years to help with his insomnia, Mason's father can no longer form new memories. This is an example of _____ amnesia.

anterograde

In the Müller-Lyer illusion, most people make which line too long? a.) >----< b.) <----> c.) >----> d.) <----<

b.) <---->

Which option does NOT focus on analyzing uniqueness versus universality? a.) A psychologist collects and compares data on the thinking and problem-solving methods across several different cultures. b.) A psychologist investigates pain tolerance based on age. c.) A psychologist investigates the perception of pain in men compared to women. d.) A psychologist studies and compares facial expressions used in cultures around the world.

b.) A psychologist investigates pain tolerance based on age.

The _____ uses a combination of multiple X-rays to make 3D images of the brain. a.) EEG b.) CT c.) fMRI d.) MRI

b.) CT

How do the PET scans of murderers' brains differ from nonmurderers' brains? a.) Murderers' brains have greater activation of the occipital lobe. b.) Murderers' brains have underactive prefrontal cortexes. c.) Nonmurderers' brains have more active parietal lobes. d.) Murderers' brains have underactive limbic systems.

b.) Murderers' brains have underactive prefrontal cortexes.

Dr. Muller is a developmental psychologist who studies adopted children, comparing them to those who are reared by their biological parents. Which of psychology's big questions is she MOST interested in answering? a.) Therapy or Medicine? b.) Nature or Nurture? c.) Change or Stability? d.) Universal or Unique?

b.) Nature or Nurture?

Scientists interested in researching whether people all over the world experience the same emotions would be attempting to answer which of psychology's big questions? a.) Certainty or Uncertainty? b.) Universal or Unique? c.) Nature or Nurture? d.) Universal or Unique?

b.) Universal or Unique?

In Roediger and McDermott's study, what percentage of participants RECOGNIZED items NOT presented on the study list? a.) 90% b.) 60% c.) 80% d.) 70%

c.) 80%

The lobes of the cerebrum include all EXCEPT: a.) parietal. b.) occipital. c.) anterior. d.) temporal.

c.) anterior.

All of these abilities are necessary for an observer to learn from a model EXCEPT: a.) motivation b.) attention c.) imitation d.) decisiveness

d.) decisiveness

Which is NOT a bodily function that the somatic nervous system controls? a.) waving b.) walking c.) talking d.) sleeping

d.) sleeping

The purpose of an axon terminal is to:

form connections with the next neuron

Chizu is using LSD. What might Chizu be experiencing as a result?

hallucinations

An upward sloping scatterplot indicates:

positive correlation

Behavior intended to hurt another person physically or emotionally

Agression

In the _____ illusion, participants see two people standing in a room with one appearing as a giant in comparison to the other.

Ames room

The _____ illusion is opposite of the Müller-Lyer illusion.

Ames room

The _____ illusion was used in the "Lord of the Rings" to make actors appear hobbit sized.

Ames room

Steven is participating in a study where he has been asked to adjust the person on his right so that they are the same height as the person on the left. What illusion is being studied?

Ames room illusion

_____ is the inability to remember some or all information, either temporarily or permanently.

Amnesia

_____ specializations are areas in which psychologists utilize their expertise to solve real-world problems.

Applied

A correlational study between average daily temperature and criminal activity yields a correlation coefficient of 0.3. Which finding does this value indicate?

As average daily temperature increases, criminal activity rises slightly.

A correlational study between age and reaction time yields a correlation coefficient of −0.4. Which conclusion does this value indicate?

As people get older, their reaction times decrease slightly.

Implicit Memory

- Processed by the cerebellum and basal gaglia - Nondeclaraticve memory - without conscious recall - retention of associations and know-how that is outside of our conscious recollection

Explicit Memory

- Processed in the hippocampus - Declarative memory - conscious recall - contains facts and experiences we know and declare to others

Semantic memory

- Type of explicit memory - Processed in the hippocampus - Facts and general knowledge

Episodic memory

- Type of explicit memory - Processed in the hippocampus - Personally experiences events

Procedural memory

- Type of implicit memory - Processed by the cerebellum and basal gaglia - motor skills and strategies - Memories formed by classical and operant conditioning

Correlation coefficients can range from:

-1.0 to 1.0

In Roediger and McDermott's study, what percentage of participants RECALLED items NOT presented on the study list?

60%

_____ is a signal that indicates that a particular behavior will be followed by a particular consequence.

A discriminative stimulus

_____ is a way of conducting research in which neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group.

A double-blind procedure

_____ is a specific technique or strategy deliberately used to enhance memory.

A mnemonic

Scatterplots show:

two scores represented as individual points on the graph.

In an experiment on classical conditioning, Hector squinted when presented with a bright light but not when presented with a certain sound. After Hector was repeatedly presented with the sound and the bright light paired together, he began to squint when presented with the sound alone. In this experiment, squinting at the bright light is the:

unconditioned response

Dr. Velasquez found a correlation of r = 0.02 in a recent study. The two variables in his study are:

uncorrelated

If high values in one variable are associated with both high and low values of the other variables, the variables are:

uncorrelated

Sophie drops her keychain in a vent. After thinking about it, she uses a magnet to retrieve it. This is an example of:

use of insight.

A _____ reinforcement schedule gives the reinforcer after a varying number of responses.

variable-ratio

Jamie fell backwards and bumped her head. She briefly 'saw stars'. This is because her fall stimulated her:

visual cortex

Most of the time people encode:

what is necessary to learn

How is automatic processing different from effortful processing?

Automatic processing stores information without deliberate action

The part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal organs

Autonomic Nervous System

Who is credited for the identification of operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner

_________ specializations are areas in which psychologists conduct studies for the sake of enhancing the understanding of behaviors and mental processes.

Basic research

Genes and environment interact to produce individual differences in behavior

Behavior Genetics

Behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments

Behavioral

Explore the links between brain and mind

Biological Psychologists

Largest part of the central nervous system; consists of about 80 billion neurons organized into networks for processing sensory information, storing memories, and controlling behavior

Brain

In the _____ illusion, participants are asked to adjust one of the circles so that it looks identical to another circle.

Brightness

The spinal cord and the brain

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Remembering a locker combination as being three sets of numbers, such as 12-21-35, is an example of using what type of processing?

Chunking

The capacity of items in short-term memory can be increased by using what encoding technique?

Chunking

Simple form of learning that involved forming an association between two stimuli

Classical Conditioning

Behavior is influenced by information that is perceived and remembered

Cognitive

Experiment with how people perceive, think, and solve problems

Cognitive Psychologists

Help create social and physical environments that are health for individuals and groups

Community Psychologists

A response that, after conditioning, is triggered by a formerly neutral stimulus

Conditioned Response (CR)

Which participants in a study do NOT receive the treatment?

Control group

Help people cope with challenges by recognizing their strengths and resources

Counseling Psychologists

Psychologists refer to the process by which time erodes memory as decay. Which statement describes the meaning of decay in this context?

Decay is the dwindling or loss of information from memory due to the passing of time.

Psychoactive drugs that slow down neural activity and body functions. Examples include alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates such as morphine, heroin, and oxycontin.

Depressants

Study a person's changing abilities from womb to tomb

Developmental Psychologists

Studying learning and teaching, along with children's behavior in a school setting

Educational Psychologists

_____ processing is when specific control is given to how deeply incoming information is processed.

Effortful

_____ memory allows a person to describe events that happened in that person's childhood.

Episodic

Behavioral tendencies are passed on through genes molded by natural selection

Evolutionary

True or False: The neural communication process usually beings when the axon receives signals from other nearby neurons.

False

True or False: When the message reaches the axon terminal, an electrical impulse travels across the synaptic gap and stimulates the next neurons.

False

_____ psychologists are useful in determining custody of children or whether a child has suffered from abuse in the home.

Forensic

Emile Durkheim's study of suicide in 1897 demonstrated that suicide is not necessarily connected to insanity. Durkheim examined why sane people would knowingly commit suicide and studied the phenomenon based on how people use it. For example, two types of suicide, egoistic and altruistic, are caused by insufficient or excessive integration into society. The other two, anomic or fatalistic, are based on how society handles rules: too few or too many. Which psychological perspective is most closely associated with Durkheim's famous study?

Functionalism

Psychoactive drugs that distort perception and may create hallucinations (false sensory experiences); also called psychedelic drugs. Examples include LSD, marijuana (THC), and mescaline

Hallucinogens

Constance is running late for a flight and is at the airport. She checks the arrivals and departures screen. She sees information about her flight for a couple of seconds before the information disappears. Constance closes her eyes to visualize her updated flight information. Which type of memory did Constance use?

Iconic

_____ memories are memories that "we don't know we know."

Implicit

Study and advise on behavior in the workplace

Industrial-Organizational Psychologists

_____ suggests that there may be at least a little truth to the old saying that a tiger doesn't change its stripes.

Instinctive drift

_____ occurs when some other stimulus or piece of information prevents remembering.

Interference

Why is the process of teaching (or imagining teaching) something to someone useful for memory?

It allows us to process the information more deeply

_____ is the process by which life experience causes change in the behavior or thinking of an organism.

Learning

_____ is a memory mistake of remembering things differently because of the wording used to describe the events.

Leveling effects

When the target behavior occurs, a pleasant event ends. Example: When a child starts whining, the parents turn off the television show the child was enjoying. This makes it less likely that the child will whine in the future

Negative Punishment

When a target behavior occurs, an unpleasent event ends. Example: A terrible sound stops after a person presses a button. This makes it more likely that the person will press the button the next time that sound begins.

Negative Reinforcement

Ben didn't get his homework done on time, some his parents took away his favorite video game.

Negative punishment

Bibiana's parents constantly nag her about cleaning her room. When she finally cleans her room,her parents stop nagging.

Negative reinforcement

The body's fast communication system, consisting of billions of neurons; divided into the peripheral and central nervous systems

Nervous system

_____ are cells that facilitate communication within the nervous system.

Neurons

Behavior is controlled by the computations of neural networks

Neuroscience

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the link between behavior and the brain?

