Exam #2 (Chapters 4-6)

Locke suggested that at birth, we are

"blank slates."

Social Darwinism supports the notion that

"superior" societies have the right to invade and conquer "lesser" societies.

In the United States, women could not graduate from top colleges such as Yale and Princeton until the

1970s.

Erikson's concept of an identity crisis refers to what?

A failure to overcome an ego crisis which results in the inability to know who he or she is, and the struggle to find out

A complex, as described by Jung is

A group of emotionally charged feelings related to a theme

Approach-approach conflict is best described as what?

A person is equally driven towards two equally attractive choices

According to Skinner, personality is result of what?

A set of conditioned responses to the environment

The importance of birth order was discussed by

Adler.

Karen Horney is known for her...

All of the above

"Pavlov's Dog" refers to what?

An experiment in which a dog was conditioned to salivate at the signal that food was coming, before the food was presented.

Which of the following statements best describes the biological perspective's view of free will?

Behavior is determined by biological tendencies

Which of the following is a difference between classical conditioning (as defined by Pavlov) and operant condition (as defined by Skinner)?

Classical conditioning deals with the conditioning of existing responses to occur to new stimuli, and operant conditioning deals with shaping behavior by using consequences

__________ are credited with the creation of social learning theory.

Dollard & Miller

The theorist who expanded psychoanalytic theory to include the life-span was

Erikson.

Organ inferiority refers to...

Everyone is born with some physical weakness

If we postulate that introverts are innately at a higher level of central nervous system arousal, this is an interpretation of

Eysenck's linking of the dimension of introversion to biology.

Activity, Emotionality, Sociability and Impulsivity refer to what?

Four basic aspects of temperament

Who has sometimes been called the "father of ego psychology"?

Hartmann

Where did the phrase "mad as a hatter" come from?

Hat makers were poisoned by mercury in hat factories and madness was a symptom.

Behavioral Genomics is the study of what?

How behavior is affected by genes

Identical twins differ from fraternal (non-identical) twins in what way?

Identical twins come from one fertilized egg that splits; fraternal twins come from two separately fertilized eggs

Adler coined the term _______________to encompass his theory of psychology.

Individual Psychology

A boy goes to math class everyday and tries to understand the problems. Each day he falls further and further behind the rest of the class as the problems get harder. Later in life the boy is afraid of taking math classes and chooses a college major that requires the least amount of math. According to Adler what has this boy developed?

Inferiority complex

Behaviorism rejects what information gathering technique?

Introspection

What does a "lie detector" have to do with Eysenck's biological theory of temperament?

It can be used to measure levels of physiological arousal in people, and Eysenck posits that introverts are more physiologically aroused at baseline.

Jane was mugged walking home late from work one evening. The event scared Jane so much that she never stays late at work, always takes cabs when it is dark outside, and avoids the street on which she was mugged. This set of responses that occurred after the mugging would be best described by Dollard and Miller as

Jane's habit hierarchy created after the mugging in situations that mirror the original

Which of the following is NOT an example of someone actively creating an environment?

John was born into a large family and he likes this because he has lots of siblings to play with, study with, and talk with.

Jung's concept of the collective unconscious differs from Freud's concept of the unconscious in that

Jung's theory includes archetypes that are common to all people and were formed in the beginning of time

Who, in his therapy, often played the role of "therapist qua parent" in an attempt to help patients develop a healthy self-concept and overcome their narcissism?

Kohut

Who of the following was an object relations theorist?

Mahler

Which of the following arguments points to non-genetic factors in the incidence of schizophrenia?

Many identical twins of schizophrenics do not develop the disease.

The theorist known for his theory of self-monitoring is

Mark Snyder.

Who of the following has successfully negotiated Erikson's stage of Intimacy vs. Isolation?

Nathan has a few close friends and just married the woman he has been dating for 4 years.

How is negative reinforcement different from positive reinforcement?

Negative reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior reoccurring by taking something away, positive reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior by adding something

When a person is faced with one of the three drive conflicts described by Dollard and Miller, the inability to satisfy these conflicts leads to

Neurotic behavior

Who developed the concept of "classical conditioning"?

Pavlov

Which of the following statements is NOT an advantage of a biological perspective on study of personality?

