Exam 2 History

Test case of popular sovereignty

zack taylor opposed the compromise of 1850 was not becaue he believed the popular soverinty could not work because the only way it could work is if both sides agreed to accept the outcome and he was right -North and asouth went after Kansas with a vengeance - trying to get slave holders to move their slaves to Kansas so they can get votes. -Well there were elections in Kansas there was the pro slavery candidate and anti slavery candidates -the pro slavery candidates from Missouri went into Kansas and voted and went home so they weren't fair the result is the pro slavery forces won the election cause they cheated. -The anti slavery forces says they cheated so the anti slavery set up their own govt so there were two govts in kansas claiming to be legitimate and both sides were heavily armed. Neither side accepts the outcome -proslavery forces march into the town of Lawrence Kansas which was one of the towns that indentified with the anti slavery forces- these pro slavery guys shot up the town and set bulidins on fire looted beat up people threw the printing press into the pond and went home. -A few days later- john brown who was an abolitionist and his supporters rounded up some pro slavery forces in Pottawatomie creek and executed them. -Following this incident Kansas erupted into bloody guerrilla war fare for the next 3 years -Preston Brooks form SC was angered over a speech Charles Sumner from massachusetts that was called Bleeding Kansas and in it he made some comments about brooks cousin who had a penchant for young girls including his nieces- brooks took exception because he called him out on it-brooks walks into the senate chamber and finds sumner and beats him in the head with his cane -brooks and brown were both crazy - they didn't represent each sides opinions but that's how they started viewing each other

Compromise of 1850

- Zackary taylor - he opposes the elements of the compromise because he thinks it gives the south too much- but then he dies -his vice president Millard Fillmore and his greatest claim of fame will sign the compromise of 1850 -California is admitted as a free state, that solves the imidiate issue of California. But California is only one of the states carved out of this territory. So the next thing that has to be discussed is the rest of the territory and to deal with that, slavery will be dealt with the remainder of the terriotory will be solved by popular sovereignty-once these territories are organized and people have moved there at some point in this space the people of this territory will vote on the issue of slavery themselves.

The era of good feelings

- one of the things that the battle of new Orleans did was the end of the war leads to a surge of national sentiment and optimism. - people are writing and talking about the nations going to survive & thrive. -this optimism and national sentiment manifest themselves in economic development & develop into expanding the nations borders and even begin to project American power -there are also issues dividing the nation. Slavery, the expansion and the territory that pops up, and theres also debate about the nature of the American economy, to what degree should the government be involved in the economy.

Kansas and Nebraska act

- theres a great desire to build a transcontinental railroad. From Midwest to California- everyone has there own plan- -steven douglas wants it to part from illonois in Chicago and he understands better than most what the south will and will not go for -In order to build it one of the things we gotta do is organize the unorganized territory -divided this territory into two territories . nebraska to the north and Kansas to the south-Rather than slavery being based on the misouri compromise line the kansas nabraska act provided for slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty - so implicitly then the misouri compromise line goes away- -douglas knows the southern states aren't going to vote for this act unless they think they have a chance at sparking slavery in the northern territory. The act led to the same heated debate that occurred In the wilmot proviso -in the end the act passed the parties dividing on sectional lines, northern vs southerners. But while some lower north democrats voted with the south not a single northern whig voted for the act. And so the Kansas Nebraska act was the final nail in the coffin of the Whig party. The democratic party although not destroyed . many northerners who voted for the act lost the reelection in the future democrats are aware of it. So the second American party system is now killed

James Madisons proposals

-More money into military- primarily building fortifications along the coast but also increasing the size of the army - its still small by international standards -wanted a second national bank- we could not borrow any money so inflation went out of control Congress charters a second national bank- it lasts for 20 years. -Tariff to support manufacturing in 1816.The reason is the embargo that Madison and Jefferson created wasn't getting any manufactured goods but americans still wanted them. There are industries being created to supply that demand. Once the war was over Britain began flooding the American markets with cheap goods. So the infant American industries cant compete. Madison says that its unfair to let the infant industries die because they were made out of patriotism. It worked. Increase in the growth of manufacturing. The embargo aids in the development of manufacturing in the united states

Abolitionists

-a very small group -the abolitionist movement going to have to convince average people who aren't being affected by slavery that its important- -the mainstream northerner is on the hostile because they see these abolitionists as trouble makers. Creating a division in the union that could cause problems. Doesn't mean northerners liked slavery, they just aren't interested in dealing with it. -Abolitionists are a very small minority . -important because they're vocal, organized, motivated- and all over the place. At least one in every town. -problem is that southern whites never understood that the small minority's only concern is not expanding slavery

Manifest Destiny

-americans quest for territory intensified and with it so did the justifications for this conquest-no better justification for taking something from someone else than to say its gods will. -John O'Sullivan in 1845 was a newspaper editor- it is part of gods plan that we take the whole continent -texas was an example-- americans are gonna migrate westwards ahead of the American flag -place they migrated was texas which was apart of mexico - initially migrated there as invitation of the Mexican govt and received generous grants and Americas brought slaves into texas even though mexico outlawed slavery . but it seemed to be a mutually beneficial arrangement between the immigrants arriving and the mexican govt , the mexican govt realized that they had a problem that there were too many amaerican immigrants in mexico . every 28 americans was 1 mexican. -So the nation changed the laws and close the borders - made it illegal for americans to migrate into texas but they did it anyway. The American s in texas became resentful of the govt in mexico and increasingly concerned that they were going to enforce their laws on slavery. In 1836 the americans living in texas revolted and declared texas independence in march of 1836 over the next year they fight a war against the Mexican army The battle of the Alamo which we lost - In the end the Texans eventually fought off the Mexican army. At this point most people living in texas thought that the states would annex them as part of the united states. That didn't happen

Wilmot privoso

-proviso is significant not because it passed the house and failed the senate its significant because it galvanized northern public opinion against the expansion of slavery. It gave them something to rally around and this is the case with northern democrats and whigs southerners on the other hand were outraged. -proviso politicized slavery once and for all -It never passes. But it keeps the issue in front on congress and the American people. -Proviso is an attempt to say the real question is, if we get territory What happens with regard to slavery in this territory and there are extreme positions and there are moderate positions.

Morale is decreasing

. Women are rioting in many of the major southern cities because they cant buy bread and cant feed their families and wite letters to their husbands and brothers and fathers saying com ehome now . cant feed damily govt isn't helping and the confederacy is taking stuff from us . that helps morale go down. So also in decrease of people dying you also see increase in dissertion.

theatres of war

. A problem with this is these types of success did not make the headlines. What creates headlines indicates that there are problems in the union - area of opporations - mostly talk about two theatres. The eastern theatre- Virginia- western theatre everything else. People efocused on the eastern theatre because both of the capitals were there. Where the headlines take place and the major battles take place . the western theatre pretty much everything else. The war was really won in the west. The headlines are the union army is getting its ass kicked up and down Virginia. So the union army stuggles in this region and as a redult the confederacy is doing a lot better than it really did. And a lot of these confederate victories are astonishing. Often times against larger union forces. Lincoln could not seem to find a commander wh o was confident in the eastern theatre. In this region the confederacy won enough successful amazing victories that it gave one of their commanders the confidence to say lets stop fighting a defensive war, lets invade.

Emancipation Proclamation

. And it was a uch larger and revolutionary aspect of the war in itself. Lincoln had written this document but held onto it because his advisor warned that if he issues it while the union army was losing that it would appear to be a desperate act. In fact many of his advisors told him to never issue it at all. September 1862 efect 1863 . Lincoln did not believe in racial equality but he had been pushed in the begginging by abolitionists and radicals to make the war in to something more than to just save the union; to free the slaves. By the middle of 1862 the death tolls of union troop were going up and the question became if the war were to end tomorrow what started the war is still here and that is the issue of slavery . ultimately Lincoln is gonna justify the emancipation proclamation as a military assessment because slave labor was being used to assist the confederacy and through emancipation he could eliminate that aid. The proclamation applied to the states of the confederacy only so he said that if the southern states did not come back into the union all slaves in the states in rebellion would be free. But he didn't control those states nad didn't have power there so 0 slaves were freed. Slaves became free in the south when the union army came through. If you were in Louisiana it would be earlier for the slaves to be free but longer for GA. The union became the spearhead of emancipation its at that point the slaves opted to emancipate themselves- when rumors of the union army would come through slaves decided that was the point they were going to leave and that's called self emancipation this changed the purpose of the war. It revolutionized the war effort.

