EXAM 2 EXP

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s) "miles per hour." "smashed." "car crash." "fast."

"smashed."

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of one hour. 24 hours. one month. one week.

24 hours.

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem? -Memento -The Long Kiss Goodnight -The Bourne Identity -50 First Dates

50 First Dates

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates A partial-report procedure A build-up and release of proactive interference The cocktail party phenomenon The phonological similarity effect

A build-up and release of proactive interference

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research? Many miscarriages of justice have occurred based on faulty eyewitness testimony. Suggestion can create false memories for events that occurred when a person was a young child. Suggestion can create false memories for an event that a person has experienced just recently. Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories? When autobiographical memories are impaired, the episodic content contained within them will cause a blockage of access to related semantic content. It is not possible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content but not both. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content. Autobiographical memories are highly accurate from as early as 3 months of age.

Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory? I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes. I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer. I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt. I remember "volcano" was the first word on the list Juan read to me.

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements? It is vivid memory for emotional events. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event. It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented before the event. during the event. all of the above after the event.

after the event.

Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam? Lourdes performs better because of reactivation. Lourdes performs better because of encoding specificity. Kim performs better because of encoding specificity. Kim performs better because of reactivation.

Kim performs better because of reactivation.

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique? Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer. Police start their interview with simple filler questions to make the witnesses feel comfortable. Police offer positive reinforcement to witnesses (e.g., "Good, that makes sense.") when the witnesses give information consistent with what is in the police file. Police ask witnesses questions and have them rate their confidence level in their recollections.

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. Retrieval Processing Retrograde Encoding

Retrieval

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? Procedural memory Classical conditioning Semantic memory Repetition priming

Semantic memory

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM? Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years. Lilia recalls her grandmother's house where she grew up, even though she hasn't been there for 22 years. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore.

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

____ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years. Remote Synaptic Standard Systems

Systems

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory? Release from proactive inhibition The propaganda effect The self-reference effect Encoding specificity

The propaganda effect

When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20-year-old wedding photo album. As she flips through the pictures, she starts to cry joyful tears. Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions of her wedding day most likely activated her medial temporal lobe. prefrontal cortex. thalamus. amygdala.

amygdala.

Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories. accounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent increased the likelihood of false memories. a photograph of the participant's first-grade class decreased the likelihood of false memories. accounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent decreased the likelihood of false memories.

a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of what is involved in a particular experience. information stored in both semantic and episodic memory. items appropriate to a particular setting. a sequence of actions.

a sequence of actions.

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for childhood and adolescence. childhood and middle age. adolescence and young adulthood. young adulthood and middle age.

adolescence and young adulthood.

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories. imagery implicit memory during learning deep processing during retrieval an organizational context during learning

an organizational context during learning

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism. are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently. represent different aspects of the same mechanism.

are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend. just read about the singer in a magazine. recently seen the singer on TV and read about the singer in a magazine. just seen the singer on TV.

attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective. using visual images. by the person whose memory will be tested. by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective.

by the person whose memory will be tested.

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base. can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans. is largely a blessing because no event would be erased.

can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the narrative rehearsal hypothesis. self-image hypothesis. autobiographical hypothesis. cognitive hypothesis.

cognitive hypothesis.

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of cryptomnesia constructive memory processes. verbatim recall. the effect of scripts.

constructive memory processes.

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds has no effect on the curve. increases the primacy effect. decreases the recency effect. increases both the primacy and the recency effects.

decreases the recency effect.

Graded amnesia occurs because nonemotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than emotional memories. emotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than nonemotional memories. remote memories are more connected to the hippocampus than recent memories. recent memories are more connected to the hippocampus than remote memories.

emotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than nonemotional memories.

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of the self-reference effect. maintenance rehearsal. levels of processing theory. encoding specificity.

encoding specificity.

Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hole. But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, I haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with ____ memory. episodic working procedural semantic

episodic

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to present the list more slowly. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list. have participants say "la, la, la" while studying the list. have participants see the words on a screen, rather than hear them.

have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.

Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. organization making up questions about the material feedback highlighting

highlighting

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered. the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words. pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words.

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup, increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of erroneous identification of innocent people. decreasing the number of fillers from 6 to 3 actually increases the rate of false positive identifications. increasing the number of fillers from 5 to 7 actually decreases the rate of false positive identifications. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.

increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.

intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. intact procedural memory but defective semantic memory. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

According to Tulving, the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that it accesses knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to any specific personal experience. it always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened. it involves both explicit and implicit memories. it involves mental time travel.

it involves mental time travel.

Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the postsynaptic neuron. synapse. presynaptic neuron. neurotransmitters.

neurotransmitters.

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of _____ in memory. rehearsal forming connections with other information organization depth of processing

organization

which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network semantic network theory the prototype approach enhancement due to priming parallel distributed processing theory

parallel distributed processing theory

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ________ memory. procedural autobiographical working semantic

procedural

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to cause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories. lead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference. lead to effective autobiographical memories.

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories. recent and remote semantic recent and remote episodic recent episodic remote semantic

recent and remote episodic

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set. relaxed nervous neutral excited

relaxed

Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing release from proactive interference. the self-reference effect. disinhibition. retroactive inhibition.

release from proactive interference.

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories. emotional recent anterograde remote

remote

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of state-dependent memories. remote, episodic memories. remote procedural memories. remote, semantic memories.

remote, episodic memories.

Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is source monitoring. scripting. pre-cueing. repeated recall.

repeated recall.

In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of reconsolidation. mental time travel. distributed practice. repetition priming.

repetition priming.

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM. long-term potentiation mass practice retrieval cues elaborative rehearsal

retrieval cues

Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of retroactive interference. a simultaneous presentation effect. memory-trace replacement. a life-narrative confusion.

retroactive interference.

The misinformation effect can be explained by schematic biases. repeated familiarity effects. retroactive interference. proactive interference.

retroactive interference.

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____. misattribution script narrative schema

script

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s." Semantic Episodic Implicit Procedural

semantic

The predominant type of coding in LTM is semantic. concrete. visual. phonological.

semantic

In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ________ as part of the list of presented stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature. blanket tired drowsy sleep

sleep

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and source misattribution. retroactive interference. consequentiality. confabulation.

source misattribution.

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because the stimulus category remained the same. the response task remained the same. the stimulus category changed. the response task changed.

the stimulus category remained the same.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task. the rememberer generates his own retrieval cues

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong. highly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate. it is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup. despite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup.

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.