Exam #2 Developmental psych

Proximodistal

"Near to far" Extremities grow later than head, chest, and trunk

how does growth differ in ethnicity?

Asians are typically lower in average growth compared to Noryh American children while African American children tend to be slightly above average.

How does growth vary by gender?

At infancy girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys, with a higher ratio of fat to muscle, persist throughout early and middle childhood and greatly magnified at adolescence.

brain plasticity

The capacity for the brain to alter its structure and function.

During times of rapid cognitive change, children .

are in a state of disequilibrium

Training infants with letter and number flash cards, as well as educational tablet applications, .

can cause them to withdraw, thereby creating conditions much like stimulus deprivation

A ------is a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat chance motor behaviors again and again.

circular reaction

At all ages, ----------develops ahead of --------.

comprehension; production

Effortful control is

considered a major dimension of temperament

A general principle, called , explains early pattern preferences.

contrast sensitivity

right hemisphere

controls the left side of the body; creative, intuitive, spacial

left hemisphere

controls the right side of the body; analytical, language, math

Two-month-old Penny makes vowel-like noises. This is an example of .

cooing

Retention of visual events __________.

improves greatly with age

Research suggests that there is a sensitive period, , when babies are biologically prepared to "zero in" on socially meaningful perceptual distinctions.

in the second half of the first year

Derrick speaks to his son using short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression and clear gestures to support verbal meaning. Derrick uses .

infant-directed speech

Compared to Euro-American infants, Chinese and Japanese babies tend to be .

more fearful

What causes synaptic pruning?

neurons that are seldom stimulated can lose their synapses. 40% of synapses are pruned during childhood.

Nine-month-old Avery can retrieve his ball when his mother hides it under a blanket. Avery has begun to master .

object permanence

Dr. Sardoza is interested in research on the organization and interpretation of what we see. Dr. Sardoza studies .

perception

Emotions .

play a powerful role in discovery of the self

Research consistently shows that infants and young children exposed to------- child care score lower on measures of --------------skills during the preschool, elementary, and secondary school years.

poor-quality; cognitive, language, academic, and social

In all societies studied, the most common attachment quality is the-------- pattern.

secure

Jaynie is cheerful and upbeat. Alayna is prone to angry outbursts. These descriptions refer to .

temperament

Dr. Smirnov is interested in measuring infant intelligence as a predictor of preschool mental test performance. He should use .

the Bayley-III Cognitive and Language Scales

Recent research indicates that -----earlier than Piaget expected.

the first signs of problem solving by analogy emerge

cephaiocaudal

the growth of a human from the head down

Most chubby babies .

thin out during toddlerhood and early childhood