Exam 2 (Chapter 24)

The hepatic lobule is a __________ -sided structure with a/an __________ triad at each corner and a central vein located in the center of each lobule.

6; portal

Functions of the liver include __________. a. production of many blood protein b. interconversion of nutrients c. detoxification of harmful chemicals d. bile production

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal? a. pancrease b. ascending colon c. duodenum d. descending colon e. all the above

All of the choices are correct.

What is the function of enteric sensory neurons?

Both "Detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents" and "Detect stretch of the digestive tract wall" are correct.

Celiac disease causes degeneration of the villi of the small intestine. What is a likely effect of this degeneration?

Decrease in absorption due to reduced surface area

Nancy has several dental caries on the visible surface of one of her molars. The caries have eroded through to the pulp cavity. Which of the following accurately lists the layers affected by the caries? a. Dentin, enamel, cementum b. Enamel, dentin c. Cementum, dentin d. Enamel only

Enamel, dentin

Gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer can all be caused by

Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium.

which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true? a. the voluntary phase begins in the pharynx b. In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx. c. the uvula rises during the esophageal phase d. peristalsis occurs in all phases of swallowing e. breathing occurs during swallowing

In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx.

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?

LDL

What is the purpose of segmental contractions of the small intestine? a. propelling the chyme forwards b. Mixing of intestinal contents c. moving intestinal content into the colon d. stretching the intestinal wall

Mixing of intestinal contents

Which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from superior to inferior?

Oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

What is the function of interstitial cells of the myenteric plexus?

Pacemaker cells that promote rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle

Which of the following statements applies to the ileocecal sphincter? a. Cecal distention enhances relaxation of this sphincter. b. Closure of this sphincter inhibits absorption in the small intestine. c. Peristaltic contractions reaching this sphincter cause it to relax d. This sphincter is usually relaxed.

Peristaltic contractions reaching this sphincter cause it to relax.

Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in a. mastication of food b. absorption of food c. elimination of undigested food d. propulsion of food through the digestive tract e. mixing food

absorption of food

Which of the following are the effects of aging on the digestive system? a. blood supplies decrease b. more likely to develop ulcerations and cancer c. enamel on teeth becomes thinner d. all the choices are correct.

all the choices are correct

hepatocytes

all the choices are correct

Enzymes that digest carbohydrates include __________.

amylase, maltase and sucrase

teeth in adults

are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw.

the pancreatic islets a. are found in the wall of the stomach b. excrete mucus c. produce digestive enzymes d. are exocrine glands e. are endocrine glands

are endocrine glands

Chylomicrons

are synthesized in intestinal epithelial cells.

Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum. (1) Ascending colon (2) Descending colon (3) Sigmoid colon (4) Transverse colon

ascending, transverse, descending , sigmoid colon

Contact digestion takes place in/at the __________.

brush border of the small intestine

what muscle forms the cheek

buccinator

gastrocolic reflexes are reflexes that a. empty the stomach b. stop movement in the colon c. cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach d. release gastric secretion into the stomach e. lead to mass movements of the colon in response to food in the duodenum

cause mass movement of the colon when food is present in the stomach

Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase of gastric secretion is called the __________ phase. a. cephalic b. gastric c. intestinal d. pancreatic e. conscious

cephalic

The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone __________. a. secretin b. CCK c. gastrin d. somatostatin e. insulin

cholecystokinin (cck)

Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent

chyme from entering the large intestine.

a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas is ? a. ribonuclease b. chymotrypsin c. amylase d. enterogastrone

chymotrypsin

Trypsin can activate a. pepsinogen. b. chymotrypsinogen. c. angiotensinogen. d. endopeptidase. e. lipase.

chymotrypsinogen

A gallstone has completely blocked flow of bile into the small intestine. Where is the stone most likely lodged?

common bile duct

The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is a. skeletal muscle throughout the tract, especially in the large intestine. b.the layer of the digestive tract wall that contains capillaries. c. composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.

composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.

the liver

consist of two major lobes and two minor lobes

One of the major functions of the large intestine is to a. produce vitamin C b. regulate the release of bile c. break down of hemoglobin to release bilirubin d. convert chyme to feces

convert chyme to feces

What connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct? a. hepatic duct b. gallbladder duct c. cystic duct d. portal duct

cystic duct

mastication a. decrease the surface area of food particles b. is never under voluntary control c. occurs in both the mouth and stomach e. decrease the efficiency of digestion

decrease the surface are of food particles

Sammy is a 67-year-old man that has the following digestive issues: GERD, peptic ulcers, and diarrhea. Which of the following is least likely to be a consequence of Sammy's age?

diarrhea

the enterogastric reflex can be triggered by a. the hormone secretion b. increased pH in the duodenum c. distention of the duodenal wall d. the presence of food in the stomach e. the cerebral cortex

distension of the duodenal wall

the enterogastric reflex can be triggered by

distention of the duodenal wall.

