Exam 2

GENITAL HERPES facts

- 22% of adults estimated to be infected with HSV-2 - Rates are higher in HIV infected persons, African Americans and adults of lower socioeconomic status - Most infections are unrecognized because of mild symptoms or absence of symptoms

BDSM PRACTITIONERS

- 80% report regularly engaging in BDSM by age 30, most have first experience in mid-20s - Better educated than the general population - Unrelated to childhood sexual trauma - Less likely to be exclusively heterosexual - Report more sexual partners

Erectile Dysfunction

- A persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient to accomplish a desired sexual behavior to orgasm - Typically acquired - Affects 50% of men >60

BDSM vs. normative (mental health)

- BDSM lower in mental health disorders - BDSM not statistically significant for OCD - BDSM higher in disassociation (out of body) and narcissism (ego)

GONORRHEA

- Bacteria can infect the genital tract, mouth, and rectum of both men and women (second most common bacterial STD in U.S.) - First symptoms in women may include: Bleeding associated with vaginal intercourse, Painful or burning sensations when urinating, Yellow or bloody vaginal discharge - More advanced symptoms, which may indicate development of PID, include cramps and pain, bleeding between menstrual periods, vomiting, or fever. - First symptoms in men may include: White, yellow, or green pus from the penis with pain, burning sensations during urination that may be severe, Swollen testicles, Can cause epididymitis which can affect fertility - Shows drug resistance

Other fetishes

- Balloons (aka: "looners" ) - Aquaphilia - Narratophila - Necrophila - Plushophilia - Zoophilia

Fertility Awareness (aka: rhythm method)

- Behavior method - Fertile window: 6 days leading up to and including ovulation Standard days: Abstain from sex on days 8 to 19

Withdrawal

- Behavior method - Man withdraws penis from vagina before ejaculation - Failure rate of 18-27% annually - Sperm may be present in the pre-ejaculatory fluid - Man may fail to pull out (or pull out completely) - Even sperm on the labia can make it to the reproductive tract

Sympto-Thermal Method

- Behavior method - Monitor mucus secretion and base body temperature

Viral STIs

- Caused by a virus - No cure; can only treat symptoms "The 4 H's": 1. HPV 2. HIV 3. Herpes 4. Hepatitis

Bacterial STIs

- Caused by bacteria - Can typically be treated with antibiotics - Includes: 1. Gonorrhea 2. Syphilis 3. Chlamydia

HIV effects

- Damage a person's body by destroying specific blood cells, called CD4+ T cells, which are crucial to helping the body fight diseases. - CD4 cells killed by the virus and body eventually can't produce enough to keep up - Normal level: 1000 cells per microliter - AIDS: CD4 levels drop below 200 cells per microliter

Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

- Deficiency or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity that causes marked distress or interpersonal difficult - Occurs in both men and women - More often in women (up to 1/3)

Peyronie's Disease

- Development of fibrous scar tissue inside the penis that causes curved, painful erections. - Can prevent a man from having sex or make it difficult to get or maintain an erection

Delayed Ejaculation

- Difficulty achieving or inability to achieve orgasm and/or ejaculation - Also called male orgasmic disorder - Affects 3-8% of men - Lifelong, acquired, generalized, or situational

In BDSM scenarios, participants often adopt a specific role:

- Dominants vs. Submissives (Doms/Subs) - Tops vs. Bottoms - Switches: Willing to take on either role - Bottoms more common than tops (esp. women)

PUBIC LICE (CRABS) AND SCABIES

- Don't cause serious harm - Can survive for 2 days outside a body (crabs) - Causes itching and rash

Vaginismus

- Inability to experience coitus due to spasm of the muscles surrounding the outer vagina combined with pain, or fear of pain - May be due to anxiety resulting from traumatic experiences or strict sex-negative attitudes during childhood/adolescence