Neuroscience

_____ is defined as a result of observing others' behavior and consequences rather than one's own.

Observational learning

Type of learning in which a behavior is influenced by the favorable or unfavorable consequences that follow it.

Operant Conditioning

Which brain-imaging technology measures brain structure and function?

PET

The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body after a stressful event has passed

Parasympathetic Division

Learning by watching others rather than from direct experience

Pbservational Learning

The sensory and motor neurons outside the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Investigate persistent traits and characteristics

Personality Psychologists

_____ is the brain's ability to modify itself in response to damage or experience.

Plasticity

When the target behavior occurs, an unpleasant event begins. Example: A teen comes home three hours late, and her parents ground her for a week. This makes it less likely that she will come home late again.

Positive Punishment

Whenever Bethany calls her brother a bad name, he pinches her arm

Positive punishment

_____ decreases the frequency of behavior by getting something unwanted as a consequence.

Positive punishment

Basir's father praises him every time he practices the piano.

Positive reinforcement

_____ memory allows a person to remember how to do a certain behavior or activity, like riding a bicycle or typing on a keyboard.

Procedural

Behavior is influenced by unconscious conflicts and motives

Psychodynamic

An unpleasant consequence that creases the frequency of the behavior it follows.

Punisher

A pleasent consequence that increases the frequency of the behavior that follows it

Reinforcer

_____ interference is when we have problems remembering old information because of newer information.

Retroactive

_____ amnesia is when we forget information prior to an event, while _____ amnesia is when we forget information after an event.

Retrograde; anterograde

Which term describes a stimulus that requires a learned link to a primary reinforcer to have a reinforcing effect?

Secondary reinforcer

_____ is the ability of the brain to pay more attention to one sensory channel than others.

Selective attention

_____ is exemplified by Reilly's ability to remember the birthdays of his six siblings.

Semantic memory

Marvin hears the sound of a nearby train while trying to fall asleep. _____ carry the message to the brain to let him know the train is passing.

Sensory neurons

Explore how people influence and are influenced by others

Social Psychologists

Behavior varies across situation and cultures

Social-Culture

The part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information and controls body movements

Somatic Nervous System

The part of the central nervous system that extends downward from the brain through the spine

Spinal cord

Psychoactive drugs that speed up neural activity and body functions. Examples include caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines.

Stimulants

_____ is the memory process that refers to our ability to hold onto information.

Storage

Which perspective from psychology emphasizes breaking down mental processes into their basic parts?

Structuralism

The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body for action

Sympathetic Division

_____ is an immediate strong dislike to what you ate before you got sick.

Taste aversion

What is the function of Brie's cones while she is reading her psychology textbook?

The cones detect color in the psychology textbook.

Which area of the brain is most closely associated with sleep and dreaming, as well as coordinating well-practiced body movements?

The pons

As Marvin is writing out his grocery list, light reflects off the paper and reaches the irises of his eyes. What do his irises do?

They let in the correct amount of light from the paper

True or False: Excitatory signals make it more likely that a neuron will generate its own electric impulse

True

True or False: Inhibitory signals can block the effect of excitatory signals, reducing the likelihood that the neuron will fire.

True

An even that automatically triggers a response; no learning is required

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Jackson checks his mail at the same time each day. Which type of schedule is featured in this example?

a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule

Professor Andrews found that as the number of days absent increases, students grades decrease. Professor Andrews has found:

a negative correlation between days absent and grades.

Sensory conflict is synonymous with:

a negative sensory interaction

Professor Hartwick finds that people who tend to score low on one variable tend to score low on another variable. Professor Hartwick has found:

a positive correlation

Michael notices that the plants in his garden that are in the shade most of the day are smaller than the ones that are in the sun. What can Michael conclude about the relationship between sunlight and plant growth?

a positive correlation between amount of sunlight and plant growth

Professor McManus shows a scatterplot of data that show that grades increase as the number of hours spent studying increases. Professor McManus has shown:

a positive correlation between studying and grades.

A fixed-ratio schedule involves reinforcement that comes when the behavior is performed:

a predictable number fo times

Liam is walking down the street when he hears a squeal of tires and a loud crash. He startles. Liam's response is BEST described as:

a reflex

A pattern by which reinforcement occurs in response to a particular behavior is:

a reinforcement schedule

A retrieval cue is:

a reminder that facilitates the pulling of information from from memory

According to Roediger and McDermott, what test should Sarah perform WORST on?

a short answer test

2. Which of the following correlation coefficients may represent the weakest negative correlation? a.) -0.20 b.) -1.01 c.) 0.10 d.) -0.80

a.) -0.20

Which statement describes a hallucinogen? a.) A hallucinogen is a drug that produces unrealistic sensations. b.) A hallucinogen is a drug that speeds up bodily functions. c.) A hallucinogen is a pain-relieving drug made from the poppy plant. d.) A hallucinogen is a drug that slows bodily functions.

a.) A hallucinogen is a drug that produces unrealistic sensations.

Which scenario demonstrates the use of insight? a.) Aram drops his keychain in a vent. After thinking about it, he uses a magnet to retrieve it. b.) Hunter won't study for exams after studying in the past didn't make any difference. c.) Ming refuses to look for a job because she never received calls about the previous applications she filled out. d.) Freya keeps trying to do well on a standardized test because she has seen hard work in studying pay off in the past.

a.) Aram drops his keychain in a vent. After thinking about it, he uses a magnet to retrieve it.

Which statement explains brain plasticity theory? a.) Brain plasticity theory emphasizes the fact that sleep allows the brain to change, grow, and reorganize itself. b.) Brain plasticity theory points out that sleep is essential for consolidating memories and for resting the vision system. c.) Brain plasticity theory suggests that the main advantage of sleep is simply staying still during the dark hours of night. d.) Brain plasticity theory suggests that sleep allows the body to recharge and strengthen itself.

a.) Brain plasticity theory emphasizes the fact that sleep allows the brain to change, grow, and reorganize itself.

To improve his memory, Carlos uses an acronym mnemonic. Which is an example of this technique? a.) Carlos uses "Elephants and Donkeys Grow Big Ears" (EADGBE) to remember the strings of a guitar from left to right. b.) Carlos uses the locations in his home to remember what he needs to buy at the grocery store. c.) Carlos uses "1, 2, 3, 4, 5" to remember "run, blue, bee, door, drive." d.) Carlos uses the locations of different landmarks to remember a specific number.

a.) Carlos uses "Elephants and Donkeys Grow Big Ears" (EADGBE) to remember the strings of a guitar from left to right.

Which scenario demonstrates instinctive drift? a.) Frank starts a new diet but ends up eating fatty foods again after a few months. b.) A dog learns how to sit after seeing another dog do it. c.) A dog learns how to kill rodents by watching another dog do it. d.) Tehas doesn't like blueberry yogurt because he got sick after eating it once.

a.) Frank starts a new diet but ends up eating fatty foods again after a few months.

Tara is a 7-year-old child having difficulty paying attention in school. Which questions might a neuroscientist ask in relation to Tara's case? a.) How does the child's brain (areas and activity) respond to the classroom environment? b.) How does the child think about school and how to behave in class? c.) How does the child's ethnic group relate to her behavior in school? d.) What survival instincts might be triggered in the child by the classroom environment?

a.) How does the child's brain (areas and activity) respond to the classroom environment?

Maynard is on vacation in Bangkok, Thailand. The retrieval stage of memory occurs when: a.) Maynard is reminded of the sounds of the city when trying to fall asleep. b.) Maynard's mind is retaining the auditory information from the sounds of the city. c.) Maynard's mind is entering the sounds and associated meanings into long-term memory. d.) Maynard is taking in the different sounds of the city and giving them meaning.

a.) Maynard is reminded of the sounds of the city when trying to fall asleep.

Which of these can measure brain functioning? a.) PET and fMRI b.) CT and MRI c.) MRI and EEG d.) EEG and CT

a.) PET and fMRI

Which is an example of a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule? a.) Senedra knows that when she puts coins into a payphone, she will be able to make a call. b.) Pamela checks her bank app every Thursday. c.) Elena buys a lottery ticket at the gas station. d.) Zoe checks her e-mail at random times throughout the day.

a.) Senedra knows that when she puts coins into a payphone, she will be able to make a call.

Which of Rebecca's abilities is primarily associated with procedural memory? a.) She can drive a car. b.) She can recall what happened during a house fire. c.) She can tell the story about her first time riding a roller coaster. d.) She can remember the birthdays of her six siblings.

a.) She can drive a car.

Which statement BEST reflects the relationship between various structures of the brain when executing specific functions? a.) Some brain structures fulfill specific functions when supported by complementing structures. b.) Some brain structures independently fulfill specific functions. c.) Most brain structures have corresponding association areas. d.) Most adult brain structures have protective redundancy with other brain structures.

a.) Some brain structures fulfill specific functions when supported by complementing structures.

Which is a true statement about spiritualism? a.) Spiritualism involved communicating with the deceased. b.) Spiritualism involved a healer moving magnets or empty hands over a person's body to adjust the balance of fluids or to induce a trance. c.) Spiritualism promoted the idea that bumps in the skull revealed personality characteristics and mental abilities. d.) Spiritualism promoted the idea that characteristics of the face revealed personality characteristics.

a.) Spiritualism involved communicating with the deceased.

What is NOT a difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system? a.) The endocrine system operates more quickly than the nervous system. b.) Messages in the nervous system are passed via neurons. c.) Messages in the endocrine system are carried through the bloodstream via hormones. d.)The endocrine system's messages can take months or years to fully kick in.

a.) The endocrine system operates more quickly than the nervous system.

Choose the option that refers to an episodic memory. a.) a first date b.) word meanings c.) how to spell the name of a city d.) the locations of the seven continents

a.) a first date

Amy prefers recognition tests to recall tests. Which type of test would Amy like the best? a.) a multiple choice test b.) a test where she had to fill in the blanks c.) a test where she had to complete short answer questions d.) a test where she had to write an essay

a.) a multiple choice test

An underactive prefrontal cortex is the single strongest correlate of: a.) antisocial and violent behaviors. b.) prosocial and altruistic behaviors. c.) schizophrenia. d.) anxiety disorders.

a.) antisocial and violent behaviors.