Potential for use in eugenics

Which of the following best describes why sensation seekers are drawn to certain activities, according to the biological model:

Sensation seekers may have a low level of a certain neurotransmitter, therefore seek activities that stimulate the production of that specific neurotransmitter

According to behaviorist principles, what would be a technique useful for overcoming phobias?

Systematic desensitization

The shadow archetype is best described as

The dark, socially unacceptable part of personality

According to Jung the mind is divided into three parts. These three parts are:

The ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious

Erikson's stage of Trust vs. Mistrust is best described as...

The first stage, in which a baby learns to either trust or mistrust that his/her needs will be taken care of

Eysenck's model of temperament relied heavily on which biological system of the body?

The nervous system

Sociobiologists study what?

The reasons for the evolution of certain behaviors in a species

Social learning theory refers to what?

The theory that explains the probability of responding to certain situation in a certain way due to past experiences and drives

Which of the following characterizes Object Relations Theories?

Theories that have to do with how people learn about themselves and others through interactions with other people

What is common to the following researchers: Emmons, Little, Cantor?

They all look at people's goals as a way of understanding personality.

Although neo-analytic psychologists base their theories on psychoanalytic theory, they differ from psychoanalytic theory in the following way(s):

They are more interested in the "self" and in the social environment.

Social cognitive learning theories differ from Dollard & Miller's social learning theory in which of the following ways?

They emphasize the importance of the social context in personality.

Which of the following is the best definition of nonshared environmental variance?

Those aspects of the environment that children raised in the same home experience differently

Sally is outgoing and responsible. She has worked at the same job since graduating college and still socializes with the same people she met in college. She has been married for 15 years to an outgoing and kind man. Jane, on the other hand, is unpredictable and has a hot temper. She has been fired from four jobs and has never stayed in a job for more than a year without getting bored and quitting. She has been divorced once, after being married for only 18 months to a violent and volatile man. These two women live extremely different lives, and their personalities lead them to experience different types of environments and situations. Which term best describes the phenomenon in which these two women consistently experience different environments and situations?

Tropisms

Adler's theory of psychology focused on...

Unique motivations of individuals and the importance of each person's perceived niche in society

The researcher credited with applying behaviorist principles to elicit fear in a young child, "Little Albert," was

Watson.

"Basic anxiety" refers to

a child's fear of being alone.

A complex is

a group of emotionally-charged thoughts & feelings about a topic.

A "habit hierarchy" describes

a learned hierarchy of likelihoods that a person will respond to a situation in a specific way, based on predicted rewards.

Skinner's novel, Walden Two, describes

a utopian community which operates on the principles of operant conditioning.

Of the following, which are among the four basic aspects of temperament?

activity and emotionality

Individuals with defects or weaknesses in their dopamine systems may be susceptible to

addiction.

Radical determinism states that

all behavior is caused by the environment.

According to Darwin, individual differences

all of the above

According to Skinner, part of the reason that the science of behavior has not progressed as far as it should is due to

all of the above

After little Albert was conditioned to fear the rat, he

all of the above

Biological factors which probably are related to personality are

all of the above

Biology might affect personality in which of the following ways?

all of the above

Limits of the learning approach to understanding personality include

all of the above

Non-shared environmental influences may include

all of the above

Pick's disease influences personality by

all of the above

Sears described personality as "potentialities for action" which included

all of the above

What biological factors can affect a person's personality and behavior?

all of the above

Which of the following (underlined) thoughts/experiences might be found in the "personal unconscious"?

all of the above

Which of the following are among the social issues Adler believed everyone had to address?

all of the above

Which of the following might link biology to personality?

all of the above

Although Hull believed in the importance of environmental reinforcements for learning, he

also believed that the internal state of the organism was important.

Initially Bob was supposed to go to a concert tonight with his friends, but then Sheila asked him to go to a movie. He was really excited about the concert, but has had his eye on Sheila for over a year now. Bob is experiencing

an approach-approach conflict.

