Exam 2
With regard to the school-age child's emotions, identify the themes or theoretical views of researchers
Younger kids ego centrism makes them less affected by another's acceptance or rejection. School age kids are aware of others opinions and judgement. Social comparison - comparing oneself with other people even when no one explicitly makes the comparison
How can you measure the mind?
fMRI and standardized tests
How do you measure IQ?
mental age/chronological age X 100 (100 is avg IQ)
Three types of unpopular kids:
neglected - ignored aggresive-rejected - disliked b/c antagnostic & confrontational Withdrawn-rejected - disliked b/c timid, withdrawn
Set Point
weight that homeostatic processes strive to maintain
Briefly describe the 6 stages of faith outlined by James Fowler
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Define dialectical thought and give examples of its usefulness
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Discuss the concept of a hidden curriculum and the merits of smaller class size, educational standards, and testing
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Discuss the influence of education, national trends, and culture on adolescent risk taking
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Discuss the relationship between cognitive growth and higher education
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Explain how moral reasoning changes during adulthood
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Identify the emotional problems of early adulthood including excessive dieting, drug abuse, psychopathology, and violence
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Identify the main characteristics of postformal thought, and tell how it differs from formal operational thought in early adulthood
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Identify and discuss the logical operations of concrete operational thought, and give examples of how these operations are demonstrated by school children
Concrete Operational Thought - (Piaget's) most important cognitive structure attained in middle childhood. Ability to reason logically. This stressed that a child's own discovery of important concepts. Example is Classification (explain further)
Social Cognition
Ability to understand social interactions, including causes and consequences of human behavior
Drug Abuse vs Drug Addiction
Abuse - take drug until impairs persons well-being Addiction - drug dependence which absence produces a drive to ingest more of the drug
There are 3 types of intelligence?
Academic, Creative and Practical
Discuss the impact of living with both biological parents, blended families, and other family structures on psychosocial development
Children thrive if family: - provide basic needs - encourage learning - develop self-respect - nurture peer relationships - ensure harmony and stability
Discuss issues related to adolescent sadness and anger including approaches for prevention or treatment
Clinical Depression - feeling hopelessness, worthlessness that lasts 2 weeks or more. Affects 1/5 girls and 1/10 boys. Causes: genetic, depressed mother. Rumination - talking and thinking about past experiences can lead to depression Suicidal Ideation - serious distressing thoughts about killing oneself. Peaks at age 15. Parasuicide - attempted or failed suicide. Ideation depends on 4 things: - availability of guns - parental supervision - availability of alcohol and drugs - culture Cluster suicide - several suicides committed by members of group within a brief period of time
Describe Information Processing Theory
Cognition is like computer - analyzing each component (sensory data input, connections, stored memory, and output) Memory is crucial. See next slide about memory
Describe normal physical growth and development during middle childhood, and account for variations
Middle childhood is considered 7 to 11 y.o. This is healthiest period of life. Brains reaction time is quick - the time to respond to stimulus Automatization - (occurs in middle childhood) repetition of sequence of thoughts & actions until becomes automatic
Where are 3 places can play sports?
Neighborhood - stranger danger School - confined space Clubs/Leagues - cost and transportation
Formal Operational Thought
Piagets 4th & final stage of cognitive development. Characterized by LOGIC thinking & ability to think about abstract ideas
5 Theories Explain Eating Disorders
Psychoanalytic - way to achieve independence, refuse food from mom Behaviorism - people w/low self-esteem relieve distress Cognitive - girls compete w/men in careers. They are strong Sociocultural - culture says be slim Epigenetic - postponement of fertility
What is language shift?
Replacing original language instead of fluent in 2. Ideally learn 2nd lang before puberty
Three Purposes of Sex
Reproduction, Relationship, and Recreation
Discuss the issues related to stress, assessment of stress, resilience and coping
Resilience - adapts well to significant adversity and serious stress
Discuss the importance of peer groups, friendship and bullying to school-aged children
Shared and Nonshared environment between siblings. -Shared - household - Nonshared - different friends (this has more impact) To stop bulling: - whole school must change, not just bullies - intervention is more effective in younger grades - evaluation is critical
Deviancy Training
children are taught by peers to avoid restrictions imposed by adults
Control Processes -
regulate the analysis and flow of info in info-processing system. Ex. selective attention, metacognition (thinking about thinking) & emotional regulation
Gonads
sex glands (ovaries and testes)
Delay discounting
tendency to undervalue events in the future
HPA axis (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal)
the route hormones follow that regulate stress, growth, sleep, puberty
Dual Process Model
Brain has 2 networks (Emotional and Analytical processing)
Two Causes of Delinquency
1) Brain functioning, short attention span, severe child abuse, hyperactivity (All correlate but not solely lead to it) Life-course-persistent offender - criminal activity begins in early adolescence and continues through life ("Career Criminal") 2) Deviant friends, few connections to school, ciolent neighborhood, unemployed, drug use and close relatives in jail. Adolescent-limited offender - criminal activity stops by age 21. How do you treat delinquency? Therapeutic foster care - intensive caregiving, foster parents are given extra help, training and money. Also have a close relationship with adults and avoid deviant peers.
