Exam #2 Drugs and society

In November 2000, the FDA issued a Public Health Advisory on the safety of phenylpropanolamine (PPA), based on a new study showing that Blank______. women taking PPA had an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke women taking PPA had a higher risk of liver disorders PPA caused dehydration leading to higher risk of diarrhea PPA produced a kind of sedated state and might produce drowsiness

women taking PPA had an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke

True or false: Other than enkephalins and endorphins, no substance has actions similar to those of morphine.

False

Which of the following is a feature of heroin? It is known to reverse the depressed respiration resulting from an opioid overdose. It is the secondary active agent in opium. It is about three times as potent as morphine. It is a chemical that blocks the action of morphine and other opioid agonists.

It is about three times as potent as morphine.

In the context of peyote use by Native Americans, the Blank______. U.S. Congress criminalized the Native American usage of peyote first peyote cult was established as early as 1760 peyote plant was consumed by the Native Americans solely for recreational purposes Native American Church of the United States incorporated peyote use into its ceremonies

Native American Church of the United States incorporated peyote use into its ceremonies

acetylsalicylic acid

analgesic-antipyretic

The most potent of the psychedelics is Blank______. crmethamphetamine d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) dimethyltryptamine (DMT) psilocybin

d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

A beneficial effect of opioid drugs is that they _____. decrease activity in the cough control center in the medulla increase the number of peristaltic contractions in the body reduce the absorption of water from the intestinal material reduce pain by inducing deep, restful sleep

decrease activity in the cough control center in the medulla

Opioids relieve pain in part by Blank______. inducing sleep in the patient decreasing the number of peristaltic contractions diminishing the patient's awareness of and response to the aversive stimulus stimulating the release of hormones that promote the relaxation of muscles

diminishing the patient's awareness of and response to the aversive stimulus

Among the ingredients in sedatives and sleep aids, the FDA advisory panel accepted Blank______ but eventually rejected Blank______. methapyrilene; scopolamine ephedra; phenylpropanolamine scopolamine; methapyrilene phenylpropanolamine; ephedra

methapyrilene; scopolamine

enkephalins

morphine-like chemicals that occur naturally in the brain and adrenal glands

1-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine hydrochloride (PCP) affects the human body by Blank______. producing a loss of sensation within two or three minutes of beginning intravenous infusion depressing blood circulation when PCP enters the blood stream depressing respiration when PCP enters the bronchioles producing irregularities in the heartbeat within an hour of beginning intravenous infusion

producing a loss of sensation within two or three minutes of beginning intravenous infusion

Which of the following hallucinogen is classified as an indole hallucinogen? phencyclidine mescaline psilocybin MDMA

psilocybin

One of the beneficial uses of opioids is that they Blank______. save lives by curing patients with heart diseases increase the number of peristaltic contractions in the body quiet colic and save lives by counteracting diarrhea increase the release of water from the body

quiet colic and save lives by counteracting diarrhea

An excessive dose of opioid drugs can result in death from Blank______. extreme dehydration increased peristaltic contractions respiratory depression excessive coughing

respiratory depression

A follower of animism, who has access to, and influence in, the world of spirits, especially among certain tribal societies, is known as a Blank______. shaman shi pagan monk

shaman

caffeine

stimulant

phenylephrine

sympathomimetic

A true statement about Saint John's wort is that Blank______. 1) It has proved to be effective in treatment of dehydration 2) there is limited evidence on its effectiveness in the treatment of anxiety 3) the FDA has approved it and has not reported any concerns about its use 4) it is a novel compound that has not been used traditionally for psychoactive treatments

there is limited evidence on its effectiveness in the treatment of anxiety

Raw opium contains about Blank______. 10 percent morphine by weight and a larger amount of codeine 70 percent morphine by weight and a smaller amount of codeine 40 percent morphine by weight and a larger amount of codeine 10 percent morphine by weight and a smaller amount of codeine

10 percent morphine by weight and a smaller amount of codeine

is the belief that animals, plants, rocks, streams, and so on derive their special characteristics from a spirit contained within the object.

Animism

Select all that apply Identify the changes that occurred in relation to opioid use after the passage of the 1914 Harrison Act. Clinics for the treatment of opioid addictions were closed. The Supreme Court decided that possession of smuggled opioids was a crime. In 1919, the Supreme Court allowed addicted users to obtain drugs on a physician's prescription. Opioids were sold legally at extremely cheap rates to abusers.

Clinics for the treatment of opioid addictions were closed. The Supreme Court decided that possession of smuggled opioids was a crime.