When a primary drive impels someone toward a behavior and a secondary drives impels the person away from that same behavior, __________ develops.

an approach-avoidance conflict

Brian is struggling with himself. He's always been a good student, but lately his grades have been slipping a little bit. He feels like he has nothing in common with those who were once close friends, and yet he doesn't seem to "fit in" with any other crowd. He will be finishing his degree in history next year, but lately he's been wondering whether he really wants to be an historian (and he feels silly that he's wasted so much valuable time on something that he might not even want to do for the rest of his life). His girlfriend wants to get married after graduation, and he had planned to give her a ring over the Christmas break; but lately he's been feeling like marriage should wait he wants to have time to explore the world and "discover" himself before settling down. Brian seems to have

an identity crisis.

Dollard and Miller's learning theory explains neurotic behavior in terms of

approach-avoidance conflicts.

According to Jung, the collective unconscious consists essentially of

archetypes.

Learning theories are similar to Freud's approach because they

are deterministic.

In neo-analytic theory, a child's fear of being alone, helpless, and insecure, which arises from problems in relations with one's parents (such a lack of warmth), is termed

basic anxiety.

According to Eysenck's theory, an extrovert, if exposed to annoying external stimuli, would

be less bothered by it than would an introvert.

Kretschmer, the first to systematically study the relationship between physical appearance and personality, believed that schizophrenics were more likely to

be thin.

The central idea behind the concept of operant conditioning is that

behavior is changed by its consequences.

The quote that behaviorism "has substituted for the erstwhile anthropomorphic view of the rat, a ratomorphic view of man" implies that

behaviorism replaces our humanness with simple laws derived from rat studies.

According to Skinner, the motivations that Freud called the drives of the id are better understood as

biological reinforcers of the environment.

According to Skinner, to maximize one's potential, one should

both A and B

When Jennifer first came home from the hospital as a baby, she had colic and often cried. Her parents were terribly worried about her and became distressed whenever she would begin to sob. Although Jennifer is now nearly four, and the colic has long since disappeared, her parents both experience a sense of restlessness and anxiety whenever they hear a baby crying. In this situation, the parents' anxiety is a(n)

conditioned response.

Patrice thinks she is a failure according to her assessment, her grades are bad, she is overweight, and she is unattractive. She also says she doesn't have any friends. In reality, Patrice does have friends, her grades are fine, and she is an attractive, albeit a slightly plump, young woman. Horney would say that Patrice is over-identifying with her

despised self.

When an individual is able to discern that a given stimulus is NOT the conditioned stimulus, and therefore does not perform the conditioned response, this is called

discrimination.

According to Erikson, healthy development results in an increase in the capacity for an individual to

do well according to his own standards.

Which of the following is a correct match between Sheldon's somatotype and its description?

ectomorphs: thin and studious

All of the following EXCEPT __________ is considered one of the four basic aspects of temperament.

energy

Locke's idea of "tabula rasa" implies that

everyone is born as a "blank slate" upon which personality is stamped by life experiences.

Daly and Wilson suggest that family violence and abuse against children in modern America is often due to

evolutionary pressures driving individuals to care more for their own offspring than for others.

Jung described two major "attitudes," which were

extroversion and introversion.

If you suffered from arachnophobia (extreme fear of spiders) you might seek the help of a therapist in overcoming your problem. Which of the following would be a legitimate but somewhat risky method of treatment?

flooding

Erikson's theory of development focuses on the idea that

growth involves stages in which we resolve conflicts throughout life.

An individual who is interested in experimenting with drugs, going sky diving, and traveling to exotic places is probably

high in sensation-seeking.

A major study done at the University of Minnesota, studying identical twins raised apart, has found

impressive similarities in personality between people who have the same genetic make-up.

The concept of "masculine protest" describes

individual striving for competence and independence.

The stage at which an individual encounters the crisis of trust versus mistrust is

infancy.

In his studies with Rhesus monkeys, Harlow found that

infant monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers, regardless of whether these mothers provided food.

A relational perspective suggests that

initial patterns of self-other relations influence our self-concepts and social relations later in life.

According to Skinner, biology is important because

it determines an organism's range of potential responses.

One possible way that homosexuality might have been selected for evolutionarily is

kin selection.

Pavlov's studies of dogs were initially intended to

learn about the physiology of digestion.