American Colonization Society

. Before the 1830 the largest and most well known of the anti-slavery movement -gonna have lots of prominent leaders who support this. -Not a govt organization- this organization not only has a tremendous amount of support but also at the top levels the goal of the American colonization society is the idea is that were going to gradually abolish slavery in the united states. And were gonna do this through the voluntary emancipation of slaves-gonna ask slave owners to volunteerily free their slaves and then youre gonna transport those slaves to Liberia and the idea is to get over the southern white large divide in their heads . Especially in places where slaves outnumbered whites there was a fear of what would happen. -each year about 400 slaves were free and transported into Liberia the slave population in the US was increasing by 50000 a year -is important because its one of those effort by those who see slavery as an evil to try to eliminate it without arising southern white animosity

Robert E Lee

. In 1862 he was in commander of the army in Virginia- proposed to launch a raid into Maryland. He believed that the union was suffering from war weariness and this might help that cause of fighting until they got tired, he believed a successful raid into Maryland would bring European recognition and hopefully financial aid. There was also the outside hoep that maybe mryland would succeed form the union. Unfortunately for the confederacy the union army gained warning of lees movements. A union sargent happened upon a roll of cigars on the ground wrapped in paper that outlined lees plans. Went to the commander of union army, tey kknew he was divided. And this sets the stage for a major engagement that takes place in Maryland. The battle of antiedam.

Reelection of Lincoln

. Lincoln didn't think he would get reelected. In the north there is a great deal of war weariness. Civilians are tired of the war. They want it to end.and a symbol of this is a nominee of the democratic party for president George McClellan of Antietam fame- he was on record for saying if he was elected he would start negotiations for the confederacy to sign a peace treaty that they could become its own nation. So the election in the north was a referendum on the war itself. Would it continue or would it not? In the south they were putting gtherre hopes on clellan winnin gso they could get their independence. semptember 1864 before people started going to polls. News of a major victory in GA. The city of atlanta fell to Sherman- importance was because it was in the deepst of the deep south and for many norths the war was dragging on &they didn't think the unuinon army was penetrating the south. It told the mthe war oculd be won. As a result Abraham was reelected.

Henry Clay steps forth to compromise

. Missouri is the first state carved out of the territory. And so what happens with Missouri is not just about Missouri its about the precedent of the rest of the Louisiana territory. The other issue is that at this point there are 11 free states and 11 slave states which creates this balance of power in the center so whichever way Missouri comes into the union it will disturb that balance- significant in the immediate significant in the long term sense. This issue polarized congress north vs south. Northerners argue that the 3/5s compromise already gives the southern states more political power than their white numbers represent. They do not want to see another slave state addimitted because it increases the souths political power. Southerns argue that the federal govt cannot legislate on the issue of slavery but it already has on several occasions - Missouri is applying for statehood its not a territory and therefor you cant treat it differently- unfortunately their both right. There were those who argued in the south that if Missouri was admitted to the union without slavery they would succeed from the union. So it creates this major crisis and its the first really major crisis over slavery that occurs in the united state he was a warhawk- hes from Kentucky which is one of the bordering states that has leaniencies either way and he comes up with the first out of three major compromises that henry clay wrote over 30 years- its called the Missouri compromise also known as the compromise of 1820. This compromise involves 3 aspects.

development of the powers of the Supreme Court

1800 Jefferson won the presidency and the democratic republicans gained control of Congress the federalist never have another president and they're been shuttled out the door. They have four months to do something about it so in 1801 the federalists ask john Adams to sign the judiciary act. It creates a whole slew of new judges and court offercers. john Adams is signing appointments and he's choosing young men because they serve for life. john Marshall ( the new judge) was a Virginian distant cousin of Thomas Jefferson & they hated each other & he was a federalist. serves in that position of chief justice of the Supreme Court for 34 years. His court issues over 1000 decisions 500 of them he personally wrote. marshals decisions and actions will establish the supreme court's power and define its role in the legal and constitutional system. john Marshall and Supreme Court will establish this precedent of what we call judicial review where the supreme court reviews Federal and state legislation for constitutionality.

Marbury vs Madison

1803 Is probably one of the major legal precedents that we have because the Supreme Court ruled on the constitutionality of a national piece of legislation. It ruled that that legislation was unconstitutional and sets the president of judicial review.

fletcher vs peck

1810 we see the power of the Supreme Court going further. This case has to do with piece of legislation passed by the Georgia assembly. the first aspect is supreme court ruled the Georgia legislation unconstitutional. This is the first case where the Supreme Court has ruled unconstitutionality at state legislation that sets the precedent for our judicial system and even our Financial System because it also involved at this idea of viability of contract

1815

1815 the economy takes off, there's a lot of optimism and a lot of this economic expansion is fueled through the sale of western lands. Banks were loaning money way too freely called easy credit- and now they don't have any money to pay back the bank of US. So the bank of the US tightens credit - stops loaning money and starts calling in those loans. Lots of banks fail and people blame the bank of the US for taking money form local bank for taking money for you. People start to panic and go into depression. Jackson lost a significant amount of money and also blames the bank. The panic set off the debate about the level of govt in economy.

Tariff Nullification

1816 james Madison issues tariff to support manufacturing 1820 tariff is raised guy who introduced resolution for the tariff was John Calhoun from SC in 1828 congress passes another higher tariff. This time it was over significant southern opposition. It became an issue in the presidential campaign and Jackson played politician with the tariff issue. The south hates it the north likes it. Tell the south youre gonna get rid of it tell the north im gonna study it- so when Jackson gets elected Calhoun is hopeful that Jackson gonna do something about the tariff- Calhoun is his vice president SC the state that's most vocal in opposition to the tariff. Calhoun secretly wrote a document explaining how to nullify a federal bill. In 1832 when the govt passes a new tariff that is a lower tariff. SC doesn't think its good enough. SC called a convention voted to nullify the tariff of 1832 and 1828. This point calhouns authorship of this document became known. Calhoun resigned as vice president and left Washington as quickly as possible because Jackson would have killed him. In addition to nullifying the tariff. SC made it a crime to collect these import duties. The problem is SC thought that since all southern states opposed the tariff that when they start challenging jakson the other states would join Other states didn't do anything. So SC was isolated . Jackson in getting the authorization to use force also miscalculated because he thought he was the will of the people but no one wants to see the precedent of a president using military force against a a state- henry clay introduced the compromise of 1833

Annexing texas

1836 its election year and Andrew Jackson is worried about getting martin van buren elected- van buren does not want to touch texas because it would reintroduce slavery issue. So politicians aren't talking about texas and it becomes an independent nation called the republic of texas and has a president, constitution they get recognized by European powers and US as independent nation. - Too controversial so they left it alone -John Tyler wants to be reelected. So hes looking for an issue that will allow him to run without parties support and decided texas was one - only way it wuld work if you convince the American people there s a threat. he starts rumors that the british are going to annex texas and abolish slavery -Moved texas to the front burner in regards of politics -tyler was unsuccessful in his bid to become president but texas became the issue to look at -The front runner for democrat party was buren & the whig party was henry clay. They agree on one thing, neither want to mess with texas and publically say theyre both opposed to the annexation of texas so the issue ceases to exist -Southerners got upset so at the democratic convention a big enough tantrum that the northern democrats said fine van buren is out and James K Polk is in. said polk was a young andrew jackson - he wanted oregon and negotiated with the british for it. This mandated the annexation of texas

Election of 1860

1859 tensions are running high. Northerners and southerners are looking at eachother and theyre seeing the most extremist versions of eachother as representation one of the most important elections of American history for a variety of reasons: -republicans going to follow the same strategy and find someone who is a moderate someone who is not associated with the abolition of slavery but still want to stop the expansion of slavery. looking to tap into the northern white views so they look into this guy Abraham Lincoln he is on record as opposing the expansion of slavery but he also is on record for saying he will protect slavery where it exists in the deep -the democratic party exploaded and held a convention in Charleston south Carolina where it was the absolute worst place to hold a convention and it imploaded because the southern states threw a hissy fit so instead of one candidate nominated by the democratic party they basically have three different candidates who are gonna be trying to get southern votes. -The first is steven douglas he is considered the national regular democratic party candidate he certainly pulls votes in both the north and the south. -John Breckenridge is gonna be the extremist side and already on record befoe the election for saying If Lincoln is gonna be elected, the south should succeed from the union so hes on the extreme southern end of the position. - John bell represents a group of people mostly in the upper south - Virginia and Tennessee . that area in the upper north. Really wants to find a way to compromise and stay in the union but also guarantee property rights in slavery so hes representing these guys who really want to try to continue to do a compromising strategy withthin the united states The result is Lincoln won the election without a single southern state vote. He is going to poll 180 electoral votes.