Which of the following is a common misconception associated with opioid use? Most opioid users do not become addicted. Many people experience nausea and discomfort after the administration of morphine or heroin. Opioid dependence takes time, perhaps weeks, and persistence on the part of the beginner. Heroin users undergoing withdrawal without medication always experience excruciating pain.

Heroin users undergoing withdrawal without medication always experience excruciating pain

Identify a true statement about opioid abuse in the United States during the 19th century. Opium smoking was the only form of opioid addiction in the United States. American government declared opium smoking as a legal way to use opium. Opium smoking was conducive to a continuation of daily activities. Imported Chinese laborers introduced opium smoking to the United States.

Imported Chinese laborers introduced opium smoking to the United States.

Which of the following is true of diphenhydramine, a major active ingredient in over-the-counter stimulants? It is an antitussive found in cough suppressants and cold remedies. It is an antihistamine found in sleep aids and in some cold remedies. It is a sympathomimetic nasal decongestant found in cold and sinus remedies. It is an analgesic-antipyretic found in headache remedies and arthritis formulas.

It is an antihistamine found in sleep aids and in some cold remedies.

______ is the primary psychoactive agent found in peyote. Mescaline Atropine Psilocybin Scopolamine

Mescaline

Which of the following is true of methadone? Methadone is an opioid that has a very short period of effect. Methadone is a naturally occurring opioid-like chemical in the body. Methadone produces withdrawal symptoms that are less severe than heroin. Methadone produces withdrawal symptoms that appear earlier than with heroin.

Methadone produces withdrawal symptoms that are less severe than heroin.

______ is a small, spineless, carrot-shaped psychoactive cactus, Lophophora williamsii Lemaire, that was originally consumed orally by indigenous Mexican people. Peyote San Pedro Morning glory Ayahuasca

Peyote

A feature of Blank______, which is a naturally occurring substance found in the body, is that it has proven to be approximately as effective as prescription antidepressants in treating depression. 1) S-adenosyl-L-methionine 2) Ginkgo biloba 3)Saint John's wort 4) phenylpropanolamine

S-adenosyl-L-methionine

Identify a true statement about dietary supplements. They need to be pure and safe. Their labels should list the amounts of active ingredients present. Before being marketed, manufacturers should prove to the FDA that the supplements are nutritionally effective. They need to be proven effective as a treatment for disease.

They need to be pure and safe.

Identify a feature of opioids in the context of their effect on the gastrointestinal system. Multiple choice question. They corrode the inner lining of the large and small intestines. They often result in constipation in patients taking the drugs for pain relief. They lead to the development of severe intestinal infections or dysentery. They increase the number of peristaltic contractions in the stomach.

They often result in constipation in patients taking the drugs for pain relief.

In the context of drugs used to reduce pain, anesthetics Blank______. selectively reduce pain in the body cause an increase in the heart rate act by blocking consciousness completely cause an increase in the blood pressure

act by blocking consciousness completely

An accurate statement about S-adenosyl-L-methionine is that it is Blank______. an active form of the amino acid methionine an artificial psychoactive dietary supplement ineffective as a prescription antidepressant widely used in the treatment of anxiety

an active form of amino acid methionine

diphenhydramine

antihistamine

The drug Blank______ was obtained in 1898 when Hoffman, a chemist at Bayer Laboratories, synthesized the compound acetylsalicylic acid and tried it on his father, who reported relief from pain without any gastric problems. phenylpropanolamine vivarin aspirin ephedra

aspirin

The only active ingredient FDA allows in over-the-counter stimulants is Blank______. caffeine theophylline theobromine adenosine

caffeine

The Blank______ nucleus forms the basic structure of the catecholamine neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and dopamine. thiol enol methoxy catechol

catechol

In the context of the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendment that required all drugs to be tested for safety and efficiency, the FDA Blank______. divided over-the-counter products into 26 classes and appointed an advisory panel for each class allowed manufacturers to frame guidelines pertaining to safety of their over-the-counter products reviewed all the 250,000-300,000 odd drugs present in the market divided over-the-counter products based on their treatment properties

divided over-the-counter products into 26 classes and appointed an advisory panel for each class

The mold Claviceps purpurea, from which LSD is extracted, occasionally grows on grain, especially rye, and eating infected grain results in an illness called ______. ergotism pseudoparkinsonism locoism bruxism

ergotism

analgesic-antipyretics

for the temporary relief of aches and pains and fever reduction

anitihistamines

for the temporary relief of runny nose and sneezing

sympathomimetic nasal decongestants

for the temporary relief of swollen membranes in the nasal passages

Identify an example of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). vivarin ibuprofen Saint John's wort dexatrim

ibuprofen

phenacetin

in 1983, it was removed from the market entirely because it could cause kidney damage