Discuss the problems encountered in the formation of gender and ethnic identities
4 Areas of Identity Achievement Religious - most undergo years of testing/training to be come priests. Foreclosure - accepting a religion w/o questioning Sexual/Gender - persons acceptance of roles that go w/ male & female. Sexual - refers to male/female characteristics. Gender - cultural & social characteristics. Political/Ethnic - Identity w/political party/person. And stick w/group history (roots) Vocational - Postponed until 25 b/c few teenagers can find meaningful work. And skills take years to attain. Job during high school can be bad.
Flynn Effect
A rise in average IQ scores that has occured over the decades of many nations
Discuss adolescent decision making, especially the ability to weigh risks and benefits of their actions
Adolescent egocentrisim - focus on oneself (age 10-13) and exclude others. Regard oneself as uniquely special. This is not irrational b/c adolescents are judging them
Describe the role that family and friends play in adolescent development
Adults/teenagers - less likely to abuse drugs & leave school if support network. Bickering - repeated, petty arguments about routine concerns. This may indicate a healthy family. Parent-Child Relationship & Closeness has 4 aspects: - Communication - Support - Connectedness (emotionally close) - Control Clique - cluster of close friends who exclude outsiders Crowd - have something in common but not necessarily friends. This is based on race/ethnicity or label such as jocks, nerds Peers sometimes provide Deviance Training - when one shows another how to rebel against social norms Peer selection - teenagers select friends whose values they share and abandon those who follow other paths Peer facilitation - peers encourage one another to do things that few would do alone. Constructive behaviors - study together to get an A. Destructive behaviors - skip school
Which ethnicity/race is most likely to commit suicide and why?
African american males age 15-19 are more likely to kill themselves now than 20 years ago. Why? Fewer employment, more guns, don't ask for help
Aptitude and Achievement Tests
Aptitude - potential to master a skill Achievement - measures what already learned
Social Norms Approach
Attempt to reduce risk taking by conducting surveys of emerging adults and use results to make aware of risks
identify the symptoms and treatment of autism, ADD and ADHD, and learning disabilities
Autism - inability to relate to other people normally, extreme self absorption and inability to acquire normal speech ADHD symptoms - inattentive, impulse, and overactive Learning disability - delay in area of learning not caused by disability or MR (einstein had one) (Ex. dyslexia) Best way to treat - medication and psychotherapy
What are benefits of sports?
Better health dec chance of obesity appreciation for cooperation and fair play improved problem solving skills respect for teammates
Describe advances in thinking during adolescence including logical abilities, and intuitive and emotional thought
Between 11-18 y.o., brain maturation, inc independence. Egocentrism, then intuition, then logic. Invincibility fable - child thinks cannot be harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal ex. drug abuse Imaginary audience - believe they are center stage w/all eyes on them Adolescents can engage in hypothetical thought - reasoning about what if propositions that may or may not reflect reality
Spermarche
Boys 1st ejaculation signals sperm production. Avg age is roughly same as girls
Nuclear Family
Dad, mom and biological kid under 18
Generational Forgetting
Each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned about harmful drugs. Why? Teenagers distrust adults.
Discuss the hazards of health during adolescence such as poor nutrition, early sexual activity, and drug use
Early sex: -depression - teenage pregnancy is no longer welcomed (1/2 as common as it was 20 years ago. Abortion rate is dec. Contraception inc - STI's are more common (most lethal AIDS and syphillis) Why is there variation in alc and drug use in different countries? Laws and family practices. Why would teenage use drugs? To fit in w/peer group, and neurological drive for intense sensations. Harm from drugs: - drugs interfere w/healthy eating and digestion thus dec nutrients - dec growth - harmful to brain -> alc impairs memory and self control - Dropout of school - Trouble w/law - SIB - destrust parents - abuse and addiction
Identify family functions and ten basic family structures
Family function - way family works to care for its members Family structure - legal & genetic connections among those living in same household
Menarche
Girls 1st menstrual period, signaling she has begun ovulation. Avg age is 12 years & 8 months
Describe the development of identity and the four major indenity statuses in adolescences
Identity - consistent understanding of oneself Identity vs. Diffusion (Erikson's 5th stage of devel) person tries to figure out "who am I" Identity Achievement - point when person understands that they are unique individual. They have a mate and a career chosen Identity diffusion - Lack of commitment to goals or values. Response is "whatever" Identity foreclosure - Young people short-circuit their speech by not questioning traditional roles. Accept rules w/o exploring alternatives. Dad was doctor so son is. This is comfortable route. Moratorium - mature type of time-out. Post-pone choices. college, military
What is difference between incidence and prevalence?