Emily, a college student, is conducting an experiment in the style of Wilhelm Wundt in which people are shown pictures of snakes. In order to capture the essence of Wilhelm Wundt, Emily will likely: a.) ask participants to describe what was going on inside their minds. b.) investigate which areas of the brain were stimulated. c.) measure participants' blood pressure levels. d.) determine the sources of participants' fear of snakes.

a.) ask participants to describe what was going on inside their minds.

Kahlil was in a work-related accident. As a result of the accident, the occipital lobe of his cerebrum was damaged. Which symptom is Kahlil MOST likely experiencing? a.) blindness b.) difficulty identifying the location of a sensation c.) difficulty recognizing shape and texture by touch d.) difficulty sensing body part locations

a.) blindness

Which is an example of an unconditioned stimulus? a.) blushing due to embarrassment b.) a song that does not elicit a strong reaction c.) a pleasant smell of laundry d.) hearing a phone ring in a public place

a.) blushing due to embarrassment

Chizu is using LSD. What might Chizu be experiencing as a result? a.) cross-sensory distortions b.) quickened cognitive processing c.) an intense rush of pleasure d.) slowed speech, movement, coordination, and reasoning

a.) cross-sensory distortions

Sophia's pituitary gland has not functioned properly since birth. What symptom is she MOST likely experiencing? a.) decreased bone density b.) a high sex drive c.) low body temperature d.) insomnia

a.) decreased bone denisty

The limbic system is primarily involved in all EXCEPT: a.) fainting. b.) feeding. c.) fleeing. d.) fighting.

a.) fainting.

Dr. Wildfong conducts psychological evaluations of defendants whose competence to stand trial is in question. Dr. Wildfong is a _____ psychologist. a.) forensic b.) developmental c.) evolutionary d.) personality

a.) forensic

The ability to plan, make decisions, and perform complex cognitive tasks are capabilities most closely associated with the larger: a.) front and top areas of the brain b.) rear and side areas of the brain c.) brainstem and cerebellum d.) cerebellum and thalamus

a.) front and top areas of the brain

Chen performed an experiment in which a buzzer was established as a conditioned stimulus. When chickens heard the buzzer, they learned to expect food. When the chickens heard a beep, they also showed signs of expecting food. Which option describes this phenomenon? a.) generalization because the sound of the beep, which is similar to the conditioned stimulus, caused the conditioned response b.) discrimination because the sound of the beep, which is different from the conditioned stimulus, failed to cause the conditioned response c.) generalization because the sound of the beep, which is similar to the conditioned stimulus, failed to cause the conditioned response d.) discrimination because the sound of the beep, which is different from the conditioned stimulus, caused the conditioned response

a.) generalization because the sound of the beep, which is similar to the conditioned stimulus, caused the conditioned response

Marshall is conducting a Pavlovian experiment with music, Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in D Minor, to demonstrate classical conditioning in domestic birds. Marshall wants to know if the bird can learn when it will be let out of the cage before the latch is opened. Before the experiment began, the latch of the cage door caused the bird to flutter with anticipation of time outside the cage. Which order of steps will Marshall follow? a.) identifying the music as a neutral stimulus; identifying cage release as the unconditioned stimulus; repeatedly playing Beethoven's 9th followed by releasing the bird; and playing the music to produce anticipation b.) turning on Beethoven's 9th to produce anticipation; identifying Beethoven's 9th as a neutral stimulus; repeatedly playing Beethoven's 9th followed by cage release; and identifying cage release as the unconditioned stimulus c.) identifying Beethoven's 9th as a neutral stimulus; repeatedly playing Beethoven's 9th followed by cage release; playing Beethoven's 9th to produce anticipation; and identifying cage release as the unconditioned stimulus d.) turning on Beethoven's 9th to produce anticipation; repeatedly playing Beethoven's 9th followed by releasing the bird from the cage; identifying the music as a neutral stimulus; and identifying the release as the unconditioned stimulus

a.) identifying the music as a neutral stimulus; identifying cage release as the unconditioned stimulus; repeatedly playing Beethoven's 9th followed by releasing the bird; and playing the music to produce anticipation

Montel suffered a head injury and sustained damage to his cerebellum. Consequently, he might start to experience difficulty with: a.) maintaining his balance b.) recognizing fear in facial expressions c.) picking up the emotional tone of language d.) knowing when he is hungry or full

a.) maintaining balance

Which action is NOT associated with insight? a.) performing multiple actions in hopes that one will result in the desired outcome b.) using a tool to get something that is out of reach c.) changing the battery in the smoke detector to make it stop beeping d.) using a nearby key to unlock a door

a.) performing multiple actions in hopes that one will result in the desired outcome

Which of the following is a correct representation of a strong negative correlation?a.) r = -0.82 b.) c =-0.82 c.) r =-0.22 d.) c =-0.22

a.) r = -0.82

All of the following are a type of mnemonic EXCEPT: a.) spacing effect. b.) acronym. c.) method of loci. d.) peg word method.

a.) spacing effect.

The Ebbinghaus illusion is due to: a.) surrounding cues. b.) visual acuity. c.) haptic information. d.) depth perception.

a.) surrounding cues.

Which is an example of an implicit memory? a.) typing on a keyboard b.) your high school graduation c.) last week's doctor visit d.) the name of the U.S. president

a.) typing on a keyboard

Xueman has been experiencing muscle weakness for the past six months. After seeing a doctor, he discovers that he has low levels of a specific neurotransmitter. Which neurotransmitter is MOST likely out of balance?

acetylcholine

The point in the learning process at which the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus because it causes the conditioned response is:

acquisition

Natalie suffered brain damage during a car accident. She can no longer discern her little brother's facial expressions of fear. It is MOST likely that Natalie has damaged her:

amygdala

The reticular activating system is a component of the brainstem involved in:

arousal

Which part of the brain is responsible for people recognizing emergency vehicles as a sign to pull over?

association area

In order to remember information, a person must process it deeply, which means that the information is:

attached to something meaning full

The ability for a person to recall what they had for lunch last Friday is an example of:

automatic processing

Tree is to roots as neuron is to:

axon

Bao's brother wants to better his memory. He asks her whether it is possible for him to improve or if he is stuck with the memory ability he was born with. Based on the reading in the text, what might BEST describe what Bao should tell her brother? a.) "Yes, you can change your memory, but it is extremely difficult and takes a very long time to see improvement." b.) "Yes, if you are motivated and use memory training techniques, you can improve your memory skills." c.) "No, memory techniques are too difficult for the average person to implement." d.) "No, memory is an innate ability, so you are stuck with the memory skills you currently have."

b.) "Yes, if you are motivated and use memory training techniques, you can improve your memory skills."

In the Müller-Lyer illusion, most people make which line too short? a.) >----< b.) <----> c.) >----> d.) <----<

b.) <---->

Which example demonstrates taste aversion? a.) A dog has been trained to be gentle but growls when humans get too close to its food. b.) A dog won't eat a certain type of treat because it became sick after eating one of those treats. c.) Hunter wants to eat his food right away rather than politely waiting for others to get their food. d.) Taliba avoids eating at a certain restaurant after seeing her brother return home sick after eating there.

b.) A dog won't eat a certain type of treat because it became sick after eating one of those treats.

Each proposed study focuses on analyzing nature versus nurture EXCEPT which? a.) A psychologist studies the personality differences of twins separated at birth. b.) A psychologist collects data on the sexual orientations of one group of individuals over the course of 10 years. c.) A psychologist collects data on the attention spans of adopted children and compares them to the biological children of the same family. d.) A psychologist investigates susceptibility to drug addiction in children (both those that remained in the home and those that were adopted) of parents that have been addicted to drugs.

b.) A psychologist collects data on the sexual orientations of one group of individuals over the course of 10 years.

Which study focuses on analyzing change versus stability? a.) A psychologist investigates susceptibility to drug addiction in children (both those that remained in the home and those that were adopted) of parents that have been addicted to drugs. b.) A psychologist studies the responses to moral or ethical questions based on age. c.) A psychologist studies the personality differences of twins separated at birth. d.) A psychologist investigates the perception of pain in men compared to women.

b.) A psychologist studies the responses to moral or ethical questions based on age.

What scenario illustrates the condition of learned helplessness? a.) Mihoko learned about cooking by watching her mother cook even though she herself has never cooked. b.) Chloe does not use a certain computer program because she has not been able to get it to work before. c.) Sean has a number of errands to run for the week and realizes he can save time by combining trips. d.) Brian solves a complex math problem by using the skill he practiced in the previous lesson.

b.) Chloe does not use a certain computer program because she has not been able to get it to work before.

Which is FALSE regarding the comparison of counseling and clinical psychology? a.) Counseling psychologists are more likely to do career or job counseling. b.) Clinical psychologists focus only on those with severe psychological problems. c.) Clinical psychology is a larger specialization than counseling psychology. d.) Counseling and clinical psychologists may work together in many agencies to serve clients.

b.) Clinical psychologists focus only on those with severe psychological problems.

Which option is a question of nature versus nurture? a.) Are children of alcoholics more susceptible to alcoholism? b.) Do all cultures have similar ways of expressing or showing respect? c.) How similar is an adult's sense of humor to his or her sense of humor as an adolescent? d.) Does memory decrease from age 30 to age 50?

b.) Do all cultures have similar ways of expressing or showing respect?

Which question is an example of the Moses illusion? a.) What weapon did Brutus and others use to kill Julius Caesar? b.) How many miles long is the Great Wall of India and how many years did it take to build it? c.) How long did Zeus rule at Mount Olympus as king of the Greek gods? d.) How many commandments did Moses receive from God at Mount Sinai?

b.) How many miles long is the Great Wall of India and how many years did it take to build it?