There was some concern about the safety of the recommended 75-mg phenylpropanolamine doses in appetite suppressants, with the threat being Blank______. decreased basal metabolic rate acute insomnia increased blood pressure decreased heart rate

increased blood pressure

The basic structure of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is also found in d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), is referred to as a(n) Blank______ nucleus. indole thiol catechol amphetamine

indole

A characteristic of LSD is that it Blank______. = causes death by overdose is brownish-red in color causes its users to become physically dependent is a sympathomimetic agent

is a sympathomimetic agent

acetaminophen

it has been marketed as an over-the-counter analgesic since 1955

Ibuprofen was the first of several new drugs available over-the-counter that are now collectively referred to as Blank______. psychoactive dietary supplements over-the-counter sedatives local anesthetics nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

is a unique substance extracted from the juice of the plant Papaver somniferum.

opium

In the aftermath of the passage of the Harrison Act in the United States in 1914, Blank______. opium became the legal dealer's choice the number of oral opioid users began to decline opioids were sold legally at extremely cheap rates to nonhospitalized abusers habitual opioid users were viewed as unfortunate victims deserving medical assistance

the number of oral opioid users began to decline

The major therapeutic indication for morphine and the other opioids is Blank______. its action of sedative for insomniacs the cure of intestinal disorders its action as a cough suppressant the reduction of pain

the reduction of pain

What happens when large enough doses of anticholinergic drugs are consumed? Excess salivation and perspiration occurs. The production of mucus in the nose and throat increases. A behavioral pattern develops that resembles toxic psychosis. Mental confusion and loss of attention occurs.

A behavioral pattern develops that resembles toxic psychosis. Mental confusion and loss of attention occurs.

Identify the attributes of heroin. Heroin molecules enter the brain more rapidly than morphine molecules do. Heroin is less potent than morphine. The acetyl groups present in heroin increase the lipid solubility of heroin molecules. Heroin is a derivate of codeine and is the primary active agent in opium.

Heroin molecules enter the brain more rapidly than morphine molecules do. The acetyl groups present in heroin increase the lipid solubility of heroin molecules.

Which of the following is a common misconception associated with opioid use? Heroin users undergoing withdrawal without medication always experience excruciating pain. Most opioid users do not become addicted. Opioid dependence takes time, perhaps weeks, and persistence on the part of the beginner. Many people experience nausea and discomfort after the administration of morphine or heroin.

Heroin users undergoing withdrawal without medication always experience excruciating pain.

Identify a true statement about the pharmacology of LSD. It is metabolized in the liver and excreted as 2-oxy-lysergic acid diethylamide. None of the LSD is metabolized in the blood. It is absorbed very slowly from the gastrointestinal tract. Following ingestion, the brain contains more LSD than any of the other organs in the body.

It is metabolized in the liver and excreted as 2-oxy-lysergic acid diethylamide.

Identify a true statement about the opioid pain killer fentanyl. It is used in conjunction with surgical anesthesia. It is about a 100 times less potent than morphine. It blocks the action of morphine, heroin, or other opioid agonists. It can precipitate an immediate withdrawal syndrome in opioid users who have become physically dependent.

It is used in conjunction with surgical anesthesia.

entheogen

It is used to describe substances that are thought to create spiritual or religious experiences.

Identify a feature of Ginkgo biloba. Its extract has great medicinal use when administered in combination with aspirin. It has proven to be extremely effective in treating Alzheimer's patients. Its extract reduces blood clotting, so it has been proposed as a blood thinner. It is a fly agaric mushroom, widely used for its hallucinogenic properties.

Its extract reduces blood clotting, so it has been proposed as a blood thinner.

Which of the following is true of the history of opium during the Dark Ages? Roman knowledge of opium peaked during this period. Opium became the primary social drug wherever the Islamic culture moved. During this period, the use of opium was forbidden in all cultures around the world. Europe reached out and made contact with India and China for opium.

Opium became the primary social drug wherever the Islamic culture moved.

Identify a true statement about the common cold. Common cold is always passed through airborne particles. The rhinoviruses and coronaviruses are known to be associated with common cold. Successful vaccines do exist for common cold. The common cold is caused by only a specific group of coronaviruses.

The rhinoviruses and coronaviruses are known to be associated with common cold.