Incidence - how often behavior occurs Prevalence - how widespread w/in population a behavior is
describe techniques that have been tried in efforts to educate children with special needs
Individual Education Plan - document that says educational goals & plans for a child w/special needs In 1969 - law that said all children be educated 1975 - Educate All Handicapped Children Act - all children must learn in least restrictive envioronment Two types: Resource (special needs room) and Inclusion (regular classrooms)
explain the developmental psychopathology perspective, and discuss its value in treating children with special needs
Integrates development and disorders - Abnormality is normal - disability changes year to year - adulthood may be better or worse - diagnosis depends on the social context
Intuitive Thought and Analytic Thought
Intuitive - from memories & feelings. Quick and powerful Analytic - involves rational analysis of many factors using logic. Pros/cons, risk/consequence *Neither way of thinking is better. A person learns to coordinate both as "one reasoner"
Outline Kohlberg's stage theory of moral development and identify criticisms of the theory
Level 1 - preconventional moral reasoning - rewards and punishments level 2 - conventional moral reasoning - social rules level 3 - postconventional moral reasoning - moral principles PAGE 336
Edgework Occupation
Living on the edge by skillfully managing stress and fear to attain some goal. Ex. firefighter
What are cons of sports?
Loss of self esteem injury prejudice stress inc time taken from academics
Serial monogamy
One steady sex partner at a time
Discuss the physical and psychological impact of obesity, chronic illness, and especially asthma
Overweight is BMI above 85 precentile Obese is BMI over 95 percentile Asthma - inflammatory disease of airways makes breathing difficult. Modern life of carpet, pets, windows inc rate of asthma.
How to prevent asthma
Primary - better ventilation, dec pollution, more outdoor play areas. Secondary - regular check ups Tertiary - Use inhalers
Primary & Secondary sex characteristics
Primary - penis and vagina Secondary - beard and breasts
Pituitary Gland
Produces hormones that stimulate the adrenal glands (located above kidneys)
Identify several approaches to teaching reading, math and learning a second language
Reading First - reading is primary on curriculum Reading Wars: -Phonics Approach- 1st teach sounds of letters -Whole Lang Approach - use all lang skills (talk, listen, read, write) PIRLS - progress in international reading literacy study TIMSS (Trends in Math, Sci study) - given to 4th & 5th graders (Japanese scores highest) Math Wars: Educators seek to make math more active & engaging, less memorization International teaching is too costly to do each year.
Inductive Thinking "Bottom-Up"
Reasoning from facts to general conclusion
Deductive Thinking "Top-Down"
Reasoning from general statement through logical steps to figure out (deduce) specifics
Culture of Children
Rules and rituals passed down from slightly odler kids w/o adult approval. Encourages independence
Describe the developmental of self-understanding and its implications for self esteem
Self understanding comes at a price. Self consciousness rises but self esteem dec. which can lead to low academic achievement Nature of a Child - child becomes more mature and responsible
Describe the changes in growth, strength, and overall health that occur during early adulthood
Senescence - process of aging. Few are aware b/c of homeostasis and organ reserve Homeostasis - state of equilibrium maintained by interactions of body's physiological systems (regulated by pituitary) Organ Reserve - capacity of organs to handle stress
Three types of memory
Sensory memory - incoming stimulus info is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed. Sensations become perceptions. Working Memory - (short term memory) current conscious mental activity occurs. Long term memory - limitless info can be stored. Storage AND retrieval
Describe the changes in hormones, timing in puberty, growth spurt and sexual maturation of adolescents
Sequence of growth is weight, height then muscles. Also extremities grow before torso ("all legs"). Only 1 organ system decreases in size - lymphoid system.
language
Teachers teach formal code Peers teach informal Community teach dialect & pronunciation
Brain development during Middle Childhood
The cortex (top layers of brain) are thin at childhood but grow thicker during school years
Violence
To reduce school violence: - setting clear rules for student behavior - reward students for attendance - organize more sport events w/in a scholar and between other schools Most likely to increase: - metal detectors - handing out strict punishments Improve school climate: - increase peer friendships - strengthen teacher-student relationships - promote student involvement
Discuss Vygotsky's views regarding the influence of the sociocultural context on learning during middle childhood
Vygotsky - said children learn from each other and teachers. Stressed that instruction by others is crucial.
Discuss adolescent decision making about school, jobs and sex
What can be done to encourage more engagement in school? - Keep schools small (200-400) - Encourage extracurricular activities
Outline the biological events of puberty
rapid physical growth and sexual maturation that end childhood. Lasts 3-5 years and starts between 8-14 depends on genes, body fat, and stress. Body fat - big kids start puberty before thinner. Malnutrition delays puberty. Stress - can cause early puberty. Affects pubertal hormones by increasing them Early puberty correlates with early romance, sex, and parenthood which lead to later depression and other psychosocial problems