Cotton Gin and Cotton

: Cotton Textile industry taking off. Cotton was a global trading commodity pre-dating Columbus. The british had been importing cotton from india and Egypt . the problem was the factories demands for cotton was sensational and Britain was looking for other sources . southern farmers have been growing cotton and slaves. For home consumption- it had never been a profitable export because they couldn't compete with indian prices 1793 whitney was employed on a plantation in Georgia and was a tutor for the plantation children. Either got the idea from wife who said what she wanted or from slave Sam who told him his idea. The result was the cotton gin that deseeded the cotton mechanically . Revolutionizes the southern economy. Unlike rice and tobacco which were geographically limited, cotton could be grown across most of the south. So farmers were limited by the amount of land andlabor they had. Cotton cultivation expands from the atlantic coast across the southwest and with it you can can see the slave population tracking with cotton. By 1850 the south produced 75% of britains cotton supply. 60% of the American export economy. Slavery is economically limited to the south it is an economic driver for new England textile factories and british textile factories. The other thing that's happening is in the chesapeak tobacco is being switched for wheat so Virginia and Maryland slave owners were selling their slaves to the south in what becomes known as the internal or the domestic slave trade- other people refer to it as the middle passage.

Election of 1800

Adams and Jefferson again was a nasty election with the candidates calling each other all sorts of untruthful nasty names Jefferson wins- would not have won if it was not for the 3/5ths compromise because it gave the southern states greater number of electoral votes and therefor boosted Jefferson over the top

Battle of New Orleans

After the victory at the battle of horseshoe, jackson takes his militia to new orleans and gathers up a slew of people the british launched an attack but thanks to the shooting of the professional military artillery that blew giant holes in the british lines, the british lost 2000 men in a couple hours. Orleans important because it's the last thing people remember and its positive was a major American victory but it has no impact on the outcome of the war bc it was after the treaty of gimp was already signed treaty established status quo antebellum - even though no winners - the indians lost because they were not included in the treaty

confrontation with the bank of the united states

Andrew Jackson was clueless like Thomas Jefferson- when it came to understanding finance but would never admit it- he distrusted all banks he also held a grudge against the bank of the united states because he lost money in 1819- took the loss personally- he thinks he has the power to do something about it the bank was functioning well- it had 30 branches in the states it was very popular among merchants and those who dealt with finance-Constantly petitioned to set up new branches and people wanted this. Realized it was a good thing- economic progress to have a branch of the bank of the united states in your town. The bank did a decent job at running away inflation and it was doing what it was supposed to do however Jackson and his supporters did not like the bank-needed to convince the American people it was a bad thing-one of the arguments they made was the bank had too much power and influence in govt- they claimed that the bank was a privileged corporation and it was. But that because it was privileged it was anti-democratic - recharter passes- and both houses go to Jackson and he vetos it. This gives clay an issue to run on in the election- clay is really optimistic about the American people and theyre understanding of finance - Jackson wins the election-easy win- Jackson assumed he won because the people didn't like the bank- that wasn't the case - most people were voting for the first time in their lives because hes Jackson . So Jackson cripples it by removing its funds- so it has no money and cant function. Same thing would have happened once the charter expired.orders the secretary of treasury to remove the 10 mil dollars from deposit- secretary says the only way he can legally remove funds if theyre something wrong with the bank Jackson says your fired. Assistant secretary of treasury is now in power and he says the same thing - and he says your fired. Jackson then appoints his own man Rodger Taney and he removed the 10 mil dollar of deposits and distributes money into what becomes known as pet banks.

Cotton

As the nation is moving westward it makes cotton a very profitable crop. this is when cotton finally becomes an ideal slave crop in the south. Cotton becomes very productive and slaves become very profitable at the same time that were having this northern states are embarking on what we call emancipation.

End of war

Confederate hoipe for a peace under mclelan was dashed and the war will continue till its final conclusion where Sherman would begin his march- famous or infamous he gave savannah to Lincoln as a Christmas present and continues onto SC let his army loose here becaue he blamed them for the war. Ultimately lee decides no use to fight anymore . april 1865 he sat down and surrendered to grant at Appomattox courthouse. Hearing of lees surrender other confederate commanders followed suit- Jefferson davis packs his bags and grabs confederate gold and abandons Richmond eventually caught in GA in his wifes clothes. Says he accidentally put his wifes clothes on. So the end of the civil war came june of 1865 when the last camander surrendered . so the dath toll staggering - 650,000 soldiers on both sides dead. It purchased the union and the freedom for slaves. But what does victory mean and look like. The slavery question settled. What role and what place will African americans hold in this new union. And how do you put a union back together again with that death toll how do you forgive and forget

first American party system

Everybody who's republican is starting to separate now- part of it has to do with support against Jackson- the democratic republicans become knows as the democrats-(the one today) the other side are the nationalist republicans and they don't exist anymore- -Democrats are Jackson and Van Buren and they are inheriting the indas of Jefferson and Madison Adams and Clay are inheriting the federalist ideas.- Pro-govt pro-commerce.

Adams Onis Treaty

Florida comes in to the union in 1819 by threatening spain. Relates with the Monroe Doctrine

Star Spangled Banner

Francis Scott Key was a young attorney and he was out on one of the britsh ships trying to negotiate a release of a prisoner and the next morning he woke up to the American flag flying so he came back to Baltimore, sat down in a pub, and wrote the star spangled banner-the other verses are about hating the british and hoping they die-but now were allies with the british.

California

Gold is struck -The population explodes over night from 10000 to 100000 in less than 2 years. - Automatically goes from being a new part of the American continent pass the territorial stage right to it applies for admittance to the union as a state. - theres no real pre-existing slavery in California like missouri had been - what happened In California could set the precedent of the entire south west. - Zachary taylor he was a whig he was from Louisiana, slave holder but he spent his entire adult life in the military- gained national fame from his experts in the Mexican war -not long after the election he made it clear that the south had been getting too much and he wasn't interested in giving any more. He just wanted congress to admit California slavery -Californias application for statehood not only threatened the two party system but the entire nation because the southerners openly talked about succeeding from the union if California was admitted as a free state -Henry Clay comes up with the elements of compromise of 1850 and leaves the rest to Steven Douglas

compromise of 1833

Henry Clay works with Calhoun to get the tariff lowered over the next ten years and allow SC to resend their nullification. The crisis is averted. The tariff for SC and the southerners is really a slippery slope to increased federal power.

Fugitive slave laws

In 1793 If slaves from Virginia escaped into Massachusetts planters have the right to go and require their slaves

Hartsford Convention

In Hartsford, Connecticut- New England was the forefront of opposition for the war. 5 new england states showed up and not a major meeting but they made demands- -you need a 2/3 vote to get a declaration of war - the next president cannot be from Virginia- wanted to end the Virginian dynasty -limit the president to one term they said if the proposals weren't met that they would consider succeeding from the union - this was bad timing because the treaty was being signed at the same time and republicans accused them of endangering the union in a time of crisis. This is the final nail on the coffin of federalist party- they run a candidate in 1816 and the ceased to exist

What series of events lead to Madison declaring war on Britain

Indian Conflicts-northwest have been creating problems and the Americans blame the british for these problems bc they had been arming the Indians. -Warhawks are new guys coming to power in congress and they are pushing hard for war for various reasons-the desire to expand territory& the idea that we should stand up for our rights -two of the most famous warhawks-henry clay of Kentucky and john Calhoun of south Carolina- they represent the southern and western contention of a republican party -imperial aids- we think that Canada should be ours. But Canada belonged to Britain- so if we go to war with the british we have the potential to get Canada- and maybe florida too- ultimately all the guys who want to go to war are in the republican party and pressure Madison

Indian Removal Act

Jackson made a big deal and said they were moving them westward - so it reaches a new intensity in 1830 congress approves and passes the indian removal act of the native Americans east of the mississippi to the west of the Mississippi. Native Americans resist this in a variety of ways. The Seminoles wage guerrilla warfare- Most were removed but the US govt never won the war. The Sax resisted it violently and were ultimately defeated. . The Cherokee fought in the most civilized fashion. They sued. One of the justifications for the indian removal is the Indians are uncivilized and don't know how to make profit off the land. They had their own newspaper alphabet language govt constitution some were slave owers. And they all lived in north GA so when GA attempts to take their land the Cherokee sued in federal court. Cherokee Nation vs Georgia-The Cherokee won. Jackson saw this as marshal challenging his authority to remove the Indians. In the end his administration In league with GAs leaders put heavy pressure on Cherokee to vacate their land- 1835 they bribed a small faction of Cherokee with 35 mil dollars to sign a treaty which 13000 of the 16000 rejected. 1838 the federal govt rounded up the Cherokee and marched them to oklahoma forcably & thousands die -trail of tears- GA wants the Cherokee gone from its borders and it wants the fed govt to pay for it. This democracy that we associate with the aid of Jackson is really a democracy for white men only .