Identify an accurate statement about d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). LSD is selectively taken up by the brain following ingestion. Tolerance develops rapidly if the drug is taken daily on multiple occasions. Physical dependence is observed in LSD users. Cross-tolerance among LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin is not observed.

Tolerance develops rapidly if the drug is taken daily on multiple occasions.

Which of the following statements is true of Ginkgo biloba? 1) When combined with aspirin, it could be dangerous. 2) Its extracts decrease blood circulation in the brain. 3) When used in combination with Saint John's wort, it has proven to be an effective antidepressant. 4) Its extracts have proven to be extremely effective in treating Alzheimer's patients.

When combined with aspirin, it could be dangerous.

In the context of physical dependence in opioid users, it has been observed that ______. recreational use of opioids does not cause physical dependence dependence is only caused by occasional use of opioids withdrawal symptoms occur only in consumers who smoke heroin a moderate case of withdrawal is rarely life-threatening but is most unpleasant

a moderate case of withdrawal is rarely life-threatening but is most unpleasant

Since it was first purified from opium, codeine has been widely used for its Blank______ properties and is still available in a number of prescription cough remedies. antitussive antihistamine antibiotic antipyretic

antitussive

The two biggest markets among over-the-counter drugs are for Blank______. antidepressants and for variety of weight-loss products stimulants and for muscle-building protein supplements sedatives and other types of sleep aids aspirinlike analgesics and for the collection of cough, cold, and flu products

aspirinlike analgesics and for the collection of cough, cold, and flu products

The use of the peyote plant by Native Americans in the United States is popular. This is because the Native Americans Blank______. use the plant as a pesticide attribute spiritual power to the plant use the plant as a cure for diseases in children believe that the plant is a cure for depression

attribute spiritual power to the plant

In the context of FDA regulation of over-the-counter products, the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendment required that all drugs Blank______. provide the botanical names of the plants used in herbal supplements be evaluated for both safety and efficacy follow different manufacturing practices for their products use the same active ingredient as their competitors

be evaluated for both safety and efficacy

In recent years, the psychoactive uses of Saint John's wort have included the treatment of Blank______. 1) both motor neuron disorders and paralysis 2) both anxiety and depression 3) autism and other learning disorders 4) insomnia and epilepsy

both anxiety and depression

The Blank______ nucleus forms the basic structure of the catecholamine neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and dopamine. catechol methoxy thiol enol

catechol

Anticholinergic psychedelics affect the body by Blank______. causing a considerable dilation of the pupils of the eyes drastically increasing salivation stimulating mucus production in the nose and throat decreasing body temperature and heart rate

causing a considerable dilation of the pupils of the eyes

The most common antihistamine to be found in cold remedies is Blank______. phenylephrine acetaminophen chlorpheniramine maleate diphenhydramine HCl

chlorpheniramine maleate

Identify the second most important active ingredient found in opium. codeine morphine heroin vicodin

codeine

Identify the second most important active ingredient found in opium. Multiple choice question. morphine heroin codeine vicodin

codeine

An accurate statement about aspirin is that it is Blank______. a drug that greatly irritates the stomach and is absorbed slowly used by consumers to lose weight converted to salicylic acid in the bloodstream or in the gastrointestinal tract a less potent analgesic than salicylic acid

converted to salicylic acid in the bloodstream or in the gastrointestinal tract

Early research on LSD found that it Blank______. caused fatal overdoses in humans. has a pungent odor. is less potent than mescaline. could be used as an adjunct to psychotherapy.

could be used as an adjunct to psychotherapy.

During the 1970s, Blank______, due to their psychedelic (mind-viewing) properties, took over as a modern truth serum, replacing sodium pentothal, scopolamine, and amphetamines. 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT) d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) dimethyltryptamine (DMT)

d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

The term "flashback," which has been widely discussed in the popular press as a common adverse effect of psychedelics, has been replaced in the DSM-V by "Blank______." hallucinogen persisting perception disorder hallucinogen psychedelic disorder ergotism pseudoparkinsonism

hallucinogen persisting perception disorder

During the 1970s, Blank______, due to their psychedelic (mind-viewing) properties, took over as a modern truth serum, replacing sodium pentothal, scopolamine, and amphetamines. d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) dimethyltryptamine (DMT) 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT)

d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

One specific effect of the opioid drugs is to Blank______. completely remove a patient's awareness of pain induce deep sleep in a patient increase the number of peristaltic contractions depress the respiratory centers in the brain

depress the respiratory centers in the brain

The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act under which the FDA operates says a product "intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease in man" is a Blank______. 1 ) herbal supplement 2) drug 3) processed food 4) dietary supplement

drug

One of the misconceptions associated with opioid use is that Blank______. users who administer heroin or morphine will experience lesser euphoria than the first injection every time they use the drug injecting heroin or morphine induces in everyone an intense pleasure unequaled by any other experience daily use of large doses of opioids can lead to an opioid addiction opioid users experience unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

injecting heroin or morphine induces in everyone an intense pleasure unequaled by any other experience

