Exam 2

- 1st argument is All man are human - 2nd argument is Jason is a man - Conclusion Jason is a human (draw a conclusion from the above 2 given facts/assertions)

As discussed in the class (see below the sample example), write two examples showing the similar deductive reasoning process.

Inductive reasoning

suggests that something is probably or likely true (i.e., all possible outcomes of a reasoning are equally likely).

Metacognitive Control Metacognitive knowledge

Meta cognitive process consists of:

True

Metacognition refers to higher order thinking that a person uses in daily-life.

Metacognitive Control

Monitoring the progress of your learning is an example of:

False

when we explore a problem, information is needed because it can help us understanding in what we already know & what we need to know to further explore the problem.

Formally, an abductive reasoning process can be described in 3 steps: a. Starts from observing or exploring given facts (usually unrelated facts) which b. Lead to infer a statement that serves as a hypothesis and c. If that hypothesis is reasonable in respect to the observed facts, it would then be considered as "best explanation" of those facts

What are the steps of abductive reasoning

Metacognitive knowledge refers to acquired knowledge about cognitive processes, knowledge that can be used to control cognitive processes. Example: it will take more time for you to read and comprehend a science text than it would for you to read and comprehend a novel. Metacognitive control refers to your ability to do something or take appropriate actions to correct things. Example: I do not understand what e-commerce is. Perhaps I should re-read this passage.

What is the difference between 'metacognitive knowledge' and 'metacognitive control'? Metacognitive Knowledge and Metacognitive Control are the two processes of Metacognition.

IBMS

Worksheet 9

True

You cannot apply Critical Thinking unless you use Cognitive and Metacognitive strategies

Cognition

______________ refers to thinking while metacognition is thinking about thinking

8. Knowledge of task variables

_________________ refers to knowledge about the nature of the task as well as the type of processing demands required. For example, you know that it will take you more time to read and comprehend a science text than it would for you to read and comprehend a novel.

Knowledge of person variables

_________________ refers to knowledge about your learning processes. For example, you know that studying in a quiet library will be more productive than studying at home where there are many distractions.

Information

provides us the foundations on which we construct our reasoning.

Concepts and ideas

16. All reasoning is expressed through, and shaped by

Inductive, deductive, and abductive.

2. Thinking can be divided into the following three reasoning methods:

distinguish

4. The purpose of your reasoning should be as clear and precise as possible so that you can _________________ your purpose from other related purposes.

False

An Interpretation is a conclusion that we reach by analyzing Information.

- 1st Argument 90% of the humans are right handed & - 2nd Argument Jason is a human, then - Conclusion The probability that Jason is right handed is 90% (so in such a situation if one needs to make a guess, it should be Right-Handed with the assumption that no other evidence is available - we should conclude that Jason is likely (not MUST) to be right-handed.

As discussed in the class (see below the sample example), write two examples showing the similar inductive reasoning process.

True

Consequences have to do with actions (i.e., what happens when we act on interpretations or inferences we have come to)

Thinking

Creates objective connections between our present beliefs/assumptions with some supporting evidence in order to believe or proof something else.

reflects correct

Critical Thinking " is both deliberate Cognitive and Meta-Cognitive act where a thinker ____________ on the quality of reasoning while at the same time try to reach a __________ solution"

meta-cognitive (thinking about thinking) and Cognitive (i.e., thinking) act.

Critical thinking can be considered as both deliberate

quality of his thinking intellectual standards

Critical thinking is a process in which an individual improves the _______________ by skillfully taking charge of the structures inherent in thinking & imposing ______________________upon them.

Metacognition is thinking about thinking (i.e., the ability to look at your thinking). It is like getting out of your head and looking at the way you think. Metacognition is the ability to use prior knowledge to plan a strategy for approaching a learning task, take necessary steps to problem solve, reflect on and evaluate results, and modify one's approach as needed. As examples, I am engaging in Metacognition if I notice that I am having more trouble learning A than B; if it strikes me that I should double check C before accepting it as fact.

Explain what is meant by 'metacognition'.

Some of the applications include medical diagnosis, fault diagnosis, scientific discovery, legal reasoning, and natural language

Give at least 2 examples (e.g., applications of abductive reasoning such as medical diagnosis) where abductive reasoning is used to draw conclusions from the given/known facts/observations.

improve the way he/she thinks or reasons reach to a correct solution.

In the context of critical thinking, a thinker has two equally important goals to achieve: one is to ____________________ and the second is the ability to____________________________

thinking

The term cognition is also referred as

thinking about thinking

The term meta-cognitive is also referred as

Abductive reasoning

can be described as "Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE)"

Information

can come from data, observations, facts, experiences, or anything that is concrete and can be verified.

Inductive reasoning

does not provide any means to a decision maker to distinguish among possible outcomes in order to reach to a correct solution/decision.

Abductive reasoning

is a reasoning that begins with an incomplete set of observations or set of accepted facts and then derives the most likely explanations for that set.

Interpretation

is an Inference from a specific Point of view (i.e., two individuals with the same facts but from a different perspective may lead to a different solution for the same problem).

Critical thinking

is an ability to think critically in order to reach a reasonable (or rational) decision or conclusion

Inference

is considered as inductive reasoning because we look at the facts/evidence we have and then draw a conclusion from those facts.

Consequences

is referred as actions from ideas (i.e., what people think and how they would react)

Implication

is referred as ideas from ideas.

Deductive reasoning

is the process of starting out with one or more general statements/examples or known facts and examines the possibilities to reach a logically certain specific conclusion.

Reasoning

is the process of using existing knowledge and assumptions to draw conclusions, make predictions, or construct explanations

Inductive reasoning

is type of reasoning in which we move from specific instances, observations, or examples towards general instances (generalization) in order to suggest many possible outcomes.

Concepts

itself is just abstract ideas that provide us a common language to understand things in the same way.

Elements of Thoughts

provide a structure or framework to a thinker to ask specific/focused questions about the subject or topic under consideration.

Intellectual Standards

provides us a criteria to evaluate the level and the quality of our reasoning

Knowledge of strategy variables

refers to knowledge about the cognitive and metacognitive strategies appropriate for the task. For example, studying for an essay examination is different from studying for an examination with multiple-choice questions.

10. Metacognitive control

refers to your ability to do something or take appropriate actions to correct things.

Deductive reasoning

suggests that something is necessarily or must true (i.e., if the given or original assertions/assumptions are true, then the conclusion MUST also be considered as true)

Abductive reasoning

the initial assertions do not guarantee that the conclusion must be true or likely true.