Which statement is true about anterograde amnesia? a.) It is associated with the idea that when a person's memory is working correctly, it pays attention to information and where the information comes from. b.) It causes a loss of recollection of what a person has just said or done. c.) It often results in the aftermath of psychological trauma, severe abuse, or overwhelming stress. d.) It is commonly seen in athletes who get their bell rung, incurring mild head injuries.

b.) It causes a loss of recollection of what a person has just said or done.

Which statement is true about generalization, one of the processes Pavlov examined in addition to the basics of classical conditioning? a.) It is the point in the learning process at which the conditioned stimulus no longer causes the conditioned response because it is no longer linked to the unconditioned stimulus. b.) It is a complementary process to discrimination. c.) It takes place via observation of others' life experiences rather than one's own. d.) It has to have two stimuli happen within a very brief time of each other.

b.) It is a complementary process to discrimination.

Which statement describes insomnia? a.) It is found in fewer than one-fourth of one percent of the population. b.) It is characterized by consistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or achieving high-quality sleep. c.)It is characterized by immediate and unexpected shifts from wakefulness to REM sleep. d.) It is characterized by interruptions of breathing that cause repeated waking.

b.) It is characterized by consistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or achieving high-quality sleep.

Which statement is true regarding negative punishment? a.) Negative punishment increases the frequency of behavior by presenting something good. b.) Negative punishment is exemplified in taking away access to the car when a teenager comes home after curfew. c.) Negative punishment is exemplified by giving a child money for good grades on a report card. d.) Negative punishment increases the frequency of behavior by removing something bad.

b.) Negative punishment is exemplified in taking away access to the car when a teenager comes home after curfew.

Which of Ollie's experiences demonstrates the primacy effect? a.) Ollie read four chapters of a book in one night. When telling a friend about the book the next day, he has trouble remembering everything that happened in the first of the four chapters. b.) Ollie takes someone's order at a fast-food restaurant. The customer ordered quickly, and Ollie had to ask the customer to repeat the last few items. c.) Ollie studies a list of 50 words for a foreign language class. After taking an exam, he remembered the words at the end of the list best. d.) Ollie tries to memorize a speech. After practicing many times, he can recite the first and last parts of the speech very well but struggles with the parts in the middle.

b.) Ollie takes someone's order at a fast-food restaurant. The customer ordered quickly, and Ollie had to ask the customer to repeat the last few items.

Which statement explains the effects of opiates? a.) Opiates enhance muscle growth b.) Opiates enhance pleasure. c.) Opiates overcome fatigue d.) Opiates enhance energy

b.) Opiates enhance pleasure.

Which statement defines semantic memory? a.) Semantic memory is the process of taking in information, saving it over time, and calling it to mind later. b.) Semantic memory is a type of explicit memory consisting of facts, figures, word meanings, and other general information. c.) Semantic memory is the visual information collected by the eyes over the past fraction of a second. d.) Semantic memory is the memory of which a person is consciously aware.

b.) Semantic memory is a type of explicit memory consisting of facts, figures, word meanings, and other general information.

What is the function of Derrick's irises while he is looking at a picture of Mount Everest? a.) The irises begin the process of visual transduction. b.) The irises let in the correct amount of light from the picture. c.) The irises maximize focus on the picture. d.) The irises refract light from the picture as it enters the eyes.

b.) The irises let in the correct amount of light from the picture.

Which statement defines the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? a.) The parasympathetic division is the collection of neurons that rev the body up in response to stressors. b.) The parasympathetic division is the collection of neurons that calm the body down when stressors decrease. c.) The parasympathetic division is made up of the combined components of the brain and the spinal cord. d.) The parasympathetic division is the collection of neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord to the parts of the body controlled voluntarily.

b.) The parasympathetic division is the collection of neurons that calm the body down when stressors decrease.

Giving a child money for good grades on a report card is an example of negative reinforcement. a.) Giving a child money for good grades on a report card is an example of negative reinforcement b.) Washing the dishes to get your partner to stop nagging is an example of negative reinforcement. c.) Spanking a child for cursing is an example of negative reinforcement. d.) Taking away a child's handheld video game system is an example of positive reinforcement

b.) Washing the dishes to get your partner to stop nagging is an example of negative reinforcement.

Which scenario demonstrates the inactivity theory of sleep? a.) Roman puts his baby to sleep at night, knowing that this is when the most brain growth takes place. b.) While out camping, Phineas knows to stay put at night and sleep as this will keep him safe from predators. c.) Anijah sleeps at night as a kind of mini-hibernation so that she doesn't expend as many calories during this time versus when she is awake. d.) Nakia makes sure to get a good night's sleep, knowing that her body needs to recharge and strengthen during this time.

b.) While out camping, Phineas knows to stay put at night and sleep as this will keep him safe from predators.

Which case is an example of source amnesia? a.) Taylar fell from a tree and hit her head. She woke up not knowing who she was. b.) Wilber remembers detailed facts about Nashville but not how he learned them. He assumes that he must have visited Nashville at some point even though the detailed facts were told to him by a friend who took a trip there. c.) Tabari experienced overwhelming stress during his early teen years when there was a war going on in his hometown. Despite the horrific events he witnessed, he remembers none of that time. d.) Sakda was playing football and got hit hard in the head. He could not remember the whole day after the incident.

b.) Wilber remembers detailed facts about Nashville but not how he learned them. He assumes that he must have visited Nashville at some point even though the detailed facts were told to him by a friend who took a trip there.

Which term describes the practice of sleeping with both eyes closed? a.) solitary sleep b.) bihemispheric sleep c.) biphasic sleep d.) sleep hygiene

b.) bihemispheric sleep

An example of a variable-ratio reinforcement schedule is when Gustavo: a.) checks his e-mail at random times throughout the day. b.) buys a lottery ticket at the gas station. c.) knows that when he puts coins into a soft drink machine, he will get a soft drink. d.) checks his bank app every Thursday.

b.) buys a lottery ticket at the gas station.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main processes related to memory? a.) storage b.) decay c.) encoding d.) retrieval

b.) decay

The body responds to activation of the parasympathetic division of the nervous system with all EXCEPT: a.) decreased breathing rate. b.) dilated pupils. c.) resumed digestion. d.) decreased heart rate.

b.) dilated pupils.

Teague established a quickly flashing light as a conditioned stimulus so that when birds saw it, they showed fear. Teague tried using a slowly flashing light and the birds did not show fear. Which option describes the behavior of the birds? a.) discrimination because the slowly flashing light, which is different from the conditioned stimulus, caused the conditioned response b.) discrimination because the slowly flashing light, which is different from the conditioned stimulus, failed to cause the conditioned response c.) generalization because the slowly flashing light, which is similar to the conditioned stimulus, caused the conditioned response d.) generalization because the slowly flashing light, which is similar to the conditioned stimulus, failed to cause the conditioned response

b.) discrimination because the slowly flashing light, which is different from the conditioned stimulus, failed to cause the conditioned response

William James is a notable figure in the history of psychology because: a.) he was the first to approach the inner workings of the mind as a science. b.) he wrote the textbook Principles of Psychology. c.) he pioneered humanism. d.) he is credited with the founding of psychoanalysis.

b.) he wrote the textbook Principles of Psychology.

The thalamus: a.) controls sleep and dreaming b.) is the brain's relay station between all of the senses, except smell, and other areas of the brain c.) integrates sensory information and muscle movements d.) controls breathing and heartbeat

b.) is the brain's relay station between all of the senses, except smell, and other areas of the brain

Anka is a teenager struggling with an eating disorder. Which aspect of treatment is a concern exclusive to psychiatrists? a.) Anka's conception of body image and self-worth b.) medication used to treat the symptoms of the disorder c.) the number of calories consumed per week d.) Anka's preoccupation with a philosophy of perfectionism

b.) medication used to treat the symptoms of the disorder

Which of the following is NOT a type of applied psychologist? a.) counseling b.) personality c.) forensic d.) industrial/organizational

b.) personality

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes is called: a.) psychiatry. b.) psychology. c.) physiology. d.) psychoanalysis.

b.) psychology.

Which of the following correlation coefficients would you expect to see between month of birth (1 through 12) and scores on an intelligence test? a.) r =-0.62 b.) r =-0.02 c.) r = 0.72 d.) r = 0.52

b.) r =-0.02

Which scenario is an example of a perception? a.) registering heat through the fingers followed by a reflex b.) recognizing the fingers are touching a particular object based on information from the fingers c.) experiencing taste while eating d.) picking up sound vibrations in the ears from a passing train

b.) recognizing the fingers are touching a particular object based on information from the fingers

Research with patients who have received split-brain surgery has revealed all EXCEPT the: a.) right hemisphere is dominant for recognition of objects. b.) right hemisphere emphasizes logical and detail-oriented tasks. c.) left hemisphere emphasizes logical and detail-oriented tasks. d.) left hemisphere is dominant for language.

b.) right hemisphere emphasizes logical and detail-oriented tasks.

Professor Zhang found a correlation of -0.76. What data could this correlation represent? a.) the relationship between month of year and anxiety b.) the relationship between antidepressant dose and depressive symptoms c.) the relationship between depressive symptoms and age d.) the relationship between depressive symptoms and gender

b.) the relationship between antidepressant dose and depressive symptoms

Laila goes through a mental list to try to remember someone's name. This recall process is made possible by: a.) the use of both motor and sensory neurons. b.) the use of neither motor neurons nor sensory neurons. c.) the use of motor neurons. d.) the use of sensory neurons.

b.) the use of neither motor neurons nor sensory neurons.

The scientific method allows psychologists to: a.) share their results. b.) transform ideas from speculation to scholarship. c.) study why people behave in certain ways. d) prescribe medication to treat mental disorders.

b.) transform ideas from speculation to scholarship.

The definition of psychology is the scientific study of:

behavior and mental processes

Which item is the dependent variable in an experiment in which people's blood sugar levels are measured with and without a vegetarian diet?

blood sugar levels

The part of the brain MOST responsible for the functions of breathing, sexual reproduction, and regulation of heartbeat is the:

brainstem

Bandura's eperiments demonstrated that children could learn to imitate the actions of an adult:

by simply watching.