INCIDENCE VS. PREVALENCE

- Incidence refers to the number of new cases per year - Prevalence refers to the number of people currently infected

Female Sexual Arousal Disorder

- Insufficient physiological arousal in women, such as to make sex unpleasurable or painful - Absence or insufficiency in vaginal lubrication, engorgement of vaginal walls, or clitoral erection - Lifelong, acquired, generalized, or situational - Prevalence of 13-24%* of women (*arousal problems only) - When adjusted for distress: 18-44: 3.3% 45-64: 7.5%

CHLAMYDIA

- Most common reportable disease in the U.S. - Estimated 3 million cases annually - Incidence is highest among sexually active adolescents and young adults - Sexually active females 25 years old and younger need testing every year. - Most infections are asymptomatic - Leading cause of preventable infertility in women - Direct and indirect costs estimated at $1.7 billion annually

Partialism

- Most common: Feet - Can include general features of the body or things worn on the body - Weight (body fat): Feederism - Shoes - Other common fetishes are body fluids (urine), hair, and body modifications (piercings)

INTRAUTERINE DEVICES (IUD)

- Plastic T-shaped object placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy - (Releases a progestin) Must be inserted by healthcare provider DOES NOT PROTECT AGAINST STIs

Full-time sadomasochistic slavery

- Power differential extends beyond sexual interactions - Slaves exercised free will when it was in their best interest - Relationships were long-lasting and satisfying (88%)

HUMAN IMMONDEFICIENCYVIRUS (HIV) transmission

- Transmitted via 4 body fluids: 1. Blood 2. Semen 3. Vaginal Fluid 4. Breast Milk 5. Anal Mucus 6. Precum - Can be transmitted via oral sex (though much less common than by coitus) - Unprotected sex and anal sex most likely ways to transmit infection

HEPATITIS

- Virus that attacks the liver - Vaccines available for both 1. Hepatitis B - Sexually transmitted - Transmitted through coitus, oral or anal sex, blood 2. Hepatitis A - Transmitted via fecal-oral route

Premature ejaculation

- When a man ejaculates sooner during sexual intercourse than he or his partner would like. - One minute after onset of coitus - Unable to delay ejaculation during intercourse - Feel distressed as a result - Leading form of sexual dysfunction among young and middle-aged men - Learned behavior - Lifelong, acquired, or situational

Non-coital sex

- behavior method - Semen cannot be deposited near the vaginal opening

TRICHOMONIASIS

- infection in vagina or male urethra and prostate gland - In women, causes malodorous yellow-grey discharge with irritation and vulvar itching - In men, usually gives no symptoms but can cause urethritis - Non-sexual transmission is unlikely - Infects bout 3% of women - Can be cured with oral meds

Syphilis

-Tuskegee Syphilis Study - Acquired through sexual contact with a person in the primary or secondary stage 1. Primary Phase: Chancre: primary sore on the skin or a mucous membrane, takes about 20 days (between 10-90) for a chancre to appear 2. Secondary Phase: A painful rash (typically on palms or feet); flu symptoms 3. Latent phase: asymptomatic; no longer infectious 4. Tertiary Phase: Organ damage

The International Society for Sexual Medicine defines premature ejaculation as ejaculation within _______ of beginning coitus.

1 minute

Paraorgasm

1. "Phantom" orgasms; happen despite a lack of sensation in a part of the body whether the body part is missing or affected by conditions like spinal cord injury. 2. Reassignment of sexual response to areas of the body which are unaffected by the injury.

HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV)

1. 100 different types - 30 are sexually transmitted (Types 16 and 18) 2. Can either be inactive or spur cell division = genital warts - Appear a few months after infection - Vaginal opening, within vagina, on cervix - Penis - Anus - Mouth - Highly infection but typically painless 3. Can cause cancer 4. 50%-75% of sexually active people acquire HPV at some point in their lives 5. Most common STI in U.S. (in terms of new infections per year) 6. Most people clear the infection from their body and become non-infectious to others within a few years

Individuals who express "object sexuality":

1. Are sexually aroused by inanimate objects 2. Develop deep emotional and/or romantic attachments to inanimate objects 3. Are unlikely to have sexual relationships with other people

Erectile Dysfunction factors

1. Behavioral/lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking, alcohol abuse, obesity) 2. Medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis) 3. Drugs (e.g., antidepressants, etc.) 4. Psychological factors (e.g., stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues)

Female Sexual Arousal Disorder factors

1. Behavioral/lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking, alcohol abuse, obesity) 2. Medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, urinary tract infections) 3. Drugs (e.g., antidepressants, etc.) 4. Psychological factors (e.g., negative sexual attitudes, body image concerns, distraction, stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues) Sexual Abuse

Common attributes of BDSM relationships:

1. The relationships are consensual 2. Both partners agree to the general power differential framework of the relationship. 3. The partners overtly state their limits (what will or will not be allowed) These limits can be "hard" or "soft"

HEALTH BELIEF MODEL (HBM) Based on the understanding that a person will take a health-related action (i.e., use condoms) if that person:

1. Believes that a negative health condition can be avoided 2. Has a positive expectation that by taking a recommended action, he/she will avoid a negative health condition 3. Believes that he/she can successfully take a recommended

Correct way to use a condom:

1. Check expiration date 2. Check for punctures to package 3. Rip open the package (do not use teeth!) 4. Hold condom by tip; squeeze out any air 5. Place on tip of penis with rolled side out 6. Do NOT touch penis with outside of condom; if so, get a new condom 7. Unroll condom to the base of the penis 8. After intercourse:cHold condom at base and pull out, Throw away

Review of 80 studies found that CSE:

1. Delayed sexual activity (22/52) 2. Increased condom use (27/54) 3. Had long-term behavioral effects

Reviews of abstinence-only sex education programs has found that many programs:

1. Exaggerate the failure rate of condoms and the incidence rates of STIs. 2. Use "fear-based" appeals to discourage sexual activity. 3. Stigmatize those who engage in sexual activity outside of marriage by portraying them as morally flawed.

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (BANDURA)

1. Expectations 2. Observational Learning 3. Behavioral Capability 4. Self-Efficacy 5. Reciprocal Determinism 6. Reinforcement

A sex therapist should:

1. Have sound knowledge of anatomical and physiological bases of sexual response 2. Be a trained counselor or psychotherapist 3. Have post-graduate training within the areas of sexual (dys)function, sex counseling, or sex therapy 4. Be training in marital/family therapy* 5. Adhere to a strict code of ethics

HERPES

1. Herpes Simplex 1 (HSV-1) - Oral Herpes, Can acquire genital HSV-1 infection through oral sex 2. Herpes Simplex 2 (HSV-2) - Genital Herpes, Most common STD in the U.S

Genital Herpes Stages

1. Initial infection - Virus enters through microscopic breaks in skin 2. Establishes chronic infection - Virus becomes latent in nerves cells along spinal cord - Infection persists despite host immune response - Virus may remain latent indefinitely or can reactivate 3. Virus can reactivate

Classifications of Sexual Dysfunction

1. Lifelong: The dysfunction has always been present 2. Acquired: At some point the person was able to function without the problem 3. Situational: The dysfunction occurs only in specific situations or with specific partners 4. Generalized: The problem occurs regardless of the situation or partner

CHALLENGES FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES (physical)

1. Low sex drive 2. Difficulty with arousal/erections/ejaculation/lubrication 3. Inability to feel arousal (*men) 4. Many persons with spinal cord injuries experience increases in sensitivity in parts of the body that have not lost sensation (due to neural plasticity)

Why are Abstinence-only sex education programs are not effective in changing teens' sexual behaviors?