Jenny is not a particularly happy toddler. She is easily frightened, and seems to be easily irritated. Her mother reports that she's not a lot of trouble, however, as she spends most of her time playing quietly by herself or watching TV; in fact her mother often has to encourage her to play with the other children in her day-care group. Describe Jenny on each of the following temperamental dimensions: 1) activity; 2) emotionality; 3) sociability.

low; high; low

Skinner asserts that to address social and cultural problems, we should

manipulate the environment, which really controls behavior.

Tropisms are

motivational forces influencing individuals' health behaviors.

Chris is two years old and well-adjusted. His attachment to his mother is healthy, and he is a happy child. Mahler would say that he is a __________ child.

normal symbiotic

Superstitious behaviors, such as wearing a lucky ring or eating special foods prior to an important event are best explained by

operant conditioning.

Individuals who have a relatively more active right hemisphere (compared to what is typical) are more likely to

overreact to a negative stimulus

The studies of child-rearing precursors of dependency and aggression in children (as studied by Sears) showed that

parents' reports of how much they punished the child were related to the child's dependency and aggression.

The first time Jeannie went to Las Vegas she won $1,000 playing slot machines. She has not won any money since that first trip, yet she still takes regular trips to Las Vegas. Her experience winning on that one occasion is an example of

partial reinforcement.

Judith Rich Harris has suggested that

peers are more important influences on children than parents are.

According to Jung, the socially acceptable front that we present to others is called the

persona.

Thoughts that Freud would term "preconscious" would fall into which of Jung's categories?

personal unconscious

Horney believed that what women really wanted was

power.

Archetypes are

powerful emotional symbols rooted in our human history.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Zuckerman's "sensation seeking"?

preferences for large crowds of people

The behavioral activation system is responsible for

regulating our response to rewards.

Harlow's famous studies of Rhesus monkeys in which infant monkeys were separated from their mothers was designed to test the notion of

secondary drives.

Little Evelyn was caught stealing by her mother. As she tried to defend herself she said, "I didn't mean to do it my 'evil twin' took over." Evelyn is evoking the __________ archetype.

shadow

In regard to the biological determination of homosexuality,

some structural differences have been found when comparing the brains of homosexual with heterosexual men.

"Temperament" refers to

stable individual differences in emotional reactivity.

The behaviorist movement rejected what practice of psychology?

subjective analyses and introspection

A client comes to a therapist complaining of a great fear (phobia) of heights. The therapist first has the individual describe and think about increasingly high places. Next he goes with the client to the first floor of a building, all the while encouraging and reassuring. They spend time looking out the window until the client is comfortable, then they go up one floor. Gradually they work their way up to the top floor of a very high skyscraper. The treatment method the therapist is employing is called

systematic desensitization.

Jung claims that our ability to conceptualize certain types of individuals and experiences (e.g. evil spirits) easily is likely due to

the collective unconscious.

Adler's typology was based on

the four Greek humors and social interest/activity level.

Walden Two is conceptualized as a problem-free place because

the government uses only positive reinforcement.

Sociobiologists study

the influence of evolutionary biology on social behaviors.

The animus represents __________, while the anima represents __________.

the male element of a woman; the female element of a man

Which of the following is NOT a division of the psyche according to Jung?

the paraconscious

Harlow's studies of Rhesus monkeys suggested that attachment between mothers and infants is due to

the reinforcing nature of physical contact.

In the following scenario, what is the conditioned stimulus? "Miles is an extremely smart dog. His owner always feeds him dog food from a can, which the owner opens using an electric can-opener. Whenever Miles hears the sound of the electric can opener, he runs into the kitchen and over to his food bowl."

the sound of the can opener

The Cinderella phenomenon describes

the tendency for biological children to be treated better than stepchildren.

Jung believed the "mind" is comprised of __________ parts.

three

Erikson believed that the first crisis an individual must struggle with is

trust vs. mistrust.

Learning theorists would treat drug addiction by

trying to understand the consequences of drug use.

Jung believed that dreams and "visions"

were important communications from another realm.

Which of the following is NOT one of Jung's proposed functions of the mind?

wishing

James Pennebaker suggests that disclosing traumas in the form of __________ for 15 minutes a day can improve health.

writing a narrative