Which of the following correlation coefficients may represent a strong positive correlation? a.) 1.20 b.) 0.10 c.) 0.80 d.) -0.80

c.) 0.80

Which scenario demonstrates observational learning? a.) A mouse is able to run through a maze because it is similar to moving through tunnels it makes underground. b.) Blake starts a new diet but ends up eating fatty foods again after a few months. c.) A dog learns how to kill rodents by watching another dog do it. d.) Zion got an upset stomach after drinking chocolate milk when he was younger, so he doesn't drink it anymore.

c.) A dog learns how to kill rodents by watching another dog do it.

Which scenario demonstrates observational learning? a.) A dog is trained to use its hunting instincts to help its owner hunt. b.) A gorilla won't eat pears anymore after having eaten some that were rotten. c.) A dolphin jumps through a hoop to get a fish after seeing another dolphin do the same. d.) Ariel learns to save gas by not driving as fast as she tends to, and then starts driving faster again.

c.) A dolphin jumps through a hoop to get a fish after seeing another dolphin do the same.

Which interaction illustrates positive punishment? a.) A child is caught cheating and is removed from his or her favorite activity. b.) A mother gives her child money for good grades on a report card. c.) An adult scolded a child for misbehavior. d.) Children are given permission to leave the dinner table to continue playing after finishing their vegetables.

c.) An adult scolded a child for misbehavior.

What is a major difference between applied and basic research specializations? a.) Basic research specializations are more likely to practice in their field instead of running studies in their area of expertise. b.) Applied specializations are less likely to practice in their field, instead choosing to run studies in their area of expertise. c.) Basic research specializations are more likely to run studies to enhance understanding of behavior and mental processes. d.) Applied specializations are more likely to run studies to enhance understanding of behavior and mental processes.

c.) Basic research specializations are more likely to run studies to enhance understanding of behavior and mental processes.

Dr. Jameson is a cognitive psychologist who studies how our ability to learn and remember is influenced by cannabis usage over time. Which of psychology's big questions is he MOST interested in answering? a.) Universal or Unique? b.) Therapy or Medicine? c.) Change or Stability d.) Good or Evil?

c.) Change or Stability

Your sister criticizes your choice to major in psychology since she disagrees with Freud's view of women and the role of sexual urges in our psychology. How might you respond to her and clarify the field of psychology for her? a.) Explain that psychology still focuses mainly on Freud because his ideas are the cornerstone of the field. b.) Explain that today only about half of psychologists practice what Freud preached, so there is some opportunity to stray from his views. c.) Explain that Freud was a central figure in psychology but that less than 10% of psychologists today practice what he preached. d.) Explain that the focus on Freud's work allows psychology to be a concentrated area of study that doesn't have too much variation.

c.) Explain that Freud was a central figure in psychology but that less than 10% of psychologists today practice what he preached.

Nora is a high school student that experiences severe test anxiety. Which factor would an evolutionary psychologist want to know in this situation? a.) How do the student's family and friends view academics and how do they define success? b.) How does the student approach problem solving and how does the student think about tests? c.) Is the anxiety based in fear? How have humans responded to tests throughout their history? d.) How does the brain respond to test questions or thoughts of testing?

c.) Is the anxiety based in fear? How have humans responded to tests throughout their history?

Which scenario demonstrates someone who is in stage 1 of sleep? a.) Freya is lying in bed thinking about the events of the day. b.) Chloe's brain is very active, but her body is completely inactive. c.) Juan is no longer responding to people calling his name. d.) Jamal would be difficult to wake up.

c.) Juan is no longer responding to people calling his name.

What do most people do in the Ebbinghaus illusion? a.) Move the circles side by side. b.) Adjust the circles so that they are on top of each other. c.) Make the circle on the right larger than the one on the left. d.) Make the circle on the right smaller than the one on the left

c.) Make the circle on the right larger than the one on the left.

Zion has had a recent injury. He is given a drug for pain alleviation. Which drug could be responsible for the alleviation of pain? a.) PCP b.) alcohol c.) Oxycodone d.) Methamphetamines

c.) Oxycodone

Which statement is an accurate description of psychologists? a.) Psychologists accept guesses and gut feelings in research publications. b.) Psychologists have the primary goal of providing therapy. c.) Psychologists research how we think, learn, develop, remember, speak, and interact. d.) Psychologists generally prescribe medicine.

c.) Psychologists research how we think, learn, develop, remember, speak, and interact.

Which event is an example of narcolepsy? a.) Amir experiences a period of rapid breathing and a pounding heart within the first 90 minutes of falling asleep. b.) Hector goes from completely alert to completely asleep almost immediately after strong emotional reactions like laughing. c.) Reuban goes to sleep in bed but wakes up in random places throughout the house, confused as to how he got there. d.) Perry is having trouble staying asleep after falling asleep.

c.) Reuban goes to sleep in bed but wakes up in random places throughout the house, confused as to how he got there.

Which scenario demonstrates someone who is in stage 2 of sleep? a.) Kamal may experience sleep inertia if woken up. b.) Deigo's breathing is rapid and shallow while he is actively dreaming. c.) Senedra's body temperature has dropped. d.) Chin is sitting on the couch with his eyes closed in a meditative state.

c.) Senedra's body temperature has dropped.

If Jill wants to appear taller than what she actually is, what can she do? a.) Wear six inch heels. b.) Stand next to someone who is taller than she is. c.) Stand next to someone who is shorter than she is. d.) Take dietary supplements.

c.) Stand next to someone who is shorter than she is.

Which scenario demonstrates latent learning? a.) Emma cannot get her GPS to work, but she is able to find her way after realizing that her phone has GPS on it. b.) Matthew does not exercise because all previous attempts have failed to show any weight loss. c.) Taliba learns how to replace a toilet from watching home improvement shows but doesn't use that knowledge until her own toilet needs replacing. d.) Nakia considers her job loss a temporary problem and actively seeks new employment.

c.) Taliba learns how to replace a toilet from watching home improvement shows but doesn't use that knowledge until her own toilet needs replacing.

Which statement BEST describes the medulla? a.) The medulla is the brain's main sensory processing center, located near the center of the brain. b.) The medulla is the part of the temporal lobe specifically involved in understanding speech. c.) The medulla is the part of the brainstem most specifically involved in heartbeat and breathing. d.) The medulla is the left or right half of the cerebrum.

c.) The medulla is the part of the brainstem most specifically involved in heartbeat and breathing.

Pran works at a hospital. He is creating tests to predict and prevent antisocial behavior in adolescents. Based on this information, he is MOST likely a _____ psychologist. a.) health b.) comparative c.) clinical d.) personality

c.) clinical

Kejuan has high levels of a specific neurotransmitter. His symptoms include heightened pain tolerance. Which neurotransmitter is MOST likely to blame? a.) dopamine b.) acetylcholine c.) endorphins d.) epinephrine

c.) endorphins

All of the options are associated with biology's influence on learning EXCEPT: a.) linking nausea with food and drink. b.) linking physical pain with lights, sound, or touch. c.) imitation. d.) taste aversions.

c.) imitation

Which is NOT a tip for improving your memory? a.) get enough sleep b.) exercise your mind c.) multitask to learn multiple things at once d.) make the information meaning full to you

c.) multitask to learn multiple things at once

Which is NOT likely to form into a flashbulb memory? a.) a car accident where you broke your arm b.) a surprise birthday party when you turned 16 c.) reading about an earthquake in the news d.) your high school graduation

c.) reading about an earthquake in the news

Which of the following is an example of a task that requires recall? a.) multiple choice b.) true/false c.) short answer d.) matching

c.) short answer

Which of the following is part of the limbic system? a.) the reticular formation b.) the pons c.) the hypothalamus d.) the medulla

c.) the hypothalamus

Herman tries to improve his memory. Which is he applying if he uses the locations of different landmarks to remember a specific number? a.) the peg word method b.) the spacing effect c.) the method of loci d.) an acronym mnemonic

c.) the method of loci

Which is NOT an example of an implicit memory? a.) writing in cursive b.) dancing the tango c.) your first date d.) how to ride a bike

c.) your first date

Jade is able to walk and perform daily tasks after her head injury, but not in the same way as before. For example, she is able to pick up her cup of coffee to drink, but she is not able to consistently lift the cup in a controlled motion. This results in spilled coffee and makes it necessary for Jade to have assistance throughout the recovery process. This suggests that which part of Jade's brain is damaged?

cerebellum

Lakshmi is able to walk after a brain injury but experiences problems with balance. Which part of Lakshmi's brain is damaged?

cerebellum

The _____ is the upper front part of the brain responsible for sophisticated human abilities.

cerebellum

Andre came home to his apartment after his roommate dusted and cleaned. Andre failed to notice that all his books on a bookshelf were turned upside down. His roommate placed the books in this new position after dusting. Andre's response to the books being moved is an example of:

change blindness

Dr. Hammond, a _____ psychologist, administers intelligence and personality tests to adults in order to diagnose and treat certain psychological disorders.

clinical

Aisha has found herself suffering from insomnia, waking up several times during the night without being able to get back to sleep. As a result, she just can't seem to develop her plot line for her creative writing class. This is an example of _____ in sleep deprivation.

cognitive rigidity

The purpose of the corpus callosum is:

communication between the two cerebral hemispheres

Learning occurs rapidly with a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

continuous

Which scenario is an example of observational learning? a.) Geese learn where in an area they are most likely to find food. b.) A cat starts scratching the furniture again after being punished repeatedly for it. c.) After visiting a slaughterhouse, Arris doesn't like the taste of meat anymore. d.) A chimpanzee begins using a stick to find bugs to eat after seeing another chimpanzee do the same thing.

d.) A chimpanzee begins using a stick to find bugs to eat after seeing another chimpanzee do the same thing.

How is a difference threshold distinct from an absolute threshold? a.) A difference threshold refers to a minimum level for detection, while absolute threshold refers to a change in stimulus. b.) A difference threshold converts energy outside the body into brain activity. c.) An absolute threshold converts energy outside the body into brain activity. d.) A difference threshold refers to an observable change, while absolute threshold refers to a minimum level for detection.

d.) A difference threshold refers to an observable change, while absolute threshold refers to a minimum level for detection.

Which statement is an example of belief perseverance? a.) A person believes that the roads in an overcrowded city don't need to be expanded because they were good enough for generations who lived there before. b.) Every house on the street has a yard sign endorsing the same candidate, so a person thinks the candidate must be worth voting for. c.) A person believes that someone dislikes the person because of political views, when in reality it is for many reasons. d.) A person continues to believe that psychics can predict the future despite studies showing otherwise.

d.) A person continues to believe that psychics can predict the future despite studies showing otherwise.

Which option describes the central responsibility of a psychologist? a.) A psychologist has the primary goal of providing therapy. b.) A psychologist generally prescribes medicine. c.) A psychologist accepts guesses and gut feelings in research publications. d.) A psychologist focuses on outer actions and inner experiences.

d.) A psychologist focuses on outer actions and inner experiences.

Scientists interested in researching whether people are happier with their lives as they get older would be attempting to answer which of psychology's big questions? a.) Certainty or Uncertainty? b.) Universal or Unique? c.) Nature or Nurture? d.) Change or Stability?

d.) Change or Stability?

Which experience demonstrates the serial position effect? a.) Elzina takes someone's order at a fast-food restaurant. The customer ordered quickly, and Elzina had to ask the customer to repeat the last few items. b.) Elzina studies a list of 50 words for a foreign language class. After taking an exam, she remembered the words at the end of the list best. c.) Elzina read four chapters of a book in one night. When telling a friend about the book the next day, she has trouble remembering everything that happened in the first of the four chapters. d.) Elzina tries to memorize a speech. After practicing many times, she can recite the first and last parts of the speech very well but struggles with the parts in the middle.

d.) Elzina tries to memorize a speech. After practicing many times, she can recite the first and last parts of the speech very well but struggles with the parts in the middle.

Which is NOT one of the big questions underlying psychology? a.) Nature or Nurture? b.) Change or Stability? c.) Universal or Unique? d.) Good or Evil?

d.) Good or Evil

Which scenario is an example of sleep apnea? a.) Senedra wakes up suddenly only an hour after falling asleep and is frightened and confused and has a pounding heart. b.) Elena goes to sleep in bed but wakes up in random places throughout the house, confused as to how she got there. c.) Hadley's arm has been moving uncontrollably throughout the night, which causes her to wake several times. d.) Harun's partner is awakened during the night by Harun's loud snoring, snorting, and breathless pauses.

d.) Harun's partner is awakened during the night by Harun's loud snoring, snorting, and breathless pauses.

Malcolm engages in dangerous diets to lose weight for the wrestling team. Malcolm's obsession with his weight is interfering with functioning normally. Which line of inquiry might an evolutionary psychologist pursue in this situation? a.) Does the student's brain respond to food and hunger stimuli differently from a healthy person's brain? b.) How does the student solve problems and make decisions about eating and about other things? c.) What social expectations are being placed on this student? d.) How might a thin body have been useful to our ancestors?

d.) How might a thin body have been useful to our ancestors?

Which option describes the central tenant of multiculturalism within psychology? a.) It seeks to help people maximize their psychological assets and virtues. b.) It emphasizes biological, psychological, and social factors as influences on behavior. c.) It studies how we solve problems and make decisions. d.) It emphasizes the influence of shared lifestyle on behavior and mental processes.

d.) It emphasizes the influence of shared lifestyle on behavior and mental processes.

Which statement in regard to dissociative amnesia is true? a.) It is associated with the idea that when a person's memory is working correctly, it pays attention to information and where the information comes from. b.) It causes people to repeat themselves often. c.) It is commonly seen in athletes who get their bell rung, incurring mild head injuries. d.) It often results in the aftermath of psychological trauma, severe abuse, or overwhelming stress.

d.) It often results in the aftermath of psychological trauma, severe abuse, or overwhelming stress.

Which scenario demonstrates the restorative theory of sleep? a.) Kareem sleeps at night as a kind of mini-hibernation so that he doesn't expend as many calories during this time versus when he is awake. b.) While out camping, Jamal knows to stay put at night and sleep as this will keep him safe from predators. c.) Ming puts her baby to sleep at night, knowing that this is when the most brain growth takes place. d.) Lyonel makes sure to get a good night's sleep, knowing that the body needs to recharge and strengthen during this time.

d.) Lyonel makes sure to get a good night's sleep, knowing that the body needs to recharge and strengthen during this time.

In the perception of brightness illusion, what do most people do? a.) Move the circles side by side. b.) Adjust the circles so that they are on top of each other. c.) Make the circle lighter than the other circle. d.) Make the circle darker than the other circle.

d.) Make the circle darker than the other circle.

The idea that active brain areas utilize more blood informs the use and interpretation of _____ images. a.) MRI and fMRI b.) EEG and MRI c.) CT and PET d.) PET and fMRI

d.) PET and fMRI

Which statement accurately describes perception? a.) Perception is the study of topics that fall outside the range of mainstream psychology. b.) Perception is the ability of the brain to pay more attention to one sensory channel than others. c.) Perception is a tendency to perceive things in a certain way because of a person's previous experiences or attention strategy. d.) Perception is the ability of the brain to interpret the raw sensations it has taken in.

d.) Perception is the ability of the brain to interpret the raw sensations it has taken in.

What experience shows the serial position effect? a.) Shaleigh read four comic books in one evening. When telling a friend about the stories the next day, she has trouble remembering everything that happened in the first two comics. b.) Shaleigh listens to directions to the nearest hospital. She forgets the route after the first few instructions. c.) Shaleigh is introduced to new coworkers. At the end of the day, she only remembers those she met after lunch. d.) Shaleigh tries to remember the words of the national anthem. She can remember the first line and last line very well but struggles to remember the lines in the middle.

d.) Shaleigh tries to remember the words of the national anthem. She can remember the first line and last line very well but struggles to remember the lines in the middle.

Which of Charlene's memory techniques uses the spacing effect? a.) She uses "Elephants and Donkeys Grow Big Ears" (EADGBE) to remember the strings of a guitar from left to right. b.) She uses "1, 2, 3, 4, 5" to remember "run, blue, bee, door, drive." c.) She uses PEMDAS to remember the order of mathematical operations. d.) She uses many brief study sessions to remember the names of the 50 states.

d.) She uses many brief study sessions to remember the names of the 50 states.

In the perception of brightness illusion, how do the circles look on a white background? a.) One circle is much darker than the other. b.) One circle is slightly darker than the other. c.) One circle is lighter than the other. d.) The circles are exactly the same color.

d.) The circles are exactly the same color.

Maurice, a middle-aged male, is having trouble forming lasting relationships. What questions might a neuroscientist ask in this case? a.) Relationships and community have historically been a means of survival. How does the person view relationships? Are the basic needs of the ones in the relationship being met? b.) What does attention look like in a relationship? c.) What is the sexual orientation of the person? Does this influence the ability to sustain relationships? d.) Which areas of the brain are active when thinking about or spending time with loved ones?

d.) Which areas of the brain are active when thinking about or spending time with loved ones?

Maya screams and jumps back when she sees a snake cross in front of her on the trail she is hiking. Maya's screaming and jumping demonstrate the use of: a.) neither motor neurons nor sensory neurons b.) primarily motor neurons c.) primarily sensory neurons d.) both motor and sensory neurons

d.) both motor and sensory neurons

Which is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system? a.) parasympathetic division b.) autonomic nervous system c.) sympathetic division d.) central nervous system

d.) central nervous system

All of these actions are induced by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system EXCEPT: a.) returning digestion to normal levels. b.) decreasing exhalation rate. c.) decreasing heart rate. d.) dilating pupils.

d.) dilating pupils.

Britta is having coffee with a friend. She takes in the aroma of coffee in the air while listening to her friend excitedly tell her about her new job. Which of these experiences BEST represents a sensation? a.) interpreting the sound of her friend's voice as language b.) identifying the small of coffee as being coffee c.) interpreting the smile on her friend's face as meaning she is happy d.) feeling the hear being emitted by the coffee cup

d.) feeling the hear being emitted by the coffee cup

Positive reinforcement shapes Leeshawn's behavior when he: a.) gets his video games taken away if he gets bad test grades. b.) gets yelled at when he plays too many video games. c.) gets red marks on his math homework for each problem he does incorrectly. d.) gets to go out with friends if his room is cleaned.

d.) gets to go out with friends if his room is cleaned.

Which type of cell supports and protects neurons throughout the brain? a.) interneuron b.) synaptic vesicle c.) axon d.) glial cell

d.) glial cell

Which is NOT an example of an explicit memory? a.) your favorite movie b.) the elements of the periodic table c.) the definition of psychology d.) how to ride a bike

d.) how to ride a bike

Savannah's ovaries are not releasing the optimum levels of hormones. Which symptoms might result from this dysregulation? a.) difficulty losing weight b.) decreased bone density c.) uncontrollable growth d.) low sex drive

d.) low sex drive

Adjacent areas of the body are represented in adjacent regions of the: a.) amygdala b.) visual cortex c.) medulla d.) motor cortex

d.) motor cortex

Community psychologists tend to the wellness of groups of people through a.) prescription medication. b.) government programs. c.) legislation. d.) prevention.

d.) prevention.

Which term describes a type of retrieval in which a person determines whether stored information matches external information? a.) encoding b.) elaborative rehearsal c.) chunking d.) recognition

d.) recognition

Which experience is a sensation? a.) recognizing sound vibrations as a friend's voice asking a question b.) interpreting smells from the nose as pine trees c.) comprehending the light entering the eyes as a beautiful sunset d.) registering different variations of brightness and color entering the eyes from fireworks

d.) registering different variations of brightness and color entering the eyes from fireworks

Which activity describes the work of an educational psychologist? a.) conducts studies to determine the roles of various parts of the brain b.) conducts research on how all aspects of our lives evolve as we age c.) seeks to improve the functioning of people who are struggling through difficult times d.) seeks to improve academic performance by examining how students study and deal with challenges

d.) seeks to improve academic performance by examining how students study and deal with challenges

Which is an example of relearning? a.) being presented with two series of numbers to recall b.) completing a puzzle you've already completed before c.) reading a book you forgot you read a few years ago d.) teaching your brother how to ride his bike

d.) teaching your brother how to ride his bike

All of these experiences are examples of perceptions EXCEPT: a.) recognizing sound vibrations as a friend's voice asking a question. b.) recognizing the fingers are touching sandpaper based on information from the fingers. c.) identifying the tastes from the tongue as a cinnamon roll. d.) the ears picking up sound vibrations from a passing train.

d.) the ears picking up sound vibrations from a passing train.

Roland has been having difficulty recognizing both shape and texture by touch since he experienced a concussion at football practice. Based on these symptoms, which part of his cerebrum MOST likely was damaged? a.) the occipital lobe b.) the frontal lobe c.) the temporal lobe d.) the parietal lobe

d.) the parietal lobe

Which term refers to the collection of neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body? a.) the autonomic nervous system b.) the parasympathetic division c.) the somatic nervous system d.) the peripheral nervous system

d.) the peripheral nervous system

Jando has been experiencing significant sleep issues, and recent bloodwork has revealed substantially low levels of melatonin. Which of the following glands is MOST likely involved? a.) the thyroid gland b.) the testicles c.) the adrenal glands d.) the pineal gland

d.) the pineal gland

Which option accurately describes the cornea? a.) the receptor cell in the back of the eyeball b.) the opening in the middle of the eye c.) the circular muscle in the center of the eye d.) the thin transparent cover over the whole eye

d.) the thin transparent cover over the whole eye

Which is NOT a bodily function that the autonomic nervous system controls? a.) breathing b.) heart rate c.) digestion d.) walking

d.) walking

Which is an example of an explicit memory? a.) how to ride a bike b.) how to swim c.) typing on a keyboard d.) yesterday's lunch

d.) yesterday's lunch

A lesion is a(n):

damages or destroyed section of brain tissue

The process by which memory erodes over time is referred to as:

decay

Another name for explicit memory is _____ memory.

declarative

Level of processing refers to how:

deeply information is processed

The _____ receive(s) information from other neurons.

dendrites

McKenna is at a hockey game. She notices the different colors people are wearing, the seats in different shades of gray, and the fine detail in the video playing on the jumbotron hanging at center ice. She is able to quickly adjust her focus as she looks at the person next to her and then watches the players on the ice. Which activity is possible due to the rods in McKenna's eyes?

detecting shades of gray in the seats

Performing an experiment, Sophia established a red light as a conditioned stimulus. The lizards learned to expect food when the red light was turned on. When a green light was turned on, they did not show signs of expecting food. This is an example of:

discrimination because the green light, which is different from the conditioned stimulus, failed to cause the conditioned response.

Payne experienced overwhelming stress during his early teen years when there was a war going on in his hometown. Despite the horrific events he witnessed, he remembers none of that time. What type of amnesia is Payne primarily experiencing?

dissociative amnesia

The spacing effect is also known as:

distributed practice

Pavlov was inspired to look into associations when he noticed that:

dogs would salivate before the meat powder was presented.

Those suffering from depression have a tendency to ruminate, which means they are likely to:

dwell on negative events

Li Na was reading as her mother was giving her instructions for when to remove a pie from the oven. Her mother asked if she was even listening. Although Li Na's attention was elsewhere, she repeated the last thing her mother said back to her, "Remove the pie after 30 minutes or once golden brown." Which type of memory is Li Na using?

echoic

The amygdala is MOST strongly associated with:

emotions of fear

Anne remembers her last birthday. What will be the FIRST stage of processing that allowed for this memory to be formed?

encoding

Denosha moved to a new city. Which stage of memory is taking place when Denosha is taking in the different sounds of the city and giving them meaning?

encoding

Jia is touring a historical mansion. Which stage of memory is taking place when Jia is observing the different colors and objects of the living room and interpreting them?

encoding

Patricia is visiting her aunt's house and helping with laundry. Which stage of memory is taking place as Patricia smells the fresh laundry and associates it with positive feelings about her beloved aunt?

encoding

Which step in the memory process refers to our ability to get information into our minds?

encoding

What is the correct order for the steps in the memory process?

encoding, storage, retrieval

Exercise can mitigate feelings of anxiety or sadness because of a boost in:

endorphins

Mia trained for a marathon, which is about 26.2 miles. On the day of the race, she began to feel uncomfortable after running about 15 miles. Upon reaching the 20-mile marker, she was feeling strong and comfortable again. The neurotransmitter MOST likely to have influenced the change in Mia's experience was:

endorphins

Naomi is creating a profile for an online dating site. In her profile, she introduces herself, describing who she is and her favorite hobbies. This is an example of:

episodic memory

Tricia's ability to tell someone about the good time she had going out to eat at a restaurant is primarily an example of:

episodic memory

Which type of memory is primarily associated with Jeff's ability to recite the different things that he did on his last date?

episodic memory

A person is consciously aware of _____ memory but not consciously aware of _____ memory.

explicit; implicit

When the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus:

extinction will occur

Max was conditioned to blink using an air puff and a tone. The experimenter then presented only the tone until the blink response disappeared. When Max returns to the lab and the experiment pairs the air puff with the tone again she will likely observe:

faster relearning.

In an experiment on classical conditioning, Arris showed signs of fear when presented with a spider but not when presented with a napkin. After Arris was repeatedly presented with the napkin and the spider paired together, he began to show signs of fear when presented with the napkin alone. Which is the conditioned response?

fear at the sight of the napkin

The tendency to visually distinguish between an object and what's behind it is:

figure-ground organization

According to the serial position effect, we are more likely to remember the:

first and last items in a series

When a reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a set period of time has elapsed, which reinforcement schedule is being used?

fixed-interval

With a _____ schedule of reinforcement, the reinforcer is given after a set number of responses.

fixed-ratio

Malik was injured in a climbing accident. Specifically, his hippocampus was damaged. Consequently, he may start to experience trouble:

forming new memories.

Jayden is planning an elaborate marriage proposal to his girlfriend, a task that is MOST dependent on the _____lobe.

frontal

Which part of the cerebral cortex is located behind the forehead?

frontal lobe

A synapse is a

gap between two adjoining neurons

Logan's grandmother has been forgetting who he is and the stories she told him when he was a child. This loss of memory changes how Logan views his grandmother because:

he is relating her memories to who she is as a person

Dr. Zane, a _____ psychologist, studies how nutrition and vitamin deficiencies impact our physical and mental wellness.

health

Dustin is reading a book about the temporal lobe. By reading this book, Dustin will learn a great deal about:

hearing and speech production

Gerard has brain damage that has affected his long term memory and ability to navigate in his environment. Gerard MOST likely has damage to his:

hippocampus

The _____ exerts control over the pituitary gland.

hypothalamus

Memory is MOST important to a person's:

identity

To better understand memory, psychologists often study its two extremes:

impairment and memory excellence

People with amnesia often retain their _____ memory despite losing their _____ memory.

implicit; explicit

If Carl has just drifted off and would deny he was asleep upon being woken up, then Carl is:

in stage 1 of sleep

As Talos cycles through the sleep stages, he is awoken while his brain waves are slow with rhythmic breathing. This means that Talos was:

in stage 3 or 4 of sleep.

Where is the nucleus of a neuron located?

in the soma (cell body)

A father was charged with murder after leaving his child in a hot car. The father claims that the tragedy was an accident because he forgot the child was in the car. The prosecution argues that the father had to have known that the child was in the car because the child was within the father's field of vision. To argue this point, the father's defense attorneys brought in an expert to discuss the phenomenon of:

inattentional blindness

Queenie is reading a book on the beach. Despite it being in her field of vision, she fails to see a volleyball flying toward her. This demonstrates:

inattentional blindness

A positive correlation:

indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable increases.

Boris designed a lab experiment about pain perception for his psychology class. The assignment asked students to design an experiment based on the style of Wilhelm Wundt. Participants were divided into two groups: one group practicing meditation and the other not practicing meditation. To measure reactions to pain, Boris asks participants to _____, and explain their thought processes.

introspect

Discrimination, one of the processes Pavlov examined in addition to the basics of classical conditioning:

is a complementary process to generalization

B.F. Skinner believed that behavior:

is controlled by consequences.

The expected outcome when a behavior is followed by a reinforcer is that the behavior:

is likely to be repeated

Which term refers to a type of learning that has taken place but cannot be directly observed?

latent learning

The process by which life experience causes change in the behavior or thinking of an organism is:

learning

In comparison to distributed practice, massed practice is:

less effective

The purpose of split-brain surgery is to:

limit seizures to one hemisphere

In relation to memory, decay refers to the tendency to:

lose information that is seldom used.

Gabriel's mother asked him to pick up some groceries. She made him recite the list multiple times before leaving the house. What memory technique was used in this example?

maintenance rehersal

The central goal of psychoanalytic psychotherapy is to:

make the unconscious conscious.

Which term refers to the process of taking in information, saving it over time, and calling it to mind later?

memory

Sleep helps with memory because it serves two important functions:

memory consolidation and preventing interference

Your identity is formed by an overlap between your _____ and your _____.

memory; personaility

Myra is watching her friend play softball. While watching the game, she sees the batter get hit by a pitch and immediately feels bad for the batter. Myra is exhibiting:

mirror neurons

The validity of eyewitness testimonies is often called into question because of the _____ effect.

misinformation

Many people use acronyms as:

mnemonics

Samantha is explaining the parts and functions of a neuron to her class. She describes a structure whose purpose is to protect the axon and maximize speed of signals. She is MOST likely describing the:

myelin sheath

A downward sloping scatterplot indicates:

negative correlation

Preston came home after his curfew. His parents grounded him for a week, taking away his phone and not allowing him to go anywhere after school. In this example, the act of grounding is a:

negative punisher.

Jasper gets his video games taken away if he gets bad test grades. This shows:

negative punishment

Taking away a child's video game system is an example of:

negative punishment

Kareem does not get to play with his favorite toy if he hits his brother. This shows:

negative punishment.

Jamal eats to take away the feeling of hunger. This is an example of:

negative reinforcement

Jennifer has a sunburn and applies ointment cream for relief. In this example the ointment cream is a:

negative reinforcer

Markus has put off doing his homework so that he can play video games. His mother starts nagging him to do his homework. Markus turns off the video game and does his homework to stop his mother from nagging. In this example, the nagging is a:

negative reinforcer

The nervous system utilizes _____ and the endocrine system uses _____ to influence body functioning.

neurons; hormones

Another name for implicit memory is _____ memory.

nondeclarative

The study of topics that fall outside the range of mainstream psychology is known as:

parapsychology

Angel just finished taking the last of his final exams, which he was stressed about all week. He starts to get hungry, realizing he hasn't eaten all day, and he finds himself getting drowsy. Angel's _____ is helping him return his body back to normal.

parasympathetic system

Learning that occurs due to _____ extinguishes slowly.

partial reinforcement

Monophasic sleep is described as the:

pattern of sleep involving a single long nighttime slumber

Collectively, the _____ consists of neurons that connect the central nervous system to all other parts of the body.

peripheral nervous system

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems constitute the:

peripheral nervous system

A psychologist from the 1700s served as an expert witness for the prosecution in a trial. The psychologist testified that the defendant was innocent based on an assessment of the skull. Which type of pseudopsychology is featured in this scenario?

phrenology

A psychologist from the 1800s served as an expert witness for the prosecution in a trial. The psychologist testified that the defendant was a deviant based on an assessment of facial characteristics. Which type of pseudopsychology is featured in this scenario?

physiognomy

Which two forms of pseudopsychology involved examination of the physical body to reveal psychological truths?

physiognomy; phrenology

Professor Gliserman is studying the effect of alcohol on response time. Professor Gliserman will likely find _____ between the two variables.

positive correlation

Jackson has to do extra chores if he isn't home before curfew. This is an example of:

positive punishment

Walker gets yelled at when he plays too many video games. This is an example of:

positive punishment

Anijah gets money from her parents for good grades. This type of monetary incentive is an example of:

positive reinforcement

Deedra gives her dog a treat every time he urinates outside. In this example, the treat is a:

positive reinforcer

Which type of stimulus following a behavior provides a reward for that behavior?

positive reinforcer

The _____ effect explains that we are more likely to remember the first items in a list.

primacy

Recent experiences increase the chances of recalling certain memories because of:

priming

In essence, _____ interference is forward acting.

proactive

Sada is learning a new modern dance routine, but she keeps doing the steps for the routine she learned last month. What is she experiencing?

proactive interference

The correlation coefficient is represented by:

r

Professor Chen wants to study memory. The two basic ways that she can test memory are called:

recall and recognition

Meng is a judge at a cupcake competition. He tries over 20 cupcakes, but when asked to make a decision at the end of the event, he can only recall the amazing cupcakes he tasted at the end. This may be an example of the _____ effect.

recency

The _____ effect explains that we are more likely to remember the last items in a list.

recency

An analogy of a lock and a key MOST accurately illustrates the relationship between:

receptor sites and neurotransmitters.

According to Roediger and McDermott, what memory task results in superior performance?

recognition

A _____ is an automatic motor response to sensory input.

reflex

Aiden jumps when his friend leaps out from a behind a corner. This is an example of a:

reflex

Memory excellence is BEST described as the ability to:

remember almost everything.

While dormant, the neuron is in a state of _____; when transmitting signals, the neuron is expressing _____.

resting potential; action potential

A person with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have problems with their:

reticular formation

After a severe car accident, Brianna can't remember the events prior to the accident. She is likely suffering from _____ amnesia.

retrograde

The process of a sending neuron taking back a neurotransmitter that fails to land in a receptor site in the receiving neuron is known as the:

reuptake

SSRIs work to interfere with the:

reuptake process

Leading a witness during an interrogation can result in a memory mistake called:

rich false memory

A ______ shows two variables combined as individual points on a graph.

scatterplot

Professor Rossi wants to represent the data she collected on age and income as single points on a chart. She can accomplish this using a:

scatterplot

Armand is at a professional football game. Among all the loud sounds and attention-grabbing sights, he catches a good smell. He closes his eyes and focuses to identify the smell coming from the fan behind him as that of a hot piece of pizza. What is this an example of?

selective attention

The type of memory that allows a person to recall facts, definitions, and other types of general information is:

semantic memory

Zachary appears on a popular game show. During the show, he answers multiple questions correctly regarding science and nature facts. This is an example of:

semantic memory

Which concept describes the ability of the sensory organs to pick up energy in the environment around the body and transmit it to the brain?

sensation

Ladiedra is getting ready for work early in the morning before sunrise. She is trying to find her favorite necklace in a bag of jewelry. To save time she decides to feel for her necklace in the bag as she drives to work. She locates the necklace in the middle of a tangled mess. Ladiedra found the necklace by feeling its distinct jagged edges. Which type of neuron aided Ladiedra in the identification of the necklace?

sensory

Specialized neurons that carry information about vision and hearing to the brain are known as _____ neurons.

sensory

Addie filled up the bathtub in her house with ice cold water. She asked her friend to place her hand in the water to check the temperature, not telling her friend that the water was cold rather than hot. The moment she touched the water, she thought it was very hot. This interpretation came from seeing the bathtub, which normally holds hot water, and feeling the extreme temperature change with her fingers. This is an example of:

sensory interaction

While Andre was walking through the food court at the mall, he was bombarded with a range of sights, sounds, and smells. What memory type initially took in all of this information for him?

sensory memory

The earliest part of memory that allows people to take in information from their surroundings and hold onto it briefly is referred to as:

sensory memory.

While boiling water, Jerome hits the edge of the pot and splashes water onto his arm. His _____ neurons tell his brain that the water is hot, while the _____ neurons tell his muscles to move his arm out of the way.

sensory; motor

A sleep disorder caused by interruptions of breathing that cause repeated waking is:

sleep apnea

Isaac's friend has complained that he snores loudly, snorts, and sounds like he is choking during his sleep. What sleep abnormality does this demonstrate?

sleep apnea

The neuron's cell body is the

soma

In non-REM sleep, stages 3 and 4 are:

sometimes called slow-wave sleep.

Amy has been conditioned to blink using air puffs and a 1000 MHz tone. The experimenter finds that the conditioned response also occurs for 750 MHz tones, 850 MHz tones, 1250 MHz tones and 1500 MHz tones. This is an example of:

spontaneous recovery

Jessie was conditioned to blink using an air puff and a tone. The experimenter then presented only the tone until the blink response disappeared. When Jessie returns to the lab the next day she blinks when she hears the tone. This is referred to as:

spontaneous recovery.

Holding a memory until needed is:

storage

Kevin is baking cookies with his mother. If Kevin's mind is retaining the scent information from the cookies, then the _____ stage of memory is occurring.

storage

For an experiment, people's stress levels are measured when they are living with and without a dog. Which aspect is the dependent variable in this situation?

stress levels

The fight-or-flight response is MOST closely associated with the:

sympathetic division

Chizu got food poisoning after eating a ham sandwich once and will not eat ham sandwiches anymore. Which concept does this demonstrate?

taste aversion

The lobe that is located around the lower middle part of the brain between the ears is the:

temporal

Sensory adaptation is the:

tendency of a person's sensation of a stimulus to decrease when the stimulus remains constant

The primary sensory processing center located near the center of the brain is the:

thalamus

The lens is a part of the eye:

that changes its curvature to maximize focus

Interneurons are neurons:

that connect to other neurons.

Research on memory focuses MOSTLY on:

the area between memory impairment and excellence.

Chloe is in the hallway talking to one of her friends. Many other people are talking around her, but she focuses her attention on her friend's voice to hear what she has to say. What does this demonstrate?

the cocktail party effect

Bella developed a phobia of clowns after she experienced a scary thunderstorm in a room with clown wallpaper as a child. In Bella's case the clown wallpaper served as:

the conditioned stimulus

Extinction occurs when:

the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Hal suffered injuries from a car accident. Due to the brain trauma, he struggles with maintaining a consistent body temperature. Which area of the brain was MOST likely damaged?

the hypothalamus

Sexual behavior is MOST closely associated with:

the hypothalamus

Stage 1 of non-REM sleep is:

the lightest period of sleep

Jabrielle uses the locations in her home to remember what she needs to buy at the grocery store. What does this utilize?

the method of loci

What part of the brain triggers a head movement in response to a loud sound in the environment?

the midbrain

The tendency of false or misleading information presented after the fact to become mistakenly incorporated into memory is:

the misinformation effect

Tasheka has been experiencing difficulty seeing certain parts of her visual field since she was in a car accident. Based on this symptom, which part of her cerebrum was MOST likely damaged?

the occipital lobe

Tehas paired a pencil with a snake and presented it to Walker. Walker was not scared of the pencil alone, but when the pencil was paired with the snake, he showed fear. After conditioning, he showed fear when presented with the pencil alone. The conditioned stimulus is:

the pencil

Leeshawn was presented with a picture of the ocean and showed no fear. However, after the picture of the ocean was repeatedly paired with a snake, Leeshawn reacted with fear to the picture of the ocean. Which object is the conditioned stimulus?

the picture of the ocean

Arun meets two new people. After concentrating on the name of the first person introduced, he cannot remember the name of the second person introduced. This is an example of:

the primacy effect

Sean is introduced to many people at a party. The next day, he remembers only those he met later in the party. What is this an example of?

the recency effect

Which area of the brain is MOST closely associated with alertness?

the reticular formation

Lataree tries to improve her memory. Which is she applying if she uses many brief study sessions to remember the names of the 50 states?

the spacing effect

The limbic system forms a ring around:

the thalamus

The level of electrical charge required to trigger an electrical impulse is called:

the threshold