1. None of the individual programs had statistically significant impacts on the rate of sexual abstinence 2. Did not affect the age at which sexually experienced youth first engaged in sexual intercourse 3. No difference in the number of sexual partners (compared to youth who got no sex education) 4. No difference in condom usage 5. No impact on the number of reported pregnancies, births or STIs

Dyspareunia

1. Painful intercourse 2. Treatment depends on the diagnosis Antibiotics (infections) Lubricants Psychotherapy Examples: - Persistent unruptured hymen - Due to childbirth, sexual assault, hysterectomy, female circumcision) - Acute or chronic infections - Insufficient arousal

HEALTH BELIEF MODEL (HBM)

1. Perceived Susceptibility 2. Perceived Severity 3. Perceived Benefits 4. Perceived Barriers 5. Cues to Action Self-Efficacy

Why People Don't Practice Safer Sex

1. Perceived benefits and costs of condom use 2. Perceived benefits and costs of unprotected sex 3. Self-efficacy for practicing safer sex 4. Temptation for unsafe sex (situational factors) *Perceived benefits of unprotected sex were better determinants of sexual risk-taking than were perceived benefits (or costs) associated with condom use

CHALLENGES FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES (social)

1. Perceptions of self as sexual being (self-esteem / self-concept) 2. Lack of positive role models 3. Lack of privacy 4. Delayed development of sexual awareness 5. Inadequate or unhelpful information 6. Lack of access to sexuality-related health care 7. Self-fulfilling prophecy 8. Decreased overall well-being

BDSM beyond pain

1. Power - Content analysis of online SM encounters - Both top and bottom participants create power differential 2. Intimacy - The relationship of power, trust, and dependency that exists between partners represents a heightened intimacy - Consent is key

Dental dams can be used to:

1. Prevent spread of STIs during cunnilingus 2. Prevent spread of STIs during analingus

UCLA Multidimensional Condom Attitudes Scale

1. Reliability and Effectiveness of Condoms 2. Sexual Pleasure associated with Condom Use 3. Stigma attached to Condom Use (Identity Stigma) 4. Embarrassment about Negotiation and Use of Condoms 5. Embarrassment about the Purchase of Condoms *Men are less embarrassed about purchasing condoms; women have more positive about issues related to identity stigma

FETISHISM

1. Sexual arousal by unusual/inanimate objects or substances, parts of the body, or scenarios 2. Excludes cross-dressing and objects specially designed for sexual use 3. Partialism, Media Fetishism, Object Fetishism

THEORIES UNDERLYING CSE

1. Social learning theory (54%) 2. Theory of reasoned action/planned behavior (19%)* 3. Health belief model (12%) 4. Theory of planned behavior (10%)* 5. Information, motivation, and behavioral skills model (10%)

What factors predicts condom use (either positively or negatively) among college students?

1. Stigma attached to the use of condoms 2. Embarrassment about discussing condom use with a partner 3. Alcohol and drug use prior to or during sexual activity

Double Penetration

1. The simultaneous penetration of one or more orifices of one person by one/two other people 2. Typically anal and vaginal penetration

Which of the following statements about STIs in the United States is true?

1. Twenty million new infections occur every year. 2. The U.S. has higher rates of curable STIs than other developing countries. 3. The highest rates of STIs are among people aged 25‒40.

Federal definition of "abstinence education" has 8 criteria:

1. has as its exclusive purpose teaching the social, psychological and health gains to be realized by abstaining from sexual activity 2. teaches abstinence from sexual activity outside marriage as the expected standard for all school age children 3. teaches that abstinence from sexual activity is the only certain way to avoid out-of-wedlock pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases and other associated health problems 4. teaches that a mutually faithful monogamous relationship in the context of marriage is the expected standard of human sexual activity 5. teaches that sexual activity outside of the context of marriage is likely to have harmful psychological and physical effects 6. teaches that bearing children out-of-wedlock is likely to have harmful consequences for the child, the child's parents and society 7. teaches young people how to reject sexual advances and how alcohol and drug use increases vulnerability to sexual advances 8. teaches the importance of attaining self-sufficiency before engaging in sexual activity

Tertiary syphilis:

1. is associated with organ damage. 2. eventually develops in a minority of people with syphilis.