An accurate statement about acetaminophen is that Blank______. its overuse can cause serious liver disorders it is marketed as a prescription drug it has never been as effective as aspirin in treating fever it has proven to be far safer than aspirin with lesser drug-related deaths

its overuse can cause serious liver disorders

entactogen

matches Choice It means "to produce a touching within" and is used to describe substances that are said to enhance feelings of empathy.

Identify an example of a catechol hallucinogen. mescaline LSD PCP alpha-methyltryptamine

mescaline

Withdrawal symptoms of heroin can be prevented for as much as a day by substituting legal Blank______. methadone enkephalin dextromethorphan naloxone

methadone

endorphins

morphine-like chemicals that occur naturally in the brain and pituitary gland

In the context of over-the-counter stimulants, the FDA has Blank______. outlawed any product that contains anything other than caffeine as an active ingredient legalized products that contain combinations of caffeine and ephedrine recommended that caffeine-based stimulants be consumed with coffee and cola drinks outlawed any product that does not contain ephedrine as an active ingredient

outlawed any product that contains anything other than caffeine as an active ingredient

______ drugs are those that are self-prescribed and self-administered for the relief of symptoms of self-diagnosed illnesses. . 1) Herbal supplement 2) Prescription 3) over-the-counter 4) Analgesic

over-the-counter

A difference between over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and prescription drugs is that Blank______. drugs approved for prescription sale can never become available OTC. OTC drugs do not have any active ingredients in them. prescription drugs can have a greater amount of active ingredient in each dose than OTC. OTC drugs are not tested for their effectiveness.

prescription drugs can have a greater amount of active ingredient in each dose than OTC.

Drugs that are capable of producing hallucinations and some altered sense of reality, a state that could be called psychotic, have been referred to as ________ dugs.

psychotomimetic

Identify a symptom of the hallucinogen persisting perception disorder experienced by an individual who has not used LSD recently. extreme fatigue and drowsiness re-experience of one or more of the perceptual symptoms experienced while intoxicated acute loss of appetite acute insomnia accompanied by intermittent periods of hyperactivity and fatigue

re-experience of one or more of the perceptual symptoms experienced while intoxicated

A characteristic of opium is that it Blank______. induces pain and anxiety leads to acute loss of appetite increases dehydration relieves pain and suffering magnificently

relieves pain and suffering magnificently

Sinus medicines use one of the Blank______, often combined with an analgesic, to reduce swollen sinus passages and to treat sinus headache. antihistamines cough suppressants sympathomimetic nasal decongestants analgesic-antipyretics

sympathomimetic nasal decongestants

A common adverse effect that can occur while under the influence of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is Blank______. . loss of sight increased appetite teeth grinding loss of hearing ability

teeth grinding

An attribute of morphine is that it is Blank______. ten times as potent as opium the only alkaloid derived from heroin the second most active ingredient found in opium three times as potent as heroin

ten times as potent as opium

An attribute of morphine is that it is Blank______. the only alkaloid derived from heroin the second most active ingredient found in opium ten times as potent as opium three times as potent as heroin

ten times as potent as opium

The first specific medical use of opium to prevent the excessive crying of children was reported in Blank______. the Koran in the Arabic world the Ebers papyrus in Egypt Greek medicine by Galen Chinese medical writings

the Ebers papyrus in Egypt

In the context of the common cold, it has been observed that Blank______. fever develops very late in common cold individuals develop joint aches and headaches only after the onset of respiratory symptoms it is typically passed around through unobstructed sneezing the common interval between infection and respiratory tract symptoms is two to four days

the common interval between infection and respiratory tract symptoms is two to four days

Which of the following forms of opioid addiction that developed in the United States in the second half of the 19th century is medically the most dangerous and ultimately the most disruptive socially? the injection of morphine the injection of ketamine the oral intake of morphine the oral intake of opium

the injection of morphine

A characteristic of antihistamines is that Blank______. they induce a hyperactive state of mind their effects are not potentiated by alcohol consumption their effects are due to an increase in blood pressure they produce a kind of sedated state and induce drowsiness

they produce a kind of sedated state and induce drowsiness