Which of the following will stimulate intestinal motility? a. Distension of the intestinal wall b. low pH c. presence of amino acids d. all the choices are correct

distention of the intestinal wall

which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

elimination of undigested food

bile a. activates trypsin in the small intestine b. digest proteins in the small intestine c. activates the pancreas d. is made by the gallbladder and stored by the liver e. emulsifies fats in the small intestine

emulsifies fats in the small intestine

which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract? a. esophagus b. salivary glands c. pancreas d. gallbladder

esophagus

Salivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the

facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.

which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall? a. greater omentum b. less omentum c. transverse mesocolon d. falciform ligament e. round ligament

falciform ligament

The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the __________ phase of gastric secretion. a. cephalic b. gastric c. intestinal d. cystic e. hepatic

gastric

Which of the following would stimulate gastric secretion? a. acidic chyme in duodenum b. secretin c. gastrin d. Cholecystokinin

gastrin

inflammation of the gums is called

gingivitis

insulin increases the rate of __________ transport into cells. a. sucrose b. frucotse c. glucose d. galactose e. lactose

glucose

A large amount of adipose tissue accumulates in the __________.

greater omentum

the anal canal a. begins at the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum b. contains many goblet cells c. contains tubular glands called crypts d. has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle e. has an external sphincter composed of smooth muscle

has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle

the esophagus a. has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing b. has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food c. extend from the fauces to the stomach d. produces two enzymes that digest proteins e. has thin walls of C.T

has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food

Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the __________. a. hepatic artery b. hepatic portal vein c. hepatic vein d. inferior vena cava e. celiac trunk

hepatic portal vein

which of the following is not a substance found in saliva?

hydrochloric acid

A cell needs a receptor in order to absorb LDLs. A disease that interferes with the functioning of these LDL receptors would

increase serum cholesterol levels.

the villi, microvilli and plicae circularis functions to a. stimulate chemical digestion b. increase surface are for absorption c. produce bile d. liberate hormones e. promote peristalsis

increase surface area for absorption

the villi, microvilli, and plicae circularis function to a. liberate hormones. b. promote peristalsis. c .produce bile. d. increase surface area for absorption e. stimulate chemical digestion

increase surface area for absorption.

Mastication

increases the surface area of food particles.

Mastication a. increase the surface area of food particles b. decreases the efficiency of digestion. c. occurs in both the mouth and stomach. d. is never under voluntary control. e. decreases the surface area of food particles.

increases the surface area of food particles.

The enterogastric reflex serves to

inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine

duodenal glans secretion prevents

irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes

The intestinal phase of gastric secretion a. is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum. b. leads to increased gastric secretion if duodenal pH falls below 2. c. only stimulates gastric secretion. d. will decrease gastric secretion when gastrin is released by the duodenum.

is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.

pepsinogen

is packaged in zymogen granules

pepsinogen a. helps to form peptide bonds b. is activated by salivary amylase in swallowed food c. is packaged zymogen granules d. is secreted by parietal cells e. operates optimally at a pH of 5 or more

is packaged zymogen granules

Which digestive activity is NOT correctly matched to its location? a. killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach b. Digestion of carbohydrates - mouth c. Absorption of nutrients - small intestine e. Production of mucus - esophagus

killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach

The gastric phase of gastric secretion a. decreases the release of gastrin in the stomach. b. is triggered by taste, sight, thought or smell of food c. is mediated by impulses on sympathetic nerve d. leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion e. leads to the least volume of gastric secretion

leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion.

Arrange the ducts in the order that bile would pass through them when moving from the bile canaliculi to the small intestine without being stored in the gallbladder. (1) Common bile duct (2) Common hepatic duct (3) Cystic duct (4) Left and right hepatic ducts

left and right hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct and common bile duct

Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of __________.

lipids

If the thoracic duct were tied off, which of the following classes of nutrients would not enter the circulatory system at their normal rate a. amino acid b. glucose c. lipids d. disaccharides e. monosaccharides

lipids

the secretion that is added as food moves through the GI tract assist a. liquefying and digesting the food. b. vitamin A and D production and storage c. distribution of nutrients throughout the body d. insulin production e. bile production

liquefying and digesting the food.

Bile is produced by cells of the __________. a. dudoneum b. liver c. gallbladder d. pancreas e. hepatopancreatic ampulla

liver

an organ is described as follows: cord of cells radiating outwards from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cell. the organ having this histological structure is the

liver

which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract? a. liver b. large intestine c. pharynx d. stomach

liver

Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called __________.

mass movement

which of the following occurs in the large intestine?

mass movement

which of the following occurs in the large intestine? a. neutralization b. mass movement c. chemical digestion d. mastication e. mixing waves

mass movements

The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in __________. a. speech and swallowing b. mastication, speech, and swallowing c. mastication and swallowing d. mastication and sense of taste e. deglutition and peristalsis

mastication, speech, and swallowing.

Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the ingested food?

mucosa

which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with ingested food? a. mucosa b. serosa c. muscularis d. submucosa

mucosa

Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

the major secretion of the large intestine is a. bile b. hormones c. mucus d. vitamins e. bacteria

mucus

which of the following is correctly matched a. Mucosa - controls peristalsis b.Serosa - contains an extensive supply of nerves and blood vessels c. Submucosa - lamina propria d. Serosa - increased surface area e. Muscularis - responsible for peristalsis

muscularis- responsible for peristalsis

which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure?

muscularis- two layers; both circular

The major types of enteric neurons include all of the following, except a. neurons that detect changes in chemical composition. b.neurons that stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contractions. c. neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons. d. neurons that suppress epithelial secretions.

neuron that suppress epithelial secretions

what are the two major neurotransmitters of the enteric nervous system? a. Epinephrine and serotonin b. Epinephrine and norepinephrine c. Acetylcholine and epinephrine d. Norepinephrine and acetylcholine

norepinephrine and acetylcholine

the portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the a. oropharynx b. laryngopharynx c. larynx d. nasopharynx e. esophagus

oropharynx

the portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the ___

oropharynx

which of the following digestive juice that contain enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups ?

pancreatic juice

the abdominal cavity is lined with

parietal peritoneum

the salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the ___ glands a. parotid b. sublingual c. buccal d. submandibular e. labial

parotid

the salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the ____ glands

parotid glands

Which of the following enzyme function at its lowest pH

pepsin

which of the following enzymes digest protein?

pepsin

The enzyme called __________ break(s) down the substrate called __________.

peptidases; protein

The __________ helps hold a tooth in its socket.

periodontal ligament

What moves the bolus during the esophageal phase of deglutition? a. pharyngeal constriction b. peristalsis c. the tongue d. segmentation

peristalsis

the tongue a. functions in deglution apnea b. plays a major role in swallowing c. contains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissues d. is attached to the hard palate e. secretes saliva

plays a major role in swallowing

_________ is the movement of food through the digestive tract. a. Propulsion b. segmentation c. mixing d. mastication

propulsion

which of the following pairs describing structures of teeth is mismatched

pulp cavity - cementum

LDLs are taken into a cell by the process of __________. a. simple diffusion b. osmosis c. receptors mediated endocytosis d. HDL carrier molecules e. facilitated diffusion

receptors mediated endocytosis

Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of a. relaxation of the cardiac sphincter b. contraction of the pyloric sphincter. c. spasms of the submucosal layer of the stomach wall. d. increased hydrochloric acid production by the parietal cells.

relaxation of the cardiac sphincter

Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be

retroperitoneal

abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be a. hyperperitoneal b. retroperitoneal c. antiperitoneal d. falcipertioneal

retroperitoneal

Which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine?

rugae

When chyme enters the duodenum, ____ is released and stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonates.

secretin

when chyme enters the duodenum __ is release and stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonates a. gastrin b. cholecystokinin c. secretin d. glucagon e. insulin

secretin

a mixing contraction is the small intestines is called a. mass movement b. segmental contraction c. peristalsis d. deglutition

segmental contraction

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?

segmental contractions

which of the following is located closest to the rectum? a. ascending colon d. descending colon c. transverse colon d. sigmoid colon

sigmoid colon

Cholecytokinin (CCK) is produced by endocrine cells of the

small intestine

Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the __________, and fatty acids are absorbed in the __________.

small intestine; small intestine

Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the __________.

soft palate

Which of the following is NOT a necessary function of the tongue?

speech

what is the role of serotonin in the digestive tract?

stimulate motility

which of the following organ is part of the digestive tract?

stomach

the gallbladder

stores bile

the gallbladder___. a. is attached to the pancreas b. stores bile c. breaks down red blood cells d. produces bile e. produces secretin

stores bile

which of the following is mismatched? a. segmental contractions- mix intestinal content b. peristaltic contractions- propel intestinal content along G.I tract c. sympathetic never fibers- increase intestinal motility d. distension of intestinal wall- increased intestinal motility

sympathetic never fibers- increase intestinal motility

Why does the superior part of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle instead of smooth muscle?

the first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control

where does the majority of nutrients absorption occur a. the stomach and duodenum b. the ileum and jejunum c. the duodenum and ileum d. the jejunum and duodenum

the jejunum and duodenum

Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true?

the pancreas acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes

how does the muscularies layer of the esophagus differ from the rest of the digestive tract?

the superior part is skeletal muscle

parasympathetic nerves extend to the digestive tract through the ___ nerve

vagus

parasympathetic nerves extend to the digestive tract through the ___nerve a. accessory b. cardiac c. gastric d. vagus

vagus