Copper T

12 years 99.2 % effective Copper on IUD acts as spermicide, IUD blocks egg from implanting Must check string after menstrual cycle

How many states require that sex education be medically, factually, and/or technically accurate?

19

How many states require public schools to teach sex education?

22 and the District of Columbia (20 of which mandate sex education and HIV education)

How many states require parental consent before receiving instruction on sex education?

3

There are more than __________________ unwanted pregnancies each year.

3 million

How many states require students receive instruction about HIV/AIDS?

33 and the District of Columbia

How many states allow parents to opt-out on behalf of their children for sex education?

35 and the District of Columbia

How many states allow parental involvement in sexual education programs?

37 states and the District of Columbia

In the National Health and Social Life survey (NHSLS), ______% of women and _______% of men reported experiencing a problem with sexual function in the past year.

43%; 31%

Mirena

5 years 99.8% effective T shaped plastic that releases hormones over a one year time frame Thickens mucus, blocking egg Must check string after menstrual cycle

What percentage of new STIs occur in 15-25 year olds?

50

What percentage of American teens report having had sexual intercourse?

70%

Select the correct order of "typical use" effectiveness rates for the following forms of contraception: male condoms, female condoms, paragard IUD, birth control pills.

88%; 79%; 99%; 92%

_______ pertaining to sexual performance is a prime cause for sexual dysfunction.

Anxiety

Sex Therapy

Application of professional and ethical skills to deal with the problems of sexual function of people -Psychotherapy -Counseling -Behavioral Therapy/Education

Theoretical Models of Change

Attitude toward specific behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control affect behavioral intention which then affects behavior (perceived behavioral control also directly affects behavior)

MALE CONDOM

Best performing condom: Durex Extra Sensitive Lubricated Latex Perfect use effectiveness rate = 97% Typical use effectiveness rate = 88% Combining condoms with spermicides raises effectiveness levels to 99%

Depo-Provera

Birth control shot given once every three months to prevent pregnancy Slow-release form of progestin 97% effective at preventing pregnancy Costs $200-$300 per year Stops ovulation Stops menstrual cycles Thickens cervical mucus

In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, the plaintiffs claimed they (as employers) should not be required to cover the cost of IUDs and emergency contraception under their employees' health care plans because:

Both types of contraception can cause abortions which is against their religion.

SPERMICIDES

Chemicals kill sperm in the vagina (nonoxynol-9) Different forms: Foams, jellies, creams, suppositories, sponges, dissolvable films Some work instantly, others require pre-insertion Only ~75% effective (used alone), should be used in combination with another method i.e., condoms

________________ is the leading cause of infertility in women.

Chlamydia

In 2014, reported cases of three nationally notifiable STIs, ____________, ____________, and ___________, have ______________ for the first time since 2006.

Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis; increased

Birth Control Pills

Combination Pills: Contain estrogen and progestin Triphasic Combination Pill: Vary ratios of hormones around cycle to decrease side effects

Transdermal Patches

Contain hormonal contraceptive that is absorbed into the body through the skin OrthoEvra only available patch in U.S. Each patch left on for 1 week (3 weeks on, 1 week off) Typical use effectiveness rate: 91%

Vaginal Rings

Contraceptive hormones absorbed by vagina (NuvaRing) Releases combination of estrogen and progestin In for 3 weeks, out for 1 week Approximately 15% of women and 30% of partners report being able to feel the ring during coitus Can be removed before coitus Perfect Use Effectiveness Rate: 99% Typical Use Effectiveness Rate: 91%

Research suggests that abstinence-only sex education:

Does not affect the age at which youth first engage in sexual intercourse

CERVICAL mucus behavior method

Do I have any secretions today? Did I have any secretions yesterday?

Most slave relationships are short-term and relatively unsatisfying for the individual in the "slave" role.

False

True or False: BDSM practitioners score higher on measures of multiple mental illnesses (e.g., depression, anxiety) than normative samples.

False

True or False: Because Jenny's boyfriend has hypospadias she does not need to be concerned about birth control.

False

True or False: John is 25 years old and has been having difficulties getting and maintaining an erection with his partner. He does get erections while sleeping, but has been a heavy drug user for two years. John's erectile dysfunction is most likely due to psychological (as opposed to physical) causes.

False

True or False: Women are more likely than men to seek treatment for problems related to sexual performance.

False

Partialism, media, and object are all types of:

Fetishism

_______________ can promote the development of cervical, anal, and penile cancer.

HPV

Compared to teens who don't, those who complete "Virginity Pledges":

Have sex at the same age but are much less likely to practice safer sex.

INFORMATION-MOTIVATION-BEHAVIORAL SKILLS MODEL (IMB)

Information and motivation create behavioral skills which create behavior changes

Of the following, who is most likely to express transvestic fetishism?

Jim - a heterosexual, white male

A ongoing concern with both abstinence-only and many comprehensive sex education classes is:

Lack of attention to the issues and experiences of non-heterosexual and non-cisgendered students

FEMALE CONDOM

Made as an alternative to male condoms Made of synthetic latex Physically inserted in the vagina; covers the entire vagina and parts of the vulva Open end stays outside the body Perfect use effectiveness rate = 95% Typical use effectiveness rate = 79% Advantages Controlled by women May be better at preventing spread of STDs because covers vulva Can be inserted ahead of time Disadvantages Tends to be unappealing to men Man may insert his penis outside of the condom Entire condom may be drawn into vagina

BDSM

May involve physical and/or psychological suffering - Physical: spanking, paddling, whipping, piercing, cutting, branding, nipple clamping, "hooking" - Psychological: 1. Humiliation (ex: bondage) 2. Enslavement (dominance) 3. Engagement in degrading activities

Which of the following groups has the highest rate of STIs?

Men who have sex with men (MSM)

How does the language we use when we talk about sexuality affect our attitudes and beliefs about sexuality?

Much of the language we use suggest sexuality is something that is scary and threatening

The most common symptom of a sexually transmitted infection is:

No symptom at all

Behavioral Methods

Often used by couples who do not want to use "artificial" contraception

Groups with the highest rates of STIs and unintended pregnancies are often the same groups for whom access to health services is most limited (e.g., racial minorities and low SES groups). Lack of access to health services would be captured by which component of the Theory of Planned Behavior?

Perceived Behavioral Control

Research suggests that women have positive attitudes about condoms but don't use them because they rely on their male partners to provide them. Women's perception that they cannot provide condoms reflects what element of the theory of planned behavior?

Perceived behavioral control

Which of the following statements about persons with disabilities is true?

Persons with disabilities who have satisfying sex lives have better overall quality of life.

Luke has recently noticed a developing curve in his penis when it is erect. It has been gradually worsening over the past 6 months, causing pain even when not erect. Luke is likely suffering from:

Peyronie's Disease

Emergency Contraception

Plan B and Ella (Next Choice) Prevent ovulation (and therefore conception) Cannot interrupt an established pregnancy Can be purchased over-the-counter (in U.S., 17 or older) Should be taken with 72 hours

_____________ is a new medicinal HIV prevention method.

PrEP

Positive Benefits of Birth Control Pills

Prevents pregnancy (Typical use rate: 92%) Eases menstrual cramps Shortens period Regulates period Decreases incidence of ovarian cysts Prevents ovarian and uterine cancer Decreases acne

COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION (CSE)

Provides evidence-based, medically accurate, and developmentally appropriate sexual health information to address the physical, mental, emotional, and social dimensions of human sexuality for all young people.