Second American Party System

Jackson van buren democratic rebulicans are basically gonna become the democrats—( party we have today) The whigs- adams clay Harrison - the democrats- Jackson buren polk whigs are supported by wealthy farmers, planters people who understand more about the complexity of the economy and who are involved in captimal markets. -democratic idea-suspicious of big businesses the bank is bad and priveled. They view freedom as finite- heres your freedom the govt job is to protect freedom- guys who support them are small farmers, artisons and laborers.

Adam's handicaps

Jefferson being his vice president and he didn't get to choose his cabinet by the time he takes office, the criticism of the federalists is increasing and the democratic republicans were gaining strength the revolution evolved into a general European war and this causes problems with the british and french America declared neutrality but still tried to take advantage of warfare to make profit by trading

embargo or economic warfare

Jefferson cut the military by half bc the United States was completely safe from European powers because were 3000 miles away Jefferson had to deal with American trade and protecting American Commerce in this war that's intensifying between Britain and France The British stars seizing American ships because they think that what they are doing is non-neutrality start cleaning their contraband and taking American Sailors into the British navy. Some Americans started demanding that the United States stand up for its rights but we don't have a military so going to war with Britain over this would be a bad thing. He realized that Adams was right so Jefferson and his secretary of state came up with peaceful coercion Britain and fit France are dependent on American trade so we stop trading w/ them Britain and France did not care the only group that was hurt by the embargo was American farmers ultimately under madison's administration we see trade comeback to Normal except when GB stops it and the American people want to go to war.

About Jefferson

Jefferson had been secretary of state and he has been opposing federalists for quite a while. He was a man full of contradictions and he lived a very long life he changed his mind over time and became more conservative He claimed to hate slavery but he never freed his own slaves and claimed that one of his proudest moments was the ability to end the international slave trade he fathered several children by his female slave, Sally. jack of all trades, scientist, philosopher, the one thing he couldn't understand was economics. Like to be called the first citizen so to say he isn't above the law ironically while Jefferson liked to portray himself as the average joe, behind the scences he used the power of the presidency more than adams or Washington or Hamilton just not in public opposed every aspect of hamiltons plan The national bank is making money and is doing exactly what Hamilton said it would do which allows Jefferson to repeal the whiskey tax as he promised and pay off the debt. gets credit for repealing alien and sedition acts although the charter expired the year he took office most influential event of jeffersons administration fell into his lap- louisiana purchase

revolution of 1800

Jefferson referred his election as this was in some since revolutionary because it was a peaceful transition of power from one partisan party to another. Adams who had been defeated did not try to hold onto his position through violence- he quietly leaves the capital and Jefferson peacefully takes over this is revolutionary in the context of world history there is rarely a peaceful transition of power without a revolution or someone dies-

Monroe Doctrine

Latin americans are going to revolt against the Spanish and most gained independence and experienced instability. But in early 1823 we started hearing rumors that the french were going to help the Spanish retake these colonies. We were trading with the colonies so we respond to this . ironically the british said we should issue a joint declaration against them and we declined so Monroe laid out his stance- he says the American content was not considered subject to future colonization by european power- Europeans hands off- this is our back yard don't mess with it. The Us in not going to interfere in European colonies & we're gonna keep ourselves on this side of the atlantic, were not gonna involve ourselves in internal affairs in Europe or wars or anything-nobody paid much attention to this- this is not a treaty - it has no standing in international law- how are we going to enforce this- if spain decides to retake mexico what are we going to do ? ironically everyone ignored it but one of the reasons that france and spain did not do it was because the british navy backed it. Important for what it says about how america viewed itself and its interest in the 1820s - we see ourselves as the protector of our backyard - we decided this area is our interest- later residents will build on this doctrine - were gonna usethe Monroe doctrine to justify any intervention into the 20th century

Missouri Compromise

Missouri is going to be admitted to the union as a slave state. So southerners get what thy want with that. -At the same time maine has applied for statehood and there's no slavery there so maine comes in as a free state- balance of power in the senate is maintained -3rd is were gonna draw a red line on the southern border of Missouri. It's the 36 31longitude and latitude line. We refer to it as the compromise line-anything above this line is admitted as a free state anything below is slave sates . the only exception is Missouri. -As a result of this compromise we think we have it solved- solves this sectional crisis but its a turning point because the south begins arguing no longer that slavery is necessary evil- its in the crisis that some deep south states like Georgia and SC begin arguing slavery is a positive good and should be perminant

Northern and Southern shifting attitudes

Northerners pushing the southerners to end slavery and southerners getting more defensive about slavery. -Northern attitude toward slavery begins shifting. One of the things that's happening is the second great awakening and really takes off in the north - One of the main items of emphasis in the north is your responsibility as a Christian to make the world a better place&result is reform movements that people refer to as the age of reform to eliminate sin from the nation -Closing business on Sundays, establishes public schools, restricting drinking alcohol-The largest and most successful reform movement was the move to abolish slavery. -. These shifting attitudes happening in the north is at the same time these southern whites are getting defensive over slavery

David Wilmot

Polk asked congress for a very large amount 2 mil dollars that is when a appropriations bill comes through for the military they will add an amendments to those appropriations. -david- democrat from Pennsylvania adds an advisor to that funding appropriation bill. He was a member of polks party but northerners are becoming increasingly concerned that this war that's taking place is really not just about land grab but a land grab for slavery to expand so david introduces a proviso which is like an amendment and it says if we get any new territory from this war slavery will be prohibited there except texas. - This bill passed the house of representatives because there were more northerners and was defeated in the senate because of the balance of power.

Family within slaves

Slave marriages have no legal standing. Slaves are legally considered property. Slave marriages were both accepted and encouraged by slave owners because they believed marriage aided in the control of slaves. -Slaves could petition the master to marry them - recognized on the plantation. Have kids. Free slaves. - Family slaves were less likely to run away. Families for slaves acted like families to day with support networks. - The other aspect of slaves was an extended pension network that wasn't necessarily related- aunts and uncles and cousins who weren't blood related but that's how they referred to them. -Issue of selling slaves : while slave owners were willing to marry slaves didn't mean they always respected the union: they would sell slave family members.

Railroad

The US does not get credit- first successful was Britain- American cities start seeing the benefit of railroads and they begin investing in them- one of the problems that the states faced with canals is they borrowed a lot of money to build thema and some didn't get built but still have to pay back loans. So when this new transportation comes along, after canals states were reluctant to put lots of money in it because it didn't work for them at first. The funding for railroad was different than canals. Canals were state funded and railroads were publically funded from city goverments. And aprivate compant would establish a railroad corporation nd the cities would invest in that corporation. More in the north than the south - the south is slightly askew bc all the railroads in the southe go from nowhere to nowhere. Some go out there because the farmers need to load up the crates with cotton to bring to cities- one of the things that happening as a result of the expansion of the economy is the economy is becoming increasingly complex. When you have disruptions in the economy its hard to explain why- so when there are convulsions politicians are trying to explain why so they blame the other party

the war in the south 1812

The creek indians who live in GA and AL decide that with the americans at war with the britsih that this would also be a good time to go to war with the americans, wnated to take some of their territory back - the Indians attack fort Mims. we don't know how many people actually died there because of exaggerated numbers- result is great deal of outrage, militia are coming from GA, they marched to Alabama turned around and went home. The militia from tennese under Andrew Jackson marched to Alabama and defeat the creek at the battle of horseshoe bend, result of this, Jackson forces the creak to surrender and cede all territory to the americans. The tennesea militia was the most reliable of the miltia cause they knew if they surrendered Jackson woutld shoot them

Battle of Gettysburg

The largest land battle in the north American history takes place on july 1st 2nd and 3rd 1863- the south lost this battle but that's not why we talk about it. It takes place in Pennsylvania - we have the pitssburg surrender in the western theatre the very next day. Pittsurg was the very last confederacy stronghold on the Mississippi river and the union took - between these two battle 30,000 troops lost at Gettysburg killed wounded and MIA. 30,000 troops at pitsburg mostly surrendered. The confederacy cannot replace these troops. This means the numbers are really starting to matter . by this point the industrial capacity of the north and the lack of it in the south is starting to show- also seeing a decline in moral on the homefront- its easy to have high moral I fyou r team is winning. In the south youre really seeing the union blockade being effective.

Lowell Factory

The most famous type was the Lowell factory established in Lowell Massachusetts by Francis Cabot Lowell- beginning in 1813 the reason this is so popular and famous is because he hiring young women from the country side ages 14-25 unmarried. Lowell built boarding houses for them. The had matrons who enforced curfews- your father agrees to let you come work In a factory because the matron takes care of you and you make money in the factory- send it back home to pay for your brothers education-this was the exception the because the establishment of a factory system like this required a great deal of cash. Its expensive. Most factories are smaller, and they hire entire families who live near the factory. Lowell gets the most attention because these young women wrote a lot and published magazines there was a social and human cost to manufacturing because factories simplified every aspect of manufacturing and in simplifying we can hire a 14year old girl cause she doesn't need any skills because she just works in one part. Factories take away original shoe makers- called deskilling. Skill is no longer valuable economically as it was.

Erie Canal

The roads were terrible & washed out. Plank roads don't last long have to be replaced quickly. Trying to find other transportation. States are spending money on road development you were lucky if live near a river cause its cheaper and more reliable. States spend more money on rivers. Rivers dry up in summer and some have falls and rapids so limitations in 1817 there was no canal in the world that was longer than 28 miles.- lake erie to the Hudson river which was 350 miles.1825 erie canal opens. It is the major factor in making new York city what it is- it cheapend the cost of farmers shipping goods eastwards cheapened factories shipping goods westwards. State govt funded these canals. The canal paid for itself overnight. Very successful. Once the other states saw what was happening they want their own- canal building frenzy-pouring endless money into canal building- GA had a canal plan -ignorance leads to optimism- tried to build it in the mountains. Only a couple were successful but none as succcesful as the erie. They take the backseat to another artificial form of transportation and one that is more flexable is the raidroad.

Pet Banks

Theyre called pet banks because theyre banks that are run by or heavily invested in by democrats- supporters of Andrew Jackson.some of these pet banks are very irresponsible with their loaning capacity. Debts are gonna rise inflation is gonna rise-the govt not sure what to do bc pet banks are loaning out money and people are buying lots of land and trying to repay banks with paper money and its causing all types of problems. Jacksons only concern was gettin martin van buren elected

Battle of Antietam

This battle lasted an entire day . it was the bloodiest single day of the war. At the end of the day both sides were exhausted and it was expected that the next day there would be more fighting. The major difference between the union and confederate armies at the end of the day was the confederate army had used every reserve they had . every soldier had been used in the battle. The union still had fresh men ready to fight. Many people expected the c ommander McClellan to attack lees army the next day. The next day arrived and mcclellan did not move and didn't order them to attack and lee escaped back into Virginia for which mclellan was critzied and fired for his laziness. That wasn't the significance for Antietam. Technically antietum was a union victory. This is important because Abraham Lincoln had been saving the emancipation proclamation and so Antietam provided the spring board to allow Lincoln to issue this.

Louisiana purchase

This territory belonged to spain, the dividing line was the Mississippi river. farmers got their goods to the market by the mississppi river and sending it down to new Orleans US had a treaty with spain for the free navigation of mississippi river and the use of new Orleans as a trading post In 1801 france took control of spain and forced spain to cede the Louisiana territory to france and the treaty ceases to exist. Jefferson sends a delegation to france for the specific purpose of negotiating a new treaty. By the time they get there napoleon has been informed theres been a revolution in Haiti- his brother was killed- and he was done with the west hes gearing up to fight a war with Britain-he needed money to fight the war. the negotiators get there and instead of negotiating for a treaty, the french want to sell it for somewhere between 13 and 15 million the Louisiana territory out of which 13 new states will be carved. Jefferson called this his empire for liberty. -He expected it to take hundreds of years to be setteled. -became an empire to slavery as farmers are going to be moving westward. it's in the Louisiana Territory that the controversy of slavery is first being discussed.

Ulysses grant

Ultimately Lincoln finds a confident commander who is responsible for a lot of the victories along th e ississippi river went east to fight lee in virginina and leaves William T Sherman who takes charge of the western theatre. Their goal was to put constant pressure on the confederacy - idea was to attack at the same time in the western and eastern theatre so the confederacy cant move supplies. Grant understands something that many other politicians and commanders don't understand. He understands manpower. What we see happening in Virginia is grant is constantly attacking lees troops and hes loosing massive numbers of troops and so is the confederacy and the one thing he knows is he vcan replace his and lee cant ------This becomes a political problem for Lincoln because these death rolls start coming in in the north. People are getting really upset because theydont see it doing anything positive. Sherman takes control in the west and begins pushing into GA.

Does size matter?

When Lincoln called for troops, men enthusiastically joined. The same thing occurred in the south. The war in the north was to save the union and the war in the south was to gain independence and protect the future of slavery- both sides were confident that they would win they were equally as confident that ths would be short war. The volunteers had 90 day enlistments -If this war had been what everyone had expected none of these numbers matter if its only one or two battle but that's not what happened and the war lasted a lot longer 1861 to 1865 and a long drawn out these numbers matter more and more. All the food is being grown in the northso they have to start importing food. The other category where the south does well is eleigible men for military services. But when they reach the end of their 90 % you cant find replacements. When the union loses men they just draft more. Both sides face challenges. The confederacy are like the americans in the revolution. They are creating a nation at the same time they are fighting a war. The union has its own challenges in terms of politics and in terms of poor commanders and in terms of trying to decide what therye gonna do with the south. In early 1861 very few people are thinkin long term

Anaconda plan

Windfield Scott Was called a coward for this plan because short war- use the union navy to blockade the coast, take the Mississippi river and squeeze the confederacy inot submission. This is not stradegy for short war it takes time. By july 1862 its in place the union blockade is geeting stronger along the coast and is taking effect. Its gonna take longer but its creating shortages for the confederacy and the union started gained control of the mississppi river

Battle of Bull Run

also called the battle of manassas. The first manassas. Is the result of the understanding of capture the flag. Capture the enemies capital . one capital is Washington DC the other is Richmond and they are 100 miles apart. Lincoln is ordering commanders to take richond to force them to surrender ultimately the effort to do this - they are stopped by the confederate army at manassas at the junction of a river called bull run- everyone knows the battle is going to take place because you have armies converging on this spot and so tourists go out to watch the battle. The battle takes place all day long. Both sides are unsure of themselves and theres lots of confusion and friendly fire accidents and in the end the confederacy received reinforcements at the perfect time and as a result send the union back to Washington. They couldn't follow up on this victory cause they were tired and confused too. So the confederacy stopped this union threat on Richmond and retained possession of the battle field and claimed victory for the day but the larger importance of bull run has nothing to do with the battle . this battle destroyed the illusion of a 90 day war. For many it also destroyed the idea of glorious war the other thing it did was they adopted a new battle flag after the battle of bull run becaue of the confusion on the battle field. Mostly Virginian troops used it. Both sides have to reassess their strategies. One thing the confederacy ultimately has to decide is how are they gonna defend themselves. For the confederacy theyre gonna have a defensive war. Tey don't have to win just defend------In order to do this theyre fgonna have to defend a very large region. Militarily not a good idea cause big border but it's a political decision cause if you don't defend then they will leave. The union the idea was initially a war to save the union but they have amore difficult task if they want to beat the confederacy theyre gonna have to invade and hold. To do this therye gonna have to start looking at a strategy called the anaconda plan thought of by windfield scott.

