Exam 2 Intercultural communication

Differences between the home culture and the new culture in such factors as cultural values, language, verbal styles and nonverbal gestures, as well as in religious and economic systems.

Sociocultural adjustment

Relational, recreational, and personal development goals.

Socioemotional goals

A temporary resident who voluntarily goes abroad for a set period of time that is usually related to some instrumental purpose.

Sojourner

Exaggerated pictures we make about a group of people on the basis of our inflexible beliefs and expectations about the characteristics or behaviors of the group.

Stereotype

Gerald has learned that the new culture to which he will be moving is a low-contact culture. In order to fit in, Gerald knows that he must do less (fewer) ___________.

touching.

Helga is from the Netherlands and believes her nation is highly competitive with Norway. So, according to the Stereotype Content Model, the perception of ___________ dimension between the Netherlands and Norway is low.

warmth

When Gabe talked to his roommate Griffin on the phone, Gabe's verbal message was "I am a little annoyed," but his __________ convinced Griffin that Gabe was feeling so angry that this was a not good time to tell him about the broken coffee pot.

paralanguage

Harve, who is from Belgium, has feelings of hostility toward the Dutch, and tends to have negative views of Dutch people's behaviors and characteristics, although he has never taken any harmful action against them. He is __________ toward the Dutch but has not practiced ______________ against them.

prejudiced; discrimination

When the woman moves to stand very close to her boyfriend and even reaches out and brings him close to her, his reaction indicates a violation in the area of:

proxemics

After a few months, Ephraim's feelings began stabilizing and he now feels relatively comfortable and satisfied as he continues his study-abroad experience. Ephraim is experiencing good ____________ adjustment.

psychological

Gary has just discovered that his coworker has been listening in on his phone conversations. He is really upset at this violation of this _____________ boundary.

psychological

A(n) ____________ worldview reflects a holistic reasoning pattern and avoids using polarized ends such as good/evil and young/old.

relational

During the ____________ part of the perception process, the cues that are considered valuable in one's culture are what one pays closer attention to.

selection

Desi eventually becomes quite comfortable in the hospital environment, becoming familiar with many hospital employees, and using the hospital as a place to eat, study, and visit others. This describes the aspect of ______________ adjustment, which refers to the ability to fit in and execute appropriate and effective interactions in a new cultural environment.

sociocultural

Ellie decided to do some research on orangutans. She spent six months abroad, consulting with scientists at the Nairobi Zoo in Kenya. Because she knew her intercultural communication terms, when asked by Kenyans who she was, she replied, "My name is Ellie and I am a(n)

sojourner

A(n) ____________ is defined as a group of individuals who share a common set of norms and rules regarding appropriate communication practices.

speech community.

When three individuals in the United States commit a hate crime against a person due to that person's sexual orientation, they are engaging in what kind of discrimination?

Small-group

Placing importance on conceptual models or theories and then moving to specific points or conclusions.

Deductive reasoning

When Frankie talks to her roommate, she speaks in a matter-of-fact tone and states her message clearly. What kind of verbal style does this reflect?

Direct

Verbal and nonverbal actions that carry out prejudiced attitudes.

Discrimination

Which of the following "communicative distances" do the owner's comments about the controversy being "ridiculous" reflect?

Distance of disparagement

Hadiya has been walking down the street and been the recipient of racist jokes and hate-filled remarks. She is the victim of what degree of ethnocentrism?

Distance of disparagement.

Use of effusive metaphors, stories, and a wide range of flowery adjectives to reinforce a point.

Dramatic spiral reasoning

Els is a study abroad student from the United States studying in China. When she encounters an awkward or confusing situation with a Chinese individual, she tries to imaginatively place herself in the other's shoes, considering what the other individual is experiencing, both intellectually and emotionally. Else is practicing which aspect of communication competence?

Cross-cultural empathy

Knowing that it is appropriate to display disgust or anger in public in Thai culture.

Cultural display rule

Differences between the home culture and the new culture in such factors as cultural values, language, verbal styles and nonverbal gestures, as well as in religious and economic systems.

