exam 2- Chapter 5 psychology

Sarah always rode in the car as her mother drove to the library, not paying attention to the route. However, when Sarah got her driver's license, she did not need directions to the library because she knew how to drive there already. This is an example of

latent learning

Art has doting parents who praise him every time he sits down and studies. Ben has parents who praise him every now and then when he studies. A learning theorist would predict that if both sets of parents stopped giving encouragement for studying, ______________ would continue studying the longest because behaviors rewarded on a ______________ schedule persist longer.

Ben; partial

Which of the following is not an element of treatment programs based on operant conditioning and aimed at altering problematic behavior? Question options:

Learning to associate conditioned stimuli with unconditioned stimuli

When Maggie asks her mom to buy candy at the grocery store, her mother refuses. Maggie then throws a temper tantrum, and to quiet her, her mother buys the candy. Now, Maggie throws a tantrum every time she enters the store and doesn't stop until she receives candy. For Maggie, candy is

a positive reinforcer

Ivan Pavlov is recognized as having provided the first demonstration of

classical conditioning

A store clerk has learned that if she smiles, customers will buy more. She has also learned that such increased purchases only occur when she smiles at male customers. Thus, the store clerk learns to smile only at men. In this example, men have become a(n) Question options:

discriminative stimulus

Children are often aware of which conditions are most favorable when asking a parent for an advance on their allowance. Psychologists call such conditions Question options:

discriminative stimulus

When Marc sits in his bedroom with the door open, his sister walks by and starts yelling at him. In time, Marc learns that if he closes the door when his sister yells at him, she stops yelling and walks away. This shows ______________. Marc also learns that if he closes the door before his sister walks by, she will not start yelling at him. This shows ______________. Question options:

escape conditioning; avoidance conditioning

Jessica wants to punish her son, Sirla, for picking her flowers. If Jessica wants the punishment to be effective, she should

explain to Sirla the reason for punishment (that he can smell the flowers, but not pick them).

Four-year-old Nukeysha wants the cookies that are on the counter, but is too short to reach them. So she sits on the floor with a puzzled look on her face. Suddenly she moves a chair to the counter, jumps on top of it, and grabs the cookies. Nukeysha's behavior can best be described as an example of

insight learning

Miko, a baby monkey, learns to wash her sweet potatoes to remove grit after seeing her mother do so. This is an example of

observational learning

Mike is unsure of how to reward his son Greg for getting good grades. "Should I buy him a baseball glove? A Lava Lamp? Hmmm, maybe a Pet Rock?" he thought. Mike's wife, Carol, suggested, "Why don't you give Greg some money? It's a nice ______________ that he could use to get any of those things."

secondary reinforcer

Pavlov trained his dog, Sparky, to salivate when he heard a bell. Before leaving on his Jamaican vacation, Pavlov extinguished the salivation response. When Pavlov returned two weeks later, he accidentally knocked the bell off the table, causing it to ring. He noticed that Sparky was salivating in response to the ringing bell. This example best illustrates Question options:

spontaneous recovery

Ned is very afraid of the bats that fly around his house at night, but he is not at all afraid of the birds that fly around his house during the day. Ned's fear of bats does not extend to all flying creatures because of

stimulus discrimination

Bubba got sick after eating contaminated cantaloupe. Now, he won't eat any type of melon. Bubba is demonstrating

stimulus generalization

On the first day of school, Ben did not understand why a bell sounded at 11:00 a.m. Eventually, Ben came to realize that the bell signaled that it was time for lunch. Now Ben starts salivating in anticipation of lunch whenever he hears the 11:00 bell. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

the bell

When an organism uses insight, it

thinks through possibilities, then reaches a sudden understanding.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, the meat powder was the

unconditioned stimulus

Lance is a door-to-door insurance salesman. Lance finds it hard to predict what his sales will be for any given day. On some days he sells one policy for every three houses that he visits; on other days, he may sell one policy every twenty houses. Lance is being rewarded on a ___________ schedule.

variable-ratio

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

water