Quasi War

an undeclared war- french and American ships are firing at each other adams understands the united states is in no position to go to war with either Britain or France but at the same time the republicans are criticizing adams no matter what he does decides he's going to try to negotiate with the french and Jefferson calls him a coward and when negotiations fail, Jefferson and his followers criticize him for being a war mongrel The federalists get tired of blatant lies being published in the newspaper so this influenced the Alien and Sedition Acts

Technological innovations

are important to economic development as well- people are moving westward because they want to find productive land to produce crops and to make money- profit driven - the problem is once you get land you have to make it productive. Needs innovation and transportation. The more innovative and popular inventions- -the john deere steel plow and the mccormick reaper- 1830s made planting and cultivation more efficient - fewer people are needed on the land- cheaper- the more revolutionary invention is the cotton gin by eli whitney-

John Brown comes back

believes hes going to be gods instrument to abolish slavery or be a large part of it. He came up with a plan to try to start a slave rebellion he began in Virginia- he and his supporters seized a federal arsenal in harpers ferry Virginia- today its west viginina- hoping to start a slave up-rise - it was poorly planned and executed rebellion he was caught and he was hung for treason southerners see john brown as representative of the north . but if you looked at the newspapers most northern didn't agree with him and criticized brown . what happens is when hes executed for treason by dying he becomes a martyr - its not his actions they support but rather its his death that they support . The south never understood that brown represented a minority of a minority of the north.

Impact of compromise on party system

both parties are going to be injured by it because slavery is a sectional issue. -the whigs are going to be more harmed than the democrats. And they really begin takeing a beating for it especially in the south -they called this the great compromise the compromise to save the union -members of the whig party start to get old and die

Alien and Sedition Acts

clearly politically motivated The alien act extends the time it takes for an immigrant to become a citizen. The idea being that most immigrants that are coming over are not the wealthiest, gonna be farmers, they're likely to vote for the democratic republicans which extends the time that the federalists can be in power. The Sedition acts were more dangerous- it gave the federal govt the power of punishing those who criticized the govt. aimed at the newspaper editors. if caught would go to jail. The aim was to stop the democratic republican newspapers from publishing critical things towards the govt. Violated first amendment freedom of speech. These influenced the Virginia and Kentucky resolution

Third American Party System

democratics and republicans. Same ones today. -The k and n act not only killed the whig party but it created a new one- republicans-This party was unique because it was sectional in its composition and its creed. Sectional- northern party only. The primary platform was to stop the expansion of slavery -The whigs are going to join the republican party in the north and some democratics are going to bolt and join the republican party. It spread rapidly and imediantly became a force in American politics. -one of the things that this new party has to do is to find a way to convince white northerners that this issue is important to them by convincing them its going to affect them immediately or in the future -slogan free soil free labor and free men - racist - wanted a white west

James Buchanan

democrats want to find a way to ignore everything that happened- what the democrats are doing is looking for a candidate who is not associated with the k and n act or the sectional issue in general. Need to find one who hasn't voted on anything. They find him in James Buchanan -had been a diplomat in Russia or Britain likable guy was told to keep his mouth shut and reamianed vaugue without offending anybody

dred scott vs Sanford

dred scott- he was a slave and his master had taken him into territories that were free territories and free states- his master dies and hes inherited by someone else and ultimately they decide that they are gonna have dred scott sue for his freedom as a test case to set precedent - said that his trip into free states made him free and the case is appealed up to the supreme court -the chief justice of the supreme court is 1857 rodger taney was from Maryland former slave holder democrat appointed by Andrew Jackson. His appointment was a reward from Jackson for taking out the bank loans. Hes going to be the one who writes the majority decision - there are 3 parts : ---PART 1 dred scott was a slave - slave cannot be citizens so you cannot sue there for is not a case- taney thought that if the supreme court ruled on the issue of slavery everyone would leave it alone so he doesn't dismiss it just yet and adds two more points. ---PART 2 - the constitution protects private property ---PART 3 therefor the Missouri compromise line was unconstitutional any attempt by congress to prohibit slavery would also be constitutional - what taney has done is proved the southern extremists that they were right- you cannot prevent the expansion of slavery -Compromise of 1850 out the window - you cant even prevent slavery in free states- supreme court tells moderates theres no room for compromise theres no middle ground - republican parties main goal is squashed. -Amend the constitution - this is what the republicans start jumping on. Southerners were angry at the willingness of the north to start ignoring the decision almost immediately- also mad at north because theyre not enforcing the fugitive slave law.

Extreme and Moderate Positions

extreme is for white southerners slavery in all the territories for northerners -theres slavery in none of the territories- no compromise. There were moderates - One option is to extend the misouri compromise line and move it westward others talk about letting the territories vote for themselves. Thought it was gonna take a long time for this issue to be discussed

Cherokee Nation vs Georgia

in1831 John Marshal said that the Cherokee nation is not a state. That it is a unique domestic dependent nation .and because they're not a state and they're not a US citizen they cant bring suit in federal court. Case dismissed. He cant make any ruling because the case should have never made it to the supreme court- so it's a defeat for Cherokee- that term lays the seed for their success. The next year- GA declared Cherokee borders and law nonexistent - and they had to sign an oath of allegiance to the state of GA. Including the Christian missionaries working with the cherokee. When the missionaries did not sign they arrested them and made them hard labor. Sam Worcester (one of the missionaries from massachusets) sues and it goes to the supreme court. John marshal in the case of Worcester vs Georgia rules that the Cherokee nation is a distinct community with rights of self govt therefor GA's laws have no force in Cherokee boundaries. The Cherokee won. Jackson saw this as marshal challenging his authority to remove the Indians.

Fort Sumpter

its one of two instalations that remain in the south in union hands and so at this point Jefferson davis and Abraham Lincoln are trying to decide what to do about the fort but Lincoln does not want to surrender the fort because it was make him appear weak he doesn not want to create a disturbance at fort sumpter because he doesn't wanna be balmed for throwing the first punch . Jefferson has the same type of thinking. He does not want to leave fort sumpter because that would be weak but he also doesn't wanna throw the first punch- so Lincoln opts to resupply fort sumpter and trying to walk a very thin line here he makes it clear and contacts the governor of south Carolina and says im going to supply the fort with clothing with food and medical supplies. Im not going to reinforce the fort. Before the supply ship arrives, the confederate forces in and around Charleston harbor decide theyre going to attack and they do so April 12 1861. Ultimately the union forces at fort sumpter surrender and its this point that Lincoln declares the 7 states in the south in rebellion.

Era of good feelings pt 2

james Monroe was elected president also from Virginia so the last of the Virginian dynasty- one of the reasons we call this the era of good feelings is because the federalist party ceases to exist- the Hartford convention destroyed the federalist party- the founders believed that the political parties were evil. Once the federalist party died there was no political party system. Everyone became republicans. When Monroe became president in 1817 one of the things he did was make a conscious effort to include former federalists and republicans in his administration. Hes gonna be very non partisan about his appointments in his cabinet He attempts to contribute to this idea of an era of good feelings. It was not a love fest- the number of qualified voters is expanding- states are lowering qulifications os more people are eligible to vote (more white men)This plays a role in what we call the rise of mass politics because they want the new voters to vote for them- alcohol was used to get you to the polls

Confusion with Aaron Burr

jefersons running mate was aaron burr election was actually a tie vote- Jefferson and burr got equal number of votes- but Jefferson was running for president and burr for vice- now that burr has an equal number of votes he thinks he could be president and wants to so he starts courting federalists to convince them that they should help him become president over jefferson- Alexander Hamilton and burr are both from new York and hamilton is aware of burr's lack of trustworthiness. Hamilton comes out with a letter to congress saying Jefferson has the interest in Americas future in his mind and burr only cared about himself. Jefferson wins and hamilton and burr are in an infamous dual where hamilton is killed

border states

lincoln calls for volunteers and troops to suppress the rebellion. Its at this point that the upper south states, the border states have to decide what to do. And now its easily a matter of are they going to send troops to the union to fight the confederacy or are they going to send troops to the confederacy to fight the union. So Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina Virginia ultimately vote to succeed from the union while the other border states choose to stay in the union and they are slave states. West Virginia was part of Virginia and west Virginia succeeded from Virginia and joined the union. That's the second round of succession .they joined the confederacy and they move the capital from Montgomery to Richmond Virginia.

population growth

moving westward- increasing population 30% In a decade. Doubling every 25 years. Most of this growth was national increase. People are marrying younger and having more children that are surving into adulthood and living longer due to better nutrition. Immigration is not going to be a factor in this growth until late 1840s. Population growth is significant for the overall economy. Increases the number of consumers. So increase in the demand for goods. Increases profits of people producing those goods. Increase number of labor which makes cost of labor go down which makes the cost of those goods go down. More people can afford them. Increase in desire for more land. There is a great deal of westward expansion. Those who seized the opportunity to buy cheap western land. The territory begins to fill up and we see the economy growth in part of westward expansion and technological innovation and improvements in transportation and population growth.