Cultural distance

A stressful transitional period when individuals move from a familiar environment into an unfamiliar one.

Culture shock

Placing importance on facts and evidence to make a claim.

Inductive reasoning

How something is said and not what is said describes what aspect of nonverbal communication?

Paralanguage

Nonword sounds and characteristics of speech.

Paralanguage

Picking out cues from one's cultural landscapes, having learned to pay close attention to the cues that are valuable in one's culture.

Selection

Remembering one's failures more and attributing those failures to one's lack of ability.

Self-effacement bias

Where are these served as typical breakfasts? Warm or cold soybean milk served with a variety of 1.condiments, including dried pork or shrimp, preserved cabbage, scallions, soy sauce, and vinegar topped with deep fried breadsticks. 2.Rice with sambar (lentils, spice, and vegetables), fish and rice stew, a yogurt salad, and tropical fruit. 3.Soft boiled eggs, cereal, cheese, spreadable liver sausage, ham or other cold cuts, rolls, and mixed (a) Germany (b) India (c) Northern China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong

1. (c) Northern China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong 2. (b) India 3. (a) Germany

Can you name the top three college majors of international students studying in the United States?

1. Business and Management 2. Engineering 3. Physical and Life Sciences

Can you name the top three countries with the most native Spanish-language speakers?

1. Mexico 2. the United States 3. Spain

Can you name the top three college majors of U.S. students studying abroad?

1. Social Sciences 2. Business and Management 3. Humanities

Can you name the three countries with the most native English-language speakers?

1. the United States 2. the United Kingdom 3. Canada

Can you name the top three countries of origin of visitors to the United States?

1.Canada 2.Mexico 3.the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales)

Can you name the top three countries of origin of international students to the United States?

1.China 2.India 3.South Korea

Can you name the top three worldwide tourist destinations?

1.France 2.United States 3.Spain

Can you name the top three tourism cities in the United States?

1.New York City 2.Miami 3.Los Angles

Can you name the top three study abroad locations for U.S. college students?

1.the United Kingdom 2. Italy 3. Spain

The features of meaning we attach to words, including denotative and connotative meanings.

Semantics or semantic rules

A(n) _________ worldview emphasizes rational thinking that is based on an objective reality.

linear

In U.S. culture, the intimate zone is approximately __________ in distance and is reserved for ________________.

0-18 inches; closest friends and family.

A cultural community that uses talk to "break the ice" and reserves silence for their most intimate relationships is most likely to use _______________ communication.

low-context

U.S. individuals tend to use ___________ while Japanese individuals tend to use _________.

low-context communication; high-context communication.

The feature that allows humans to engage in hypothetical thinking.

Abstractness

Your personal habit of covering your mouth when you yawn.

Adaptor

In the final paragraph, Desi describes her feelings and thoughts upon returning to school. According to the description of three types of returnees in Chapter 5, what type of returnee does Desi seem to be?

Alienator

Experience grief, nostalgia, pride, relief, and sorrow that they are going home.

Ambivalence

Reflected by the fact that the words strung together have no innate meaning.

Arbitrariness

Ornaments or adornments that we use to communicate just by wearing.

Artifacts

____________ are ornaments or adornments that we use to communicate just by wearing.

Artifacts

The explanation for, or the meaning of, why people behave as they do.

Attribution

The "thumbs up" sign without saying words.

Emblem

Which of the following is an example of a socioemotional goal for a sojourner in a foreign country?

Establishing a friendship with a member of the foreign country.

Considering the views and standards of one's own ingroup as much more important than any outgroup's.

Ethnocentrism

_______________ derives from two Greek words, meaning "one's own ethnic or cultural group" and "one's group should be looked upon as the center of the world."

Ethnocentrism

The notion that language functions to emphasize what is considered "important" or "interesting" in our social environment is a description of which function of language?

Everyday social reality function.

Artifacts can place a person in a particular status or class.

False

Elmira has spend the first two weeks of her study-abroad experience really enjoying herself, so she will not experience culