exam 2
lambs born per cycle
1 - 2
estrous cycle
21 days
gestation length
9 months
What does "2X, ME, 305 d." mean to a dairy farmer? a. Cow's production record has been adjusted to reflect what she would have produced if she were milked two times a day, "Managed Effectively", and were 305 days old. b. Cow's production record has been adjusted to reflect what she would have produced if she were a mature cow that has been milked two times a day for 305 days. c. Cow has produced two times as much milk in 305 days as a mature equivalent cow would have produced in the same timeframe. d. This is not a phrase that applies to dairy producers any more.
B
Describe Iowa's sheep industry. Circle all that apply. a. Iowa is among the top two or three states for sheep and wool production. b. Iowa's producers are better described as farm flock operations than band flock enterprises. c. Most sheep in Iowa are high quality wool producers. d. There are several large scaled lamb harvest facilities in Iowa, so producers do not need to ship their finished market lambs very for harvest. e. Most flocks in Iowa are small and part-time operations. f. Most sheep in Iowa are lambed in the late winter or early spring, and they are lambed indoors to protect them from harsh weather conditions.
B,E,F
How do we deal with Avian Influenza at the ISU farm?
Biosecurity
much fluff, feathered shank, short tail feathers
Brahma
AI (artificial insemination)
Breeding
Brown to grey with darker points Switzerland
Brown Swiss
Which is known to be heavier boned, larger bodied and have some ancestral roots to other Swiss beef cattle breeds?
Brown Swiss
When Sally visited the swine farm, Joe explained that the newborn pigs were "processed". How does Joe accurately explain what this means? Choose all that apply. a. The piglets were issued health papers as a ticket to the next stage of production. b. They were harvested for meat production. c. The needle teeth were trimmed to prevent injury to sow. d. The piglets were ear notched for identification. e. They were provided supplemental corn and soybeans for extra energy. f. The piglets were provided supplemental iron to prevent anemia.
C,D,F
clip needle teeth
farrowing
times needed to AI a hen so she will lay eggs
0
Two things that are done to a calf as a part of preconditioning
1. vaccinations 2. castrate or dehorn
rate of gain in finishing uint
1.6%
number of pigs per litter
10
birth weight of lamb
10 lbs
milk production of an East Friesian
1100 lbs
gestation length of pigs
114 days
harvest weight of market lamb
130 lbs
finished market weight
1300-1400 lbs
estrous cycle of sheep
17 days
pullets are started in lay at about how many weeks of age
18
standard weaning age
205 days
During season, a mare will display estrus every ______ days
21 days
days to incubate a chicken egg
21 days
estrous cycle in pigs
21 days
weeks of age when pullet started in lay
21 weeks
Average production per cow per lactation cycle
22,000 lbs
age in months of cow when she first calves
24 months
number of eyes laid in a cycle
250 - 300
finished market weight of market hog
275 lbs
weight at birth of pigs
3 lbs
feedlot average daily gain
3 lbs/day
Average number of days a cow is milked per cycle
305 days
Typical milk fat % in cow's milk
4.5
weaning age
40 days
weight of a broiler
5 - 6 lbs
gestation length
5 months
weight of feeder pig out of nursery
50 lbs
weaning weight
500 lbs
age in weeks when a calf is weaned from fluid diet
6 weeks
weaning weight of sheep
60 lbs
dressing %
63%
birth weight
70-90 lbs
dressing percentage of pigs
74
The US poultry industry would be described best using which of the following statements? a. it is a highly vertically integrated industry compared to other animal agriculture industries b. it is a very consolidated industry compared to other animal agriculture industries c. it is a very efficient industry in producing protein for humans because of innovations in genetics, mating schemes, nutrition and health care d. while a very large industry, it is comprised mainly by many part time family-oriented farms across the nation e. It enjoys a greater per-capita annual consumption of the meat produced than our other meat-animal industries f. egg production is a multibillion dollar industry with more eggs produced in Iowa than other states
A, B, C, E, F
use of "crate" to promote piglet welfare.
Farrowing
golden and white mix England
Guernsey
belted, erect ear, muscle expression Kentucky/England
Hampshire
Black and white mix Netherlands
Holstein
Which breed produces the most milk in the US dairy industry?
Holstein
Light to very dark brown with black points England
Jersey
large down ears, long spinek, maternal white
Landrace
Fine boned, light muscled, white earlobe
Leghorn
what does a typical brood cow in lactation eat in Iowa
Pasture forage/ grass
heavy clip of wool that it carries. The breed is originally developed from Merino lines in France, is noted for high quality wool, and is not particularly heavy muscled.
Rambouillet
removal of shell tooth to prevent pecking injuries to other birds
beak trimming
one system of grading wool
blood, microns, spinning count
an intact male pig
boar
use of dummy, pipette and extender
breeding
supplemental heat in confined space to raise a newly hatched chick
brooding/ brooder unit
Dystocia
calving difficulty
concentrate/high energy
characteristic of the diet of feedlot cattle
zoonotic fungal disease of the sheep's skin
club lamb fungud
Pullets are grown out of what kind of diet
concentrate
what does a typical brood cow in mid gestation eat in Iowa
corn stover
wavy nature of a fiber of wool
crimp
female sheep
ewe
teasing is preformed for what reason
exposing the mare to a stallion so that she is stimulated to express estrus
Belgian Blue
extreme muscle expression
porcine term for parturition
farrow
what is used to control the sow and protect baby pigs in farrowing
farrow stall or crate
ear notching so as to facilitate record keeping
farrowing
pigs given supplemental iron
farrowing
use of heating mats or heat lamps
farrowing
pig which enters the finishing phase of production
feeder pig
ad libitum feeding to maximize growth rate before harvest
finnishing
bacterial infection of foot, causing rotting of soft part
foot rot
limited feeding to prevent obesity
gestation
use of individual stalls to control diet, space and behavior of individual gilt or sow
gestation
water drippers from cooling while gestating
gestation
young female not yet farrowed
gilt
what does a typical steer in the feedlot eat in Iowa
grain/corn/silage or other high energy feed
describe cribbing
grasping surface (often wood) with the teeth and swallowing air. causes weight loss, wear down their top incisors, and be more prone to colic
rotational
grazing management practice to maximize season-long forage availability
Describe the feed provided (grains involved), and how it is provided (processed and presented) to the pig
ground corn/soybean mix delivered in self feeders
"all-in, all-out" system and benefit
groups or rooms full of pigs moved at same time throughout farm to their respective next phase of production. New group brought in benefit: biosecurity
Which breed is best known for its relative inability to convert carotene (a pigment in forage) to the vitamin A molecules of which it is comprised, causing a more golden color to the milk it produces?
guernsey
cutability measures
harvest
exsanguination
harvest
What happens to pigs after this phase of production?
harvested as pork for human food
birthing pen for a sheep
jug
buildup of ketone bodies caused by high rates of metabolism of fat to meet fetuses' needs for energy.
ketosis
Greater hours of light exposure per day and warmer temps stimulate a pullet that is of the correct age to start _______
laying
Molted hens that are restarted produce ____ eggs at peak and ____ persistency than they did in their first cycle
less, less
Angus
maternal in its use in crossbreeding systems
crossbreeding
mating together of different breeds
cow
mature female that has calved (often incorrectly and too generically used by students to mean any beef animal)
what does a typical young calf in May eat in Iowa
milk
_______ is stimulated by presenting less feed energy and shorter exposure per day to light and as such are encouraged to stop laying at about 65 weeks of age for a rest
molting
first time mixing of piglets or litter groups
nursery
weaning of pig and provision of high quality feed as a sole source of feed
nursery
typical number of offspring
one
clostridial infection caused by change in diet
overeating disease
What type of parlor design is used at the dairy farm?
parallel
Limousin
paternal in its use in crossbreeding systems
preconditioning
prescribed practices to prepare a calf to enter the feedlot without need for further processing.
why is the individual raising of newborn calves preferable to group penning strategies?
prevention of diseases spread by calf to calf contact
Why does an incubator rotate the eggs around during the day?
prevents embryo from adhering to shell membrane and thus preventing abnormal embryo development
intact male sheep
ram
Shorthorn
red, roan and white England
encephalopathy disease caused by a prion
scrapie
the type of reproductive cycle of a sheep
seasonal polyestrous
compared to molting - it is often more cost effective to allow hens one lay cycle till about 75 weeks of age and then
sell hens from the barn to be harvested for soup or canned or process meat products
"vertically integrated"
several stages of value added process owned by the same entity
molt
shedding of feathers in order to rest and restart a laying hen
red, white/small spots or roan too scottland
shorthorn
zoonotic viral infection causing facial sores
soremouth
mature female that has farrowed
sow
how does a mare display estrus
squats, urinates sporadically, accepts mounting, vulva winking
Type of bedding used at ISU dairy farm
straw, stover, sand, manure
During what season of the year does the typical Iowa beef cattle producer synchronize the cow heard?
summer
creep
supplemental feed provided to nursing calf before weaning
litter
the floor material, including bedding and feces that accumulate in broiler operations
why is there a nursery phase?
to aid in transition from litter to group penning, solid feed, and water access are learned
dubbing
trimming of the comb to prevent injury in cages or from cannibalism
floating teeth
use a rasp to remove sharp edges of teeth
How do we deal with Newcastle's at the ISU farm?
vaccinate against the disease
In what order does bleaching occur as a hen has greater and greater egg production?
vent, eye ring, ear lobe, bottom of foot, shank
Chianina
very large/tall/big white with black points Italy
What state of the production cycle are cattle preconditioned?
weaning phase
How are the pigs bred at this farm?
AI
Sally would like to more about the nature of our US beef industry. Which of the following statements accurately describes this industry? Circle the letter of all that are correct. a. Beef cows are raised in every state in the US. b. The economic impact of the beef industry on the US economy is substantial and significant. c. The US beef industry is very vertically integrated, just like the poultry and swine industries. d. The US beef industry is very segmented, meaning a different producer, farmer or other entity generally owns and operates only 1 segment of the value-added production process. e. The dairy industry produces a significant amount of beef as well. After all - what does one do with non-productive cows and dairy steers? f. One of the biggest future challenges for the beef industry is that beef cattle are not as feed efficient as swine or poultry. However, they make much better use of poor quality roughages.
A, B, D, E,F
Probably no animal industry elicits more anthropomorphic reactions to management systems that the swine industry. According to our discussion in this class, why is this likely the case? a. Gestation and farrowing stalls restrict movement of the pig for an extended period of time. b. Many citizens are not familiar with swine behavior and swine production systems. c. Neither are correct. They have nothing to do with the development of anthropomorphic trends.
A,B
Wool has some value to the sheep enterprise. Circle which statements are correct concerning wool production at the farm or for sheep enterprises like our farm. a. pounds of wool produced by a sheep is determined by fleece density & staple length & breed. b. grade of the fleece and hence in part its value is determined by the fineness of fiber diameter. c. the shearer starts his work by clipping the head, the topline and the tail region and then finishes under the chest and belly. d. A black-faced sheep can produce on average about 8 to 10 pounds of wool in a year whereas the white-faced wool breeds can produce 10 to 15 pounds.
A,B,D
Joe is new to dairy production Help Joe understand the basic production cycle of a cow by choosing the statements below that correctly describe typical dairy production. Circle or highlight clearly all that are correct. a Cows are bred and calve at about 2 years of age. b. Cows will milk for about 10 months at which point they are dried off (rested). c. Calves nurse their dams, but then are removed from the cow at about 6 to 8 weeks of age, upon which the milk then is ready to be harvested. d. Cows are milked at least twice if not three times per day in most dairies. e. Cows can be bred at about any time during the year because they are polyestrous.
A,B,D,E
Joe sees two kinds of sheep operations while touring the ISU sheep farm: white face and black face programs. Which statements are correct assessment of these flocks/enterprises? Circle all that are correct. a. black face sheep are lambed in late winter - indoors and with protection from the environment. b. white face ewes are expected to lamb outside on pasture, in the spring to early summertime. c. the black faced flock is meant to model the western range band flock production systems described in lecture. d. the white-faced flock is meant to model the western range band flock production systems described in lecture. e. the black faced flock are more likely to experience predation than the white-faced flock. f. the white-faced flock are mostly Polypay backgrounded to enhance prolificacy. g. the black faced flock is mostly Hampshire backgrounded to enhance muscle production and growth. h. neither flock are raised in the pasture during the year due to predators.
A,B,D,F,G
Modern typical commercial swine operations are typically "all-in, all-out" operations. Why? Choose all that are correct. a. healthier for the herd b. allows for swine to move indoors during bad weather, outside for better weather. c. promotes biosecurity d. facilitates better cash flow for the business
A,C,D
what is true about the management practice of docking a sheep? Circle all that are correct. a. removal of the tail several days after its birth. b. placing the sheep in a jug (docked) for care c. a means of preventing fecal buildup - hence parasite control. d. a reduction in value of a sheep (a "dock" in price). e. accomplished with a "bander".
A,C,E
red and white/small spots scotland
Ayrshire
At the farm, just like any farm, we visited the phase of production that represents the transition stage of the production cycle. Which statements characterize the transition stage? Circle or highlight clearly all that are correct. a. The heifer calf is being developed to be bred and then gestate. b. The cow is being dried off in order to rest. c. The cow is preparing to calve and then enter the milking string. d. The calf is being switched from a milk replacer based diet to one of dry feeds such as concentrates and roughages. e. In transition, the energy in the diet is being increased. f. In transition, the energy in the diet is being decreased. g. In transition, the diet is not essentially changed. Energy and protein levels are maintained. h. Without proper transition practices, females develop significant metabolic disorders.
C,E,H
heavy boned, big bodied, pea comb
Cornish
Our US swine industry is best described as . . . (choose all that apply) . . . . a. low input operations that use minimal facilities to produce pork b. very large but comprised of many smaller part time operators who breed a few sows c. one that relies on low value resources (feed - facilities - labor) to produce pork in a low-cost manner. d. one that leans on highly designed breeding programs that produce productive pigs with tremendous feed efficiency. e. a very large industry that is more vertically integrated and consolidated than our beef or sheep industries with production focused mainly in large scaled, efficiently run operations.
D,E
red, down ears, muscle expression, growth oriented
Duroc
Over the past three decades there have been definite trends in size, scope and productivity of the US dairy industry. Which of the following statements characterize these trends? Circle or highlight clearly all that are correct. a. The number of cows in the US has been steadily increasing in numbers. b. The average productivity per cow in the US has been declining. c. The number of cows in the US has been on the decrease, and this explains the increase in total milk output in the US. d. There are continually more farms in the US, and this explains the increase in total US milk production. e. There has been enhanced genetic selection and management applied to cows and this in part explains the increase in total US milk production.
E
creep feeding
Farrowing
dark red color, red earlobe, clean shanks
Rhode Island Red
During what season of the year do most producers calve cows in the midwest, and why?
Spring, because pasture grass is available at a time when the lactating brood cow needs the most energy in a cost effective, roughage form and this is pasture
black faced and free of a wool cap, black legged, tall and heavy muscled. This breed originates from England.
Suffolk
True or False? In comparison to other countries, the US clearly dominates world production of poultry products.
True
Longhorn
Usually mottled to roan with various white markings, black to red and grey long horns
castrated male sheep
Wether
Charolais
White Heavy/thick muscled France
erect ears, white, maternal England
Yorkshire
finished market calf
a calf that has been fed out to market weight and is ready to be harvested for its carcass.
steer
a castrated male destined for the feedlot.
shoes are applied by whom?
a farrier
stocker calf
a post-weaned calf that is destined for feedlot, but is currently being fed a low energy diet in wait to enter the feedlot.
feeder calf
a post-weaned calf that is ready to or has just entered the feedlot stage of production.
heifer
a young female that has not yet calved. Sometimes references a female that has only calved for first time.
mares gestate for how many months
about 11 months
How long are they typically in the gestation room?
about 3 months, 3 weeks
synchronization
administration of hormones to control the estrous cycle of cows in the herd.
Terry explains that manure from swine operations is a liability. Kim argues it is an asset. Who is correct and why? Choose all that are correct. a. Terry is correct because manure odor is a concern near urban areas. b. Terry is correct because manure needs to be stored and contained in some way so as not allowed to enter waterways. c. Kim is correct because manure is rich in nitrogen. d. Kim is correct because manure has value as fertilizer in crop fields.
all of the above
What happens to the manure at dairy farms such as ISU? Choose all that apply. a. extruded to separate solids from liquid portion. b. extruded liquid is stored in a tank and later spread on fields. c. extruded solid portion is composted and later spread on fields. d. extruded solids are used as bedding for cows. e. alleys are scraped into gutters routinely to keep them clean and thus to provide more solid footing.
all of the above
when ears are back, the horse is telling us that he is feeling...
angry, or is wanting to threaten someone or something.
at what point is the calf typically separated from its dam?
at birth to avoid maternal bond formation and to limit possible transmission of disease (mastitis)
common method of castration
banding
a miniature version of any given breed
bantam
castrated male pig
barrow