Which of following constitutes an important systemic barrier to the sexual health of persons with disabilities?

Reduced access to sexuality-related health care

For Viagra to produce an erection, _______ must also be present.

Sexual excitement

DIAPHRAGM

Silicone or latex barrier placed inside vagina during intercourse; covers the cervix Spermicidal jelly before insertion Inserted up to 18 hours before intercourse and can be left in for a total of 24 hours Requires fitting by a physician Perfect Use Effectiveness Rate = 94% Typical Use Effectiveness Rate = 84%

Premature ejaculation treatment

Squeeze Technique Start-Stop Method Femoral Intercourse

How does the pill work?

Stops ovulation Thins uterine lining (typical of postovulatory phase) Thickens cervical mucus; prevents sperm from entering uterus

True or False: The majority of American parents want their children to receive comprehensive sex education.

True

Sterilization

Surgical procedure that makes a person infertile 1. Men: Vasectomy Over 3 months (about 20 ejaculation) to get rid of all sperm Cost: $250-$1000 Difficult to reverse (about 50% success rate) 2. Women: Tubal Sterilization Tubal Ligation Cost: $1000-$2500 Laparoscopy vs. Mini-Laparotomy

A current Trojan Condoms © ad attempts to convince consumers that the negative health effects of sexual intercourse (mainly STIs) can be avoided by using condoms. This approach is BEST described by which model/theory of behavior change?

The health belief model

SADOMASOCHISM

The infliction and acceptance of pain or humiliation as a means of sexual arousal - Do not 'enjoy pain' out of context - NOT a paraphilia unless inflicted on a non-consenting person or it causes significant distress or interpersonal difficulty

HIV TREATMENT

There is no cure for HIV / AIDS - Antiretroviral drugs target the virus' replication cycle - - Typically administered in combinations (about 3 drugs) - Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) - VERY expensive (about $25,000 per year) - PrEP new HIV prevention method (reduces risk of becoming infected, 1 pill a day)

CROSS-DRESSING

Transvestic fetishism: wearing clothes of the opposite sex for purposes of sexual arousal. - Diagnosed in heterosexual males who experience "recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving cross-dressing"

BDSM tends to exist in cultures where aggression is socially valued.

True

True or False: BDSM practitioners are usually better educated than the general population.

True

True or False: In the BDSM community, submissives are more common that dominants.

True

True or False: Relationship issues are typically more significant than physical issues when understanding the causes of sexual dysfunction.

True

Since ParaGard (the copper IUD) is a foreign object in the body, it is believed to work by causing:

a minor inflammatory response within the uterus.

Diaphragms are dome-shaped pieces of latex or rubber designed to cover the

cervix

Linda has never experienced sexual desire. Janet has recently lost all sexual desire for her partner. Susan lacks sexual desire for her husband but has intense sexual desire for her lover. Linda's problem is _______; Janet's is _______; and Susan's is _______.

lifelong; acquired; situational

Emergency contraception prevents

ovulation

What is motivation?

personal attitudes towards the behavior, perceived social support for such behavior, and the subjective norm or perception of how others might behave.

Paraphilia

problematic sexual desires or behaviors 1. Unhealthy 2. Targeted at nonhuman objects or non-consenting people 3. Involve suffering or humiliation that causes significant distress, social dysfunction or harm to others

Object fetishism

sexual arousal by inanimate objects - Not associated with body parts - Less common - May represent sexualization of mundane objects - One of the few atypical sexual behaviors in which women are more strongly represented

Sadism

sexual arousal by the infliction of pain, bondage, or humiliation of others, or by witnessing the recipient suffering

Masochism

sexual arousal from being subjected to pain, bondage, or humiliation

Media fetishism

sexual attraction to materials - Rubber - Leather - Silk - Fur

Dominatrix

woman who acts in the role of the dominating partner