The American Party System as a Whole

national parties- compete effectively in every single state except SC. Very close elections less than 3% separating them. Politics were a type of sport in this period- people went to the voting booths like football games- voting turnout was extremely high. - loyalty win or lose people still voted for their parties-undecided voters switch parties- martin van buren got elected- became Martin Van Ruin because he knew that jacksons policies regarding the bank were a bad idea- he opposed it but he wanted to be president-

the first emancipation

northern states seeking to realize the ideals of the revolution & begin the process called gradual emancipation. children born into slavery in Massachusetts will become free at the age of 18 or 21 depending on the law. So that's why it's called gradual. It set slavery on the road to extinction in northern states. north is moving away from slavery & the south is becoming more dependent on slavery result is geographically slavery becomes a southern thing. The slavery that's concentrated in the south a national THING. Northern factories are buying slave cotton said norther economic vitality is based in part on slave labor in the south. The Federal government protects slavery in opening the south west and India removal they open new territory for the expansion of slavery so while slavery is a geographically a south institution economically and politically and legally it remains a national institution

Mexican War

not over texas but the rest of the southwest. Claiming that the Mexican govt had not paid their debt and that the border of texas is further south than any treaty stated and invaded what mexico considered what they controlled. -It resulted in a declaration of war and what happened is we sent the military into a disputed zone and they attacked our troops in this zone, we say weve been attacked on American soil. And we declare war and it was a war of defense. It was a controversial war, there was a tremendous opposition becuaes a lot of people mad ethe argument first of all this battle never took place. - Abraham Lincoln introduced the SPOT RESOLUTIONS because he wanted to know the exact spot where this battle took place where American blood had allegedly been spilled but didn't matter cause the US voted for war - -reality was to take the southwest from mexico -it was a war provoked to gain land. Less than two years the US got what became New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada , Utah and California from mexico as a result of the war . - the treaty that established this was the treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo.

Whig Party

people who dislike jackson for any reason (nullification, indian removal, his economic policy) started out as anti jackson party but the heart of the party will be the inheritors of the ideas of Hamilton and clay- pro-commerce and things of that nature

Whig Ideas

pro-comerce pro-bank govt should be involved and supportive of the economy-this included buiding roads- economic diversification - we want industry, commerce agriculture- are also gradually start adopting ideas of how the govt can legislate in aid of morality - setting limitations on the sale of alcohol- whig idea of freedom and democratic idea of freedom are very different. For whigs- freedom is something that can be expanded. Access to education better roads better canals a tariff that protects industry so you get paid better- if we give you the tools you can expand your freedom

William Lloyd Garrison

rejected the gradual approach- and also rejected the criticism of slavery as its effect on whites-Instead hes going to develop a very different criticism of slavery - slavery is a great national sin. - Slavery made southern whites more violent, meaner, and lazier. A slaveholder owns slave but the nation accepts slavery as an institution and protects it. So its affecting the moral purity of the nation. Slave holders were sinners- and need to change their ways immediately- -introduces immediatism into the anti slavery cause -he also starts using the term equality when referring to slaves so hes going to be a lightening rod for change -He founds a newspaper called the liberator- he uses it to appeal to the conscious of the nation- wasn't big on politics- thought getting involved would corrupt his cause - so the way hes going to try to do this is moral suasion -Southerners really resented being called sinners over the slavery - its going to increase their kneejerk reactions.

election of 1828

rise of mass politics- this is about you guys who are voting for the first time- it was a rematch. Adams is going to run and Jackson is running against him name calling, lying about each other and the whiskey was flowing. No secret ballot. Vote is public. Candidate is standing there looking at you. Jackson wins - victory of the common man becuaase they thought Jackson was one of them- Jackson is the first frontiersman to be elected president. Hes not apart of the eastern establishment- the only president who was elected who killed men before he was elected president not on the battle field. When he was a judge, if a attorney or defendant challegened him or questioned his authority he would fight them-Very strong willed and stubborn doesn't like to be told no. Began the use of the spoils system - various challenges that he faces while president- the contributing factor in how he acted was his own authority. If his authority is challenged it becomes personal and he deals with it in that way- he justifies this as the people who elected him was the will of the people. But in the long term the policies that Jackson pursued layed the foundation for the democratic party into the 20th century. 3 major incidents in jackson's administration - indian removal act,tariff nullification, confrontation with the bank of the united state

The deep south states call conventions

say that lincolns election by itself was enough justification to succeed from the union. -call conventions and vote to succeed starting with SC and carrying on through the south each state called its own convention and it voted to succeed . the deep south states- succession stalls, the upper south they really don't see the election as enough justification to leave the union and they argue that he hasn't done anything but be elected. So the deep south states get together in montgumry Alabama and they form the confederate states of America. -They elect Jefferson davis of Mississippi as president and elect alexander stevens as vice president from GA not a popular election. They write a constitution simial to regualar constitution but it includes the protection of slavery. They also adopt a flag that looks like the GA flag and kinda looks like the US flag. The deep south has left the union did not believe that succession was legeitiment or constitutional most northerners didn't either so the question is will there be a way to bring them back in to the union or did they ever leaveso one of the things that happened between nov 1860 an dmarch 1961 something is happened throughout the south. -There are several federal fortifications in the south and most of them have been taken over by the confederate military or state militia - theres no fighting there just pretty much surrendered. One of those that is not surrendered is fort sumpter and its smack dab in the center of Charleston harbor.

Slavery in this period

slavery as a word it does not apear in the constitution although slavery is dealt with in the constitution- the founders were uncomfortable with the term. the issues surrounding slavery were discussed at the constitution and the constitution deals with slavery without using the term. legally slaves are considered property & the constitution strongly protects private property theres the 3/5 compromise -so while slaves had no political rights they were accounted for representational purposes. jeffersons election was a product of that and while slavery is considered a southern thing, slave labor contributed to the economy of northern states. Slavery was protected in implicitly recognized by Federal and state laws.

Missouri Starts Expanding

the Louisiana purchase became the empire for slavery- Missouri is one of the areas where people are expanding - one of the sayings that we know about expansion in the US is people tend to move laterally- not north west not southwest but west west- people who are moving to Missouri are moving from Kentucky and Tennessee and Indiana and Illinois. Kentucky and Indiana are slave states and Tennessee and Indiana are not- but they're all moving into Missouri. This is gonna cause some problems because they're gonna have the people to apply for statehood in 1819 which they do- but they problem is that by this point northern states have put slavery on the road to abolition- slavery is a distinguishing factor between north and south- so when Missouri applied for states hood- James Tallmadge added an amendment to Missouri's statehood application- Missouri can become a state but people who moved into Missouri from Illinois and Indiana aren't slaveholders but Kentucky and Louisiana brought their slaves into Missouri . well Jamestown of new York proposed to amend the application to provide for the gradual abolition of slavery there- theres two aspects- for Missouri you cannot import any more slaves and the 2nd is to gradually free the slaves that are there. So its not a revolutionary proposal. But its going to set off a huge debate over the expansion of slavery.

end of the international slave trade

the importation of slaves from Africa The significance was it curtailed the African influence on the slave population the American slave population grew much more culturally diverse. This is where the word African-American comes into play the African culture religion began to disappear this does not end the domestic slave trade or the internal slave trade. this sparks a massive new slave trade and by 1860 one of every three slave families in Virginia had been separated as a result of this domestic slavery

The White South

the mass of southern whites do not own and never did own slaves -¾ of southern whites never owned slaves.-more commonly call yeoman farmers- plain folk . kind of like middle class-if they owned slaves no more than 1 or 2 but worked in the field with their slaves . most of them are going to plant things other than cotton to make sure their families are taken care of -At the very top of southern white society is guys called planters- these guys own 20 or more slaves - - If you own less than 20 you are a slave holder- all planters are slaveholdrs but not all slave holders are planters . less than 5 % of planters own 20 or more slaves. -More common were small slaveholders -- if you are in the class of yeoman farmers you aspire to own slaves- tried to make extra money to get slaves -Racism- one of the arguments that especially salveholders and planters used was the MUDSILL ARGUMENT because its human nature if you are on the low end of a yeoman farmer or a poor farmer who owns little land and has a hard time at least you will have your freedom. -Theres also the fear that if slaves are free its going to interfere with the wage labor competition -So they support it go to war for it and die for it. People in Virginia were less concerned about it because there were more whites than blacks by far

Result of election of 1856

the result the democrats won the election but they're concerned about the future cause this is the republicans first election and they did well and notice theres not a single repub vote in the south. Buchanan had little time to savor his victory two days after he was inaugurated the supreme court dropped a bombshell- the case of dred scott vs stanford

Called the log cabin and hard cider campaign

the whigs are so excited cause its their first real chance to win and they don't want to blow it so they don't nominate henry clay- they nominate their version of Andrew Jackson- William henry Harrison. was at a battle called Tippecanoe . the whigs were trying to make Harrison out as a Washington of the west. To satisfy the southern wing of the whig party and the poeple who joined the whigs as part of nullification they put john tyler who is Virginian on the ticket for vice president. Harrison won the election bc everyone blames the democrats for the panic Harrison holds two records - he gave the longest inaugural address in history and he served the shortest term- dead in a month- so john tyler became president and became "his accidency " by the whigs. John tyler didn't like any of the whigs policies he just hated Jackson so they disown him

Slave Reblleion

there are very few slave rebellions because they have very little chances of success- local state and federal police and military power against you. Only one ultimately succeeded. -Slaves resisted on a daily basis- defiance- they woud do jobs poorly, destroy equipment abuse animals- pretend to be sick steal food. Some poisoned burned down houses and physical assult -some attempted to run away - most success young male and single - very few actually ran away to the north. Most ran away temporarily to protest. Only about 1000 slaves successfully ran away each year- more common for upper south near free states. -Nat turner - slave preacher, god had spoken to him 1881, one reason it occurred is he was careful about who he told . careful about recruitment- resulted in the death of 60 whites before it was put down. The greastest fear among white southerners is slave rebellion . This creates such a panic in the south that there are slaves getting executed in GA and it occurred in VA for fear of being part of the rebellion. VA debated in 1831 whether to end slavery. Called a convention and said is slavery too dangerous -VA passed some laws restricting free blacks. Increased militia and slave patrols- out law manumission slaves by owners& other states follow suit-. Over the antebellum period the amount of free blacks decrease because of the laws -The rebellion doesn't abolish slavery instead increases restrictions- same time in the north a growing concern that the south is never going to eliminate slavery and the north starts pushing the south to do so

Republicans first election

they want a candidate that represents their conservative views- they found him in john C Fremont - he had opposed k and a act and on record for opposing expansion of slavery but he was not an abolitionist he represented the core republic idea- their slogan was FREE SOIL FREE LABOR FREMONT

Elimination of slave trade is district of columbia

this is not the end of slavery - but what will end is the slave trade they passed a tougher fugitive slave law- they add the need of 2 witnesses and the judge gets paid more if he rules in favor of the slave capturer. People of Massachusetts are asked to help capture a slave by law you are required to. If you don't you go to jail. So it now affects people personally. This creates a storm of protests in the northern states because northerners say states rights.

Election of 1796

this is the first contested election where you have two guys in different parties competing. John Adams was of the federalists and from Massachusetts. He was a revolutionary leader, fit for president, a lawyer, and a member of the constitution convention Thomas Jefferson was of democratic republican party. Author of declaration of independence and was in washingtons cabinet- has broken with Washington and Hamilton over hamiltons program. was a very close election in the electoral college but Adams won and Jefferson becomes vice president

War of 1812

this war was controversial from the beginning. It lots of opposition to the declaration of war Madison forgot to tell the military that they should be prepared to go to war- they weren't. only had 6700 troops - Madison had let the nation banks charter expire so he did not have a national bank- the nations credit collapsed we could not borrow money- needed money for the war- financial chaos- there were no leaders of washington's caliber and the military continues to be very poor- 1812 the US launched an invasion of Canada- the militia who were part of this invasion got to the border and they stoppedbecause they were only trained to defend- the efforts were embarrassing 1814 the british invaded Virginia & got to Washington DC- the british commander tried find someone to surrender to him and no one was there- the britsh had dinner in the executive mansion and then burned it down-the nations capital has been captured by the britsih-embarrassing. Not long after that the American military by virtue were able to stand up at fort McHenry

election of 1824

thomas Jefferson made it clear he wanted james Madison to be his successor - secretary of state is cloesst you gonna get to presidency. John quincy adams authored the Monroe doctrine and negotiated with spain to get florida- he was very qualified. William Crawford was from Virginia is now in GA, he was monroes secretary of treasury - two guys from monroes cabinet running for president- seen as the southern candidate - henry clay form Kentucky is seen as the western candidate- warhawk , compromise of 1820- he actually had a platform- it was called the American system -see hamiltons program. Tariff, internal improvements, bank of US, govt facilitating economic development. - Andrew Jackson- the most violent man to run for presidency- form Tennessee- when his name was thrown in there It was a joke but Jackson was a large slave owner, land owner and also quite involved in land and slave speculation. New voters identified with him because he came from where you did. And he also represents your aspirations of success. He's the hero of the battle of new Orleans. The outcome is- have to have majority of all electoral college vote, Jackson gets the most but not majority- if not majority the decision goes to the house of represntatives where each state gets one vote - there will be 3 candidates- Clay gets knocked out- Crawford had a stroke so hes out. So its between Jackson and Adams. Henry Clay has a great deal of influence and theres no way hes going to vote for Jackson cause he doesn't like him. Clay throws his support behind adams and adams is elected president. Adams appoints clay to a prestigious position-secretary of state- Jackson gets mad

Martin Van Buren's presidency

took office in 1837 within a few months the nation experienced the worse economic crash o fthat time until the great depression. Results in 8 years depression- he spent the next four years trying to figure out a way to fix the economy without establishing a third bank-ultimately failing-

religion within slaves

until the 19 the century southern whites were reluctant to teach slaves Christianity cause of teaching how to read and might be dangerous . 2nd great awakening that did filter into the south and have the arrival of three of the evangelical religions, Baptists, Methodists, presbiterians, and when they arrive they not only administer to whites they also administer to slaves. ultimately many slave owners came to believe that religion in the form of Christian cold be used a form of control for slaves. Many made church attendance mandatory for slaves where slaves would hear sermans or obeying your master and thou shall not kill-biblical justifications for slavery - slaves did not passively accept their masters Christianity. They blended it with traditional African beliefs and developed a distinctive Christianity which focused on hope

Slave treatment

varied owner to owner -slaves did every job imaginable from cutting wood to laying rail road track to working in factories but 80 to 90 percent worked in the fields with cotton and rice and sugar -Slave labor was both productive and highly efficient and became more so over the antebellum period. The reason is because the price of cash crops go up-the cost of maintaining slaves does not go up so slaves became good investments in of themselves because they represent mobile capital -Another thing they represent is capital that is quickly liquidized- one thing to sell off land which takes time its another thing is to sell slaves -. Slave efficiency was achieved through a mixture or coercion punishment fear and incentive and all these depended upon the prerogatives of the slave owner. -. A system based on force- sometimes in actual force often it was a threat of force- slave discipline could mean anything from a whipping, to cutting food rations -Fear played a role- whipping a salve is one form of force fear of violent punishment- another the threat of selling of ones lover- fear went beyond the fear of physical punishment -planters discovered that they could get more work out of slaves through incentives- promising more time off extra food passes to visit nearby loved ones and even small payments of cash -. Average diet for slaves was cornmeal, salt-pork and molasses - the lack of nutritional value combine with poor living conditions, hard physical labor and hard corporate punishment so slaves are gonna be much more susceptible for illnesses and contributes to a high infant mortality rate at 20% of slave children died before the age of 5 - Surviving slavery went beyond food clothing housing it was also physiological impact. Being controlled and owned by another human being- slaves are gonna adapt institutions that are already existence to aid in their cultural and psychological survival. The two are religion and family

Virginia and Kentucky resolution

written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson secretly. Madison wrote the Virginia one and Jefferson wrote the Kentucky one these are critical of the alien and sedition acts and they take it a step further and make the argument that states ought to have the right to declare federal acts unconstitutional. No state passed these resolutions the goal was to generate media buzz, to get the ideas out there, and a campaign tool against the federalists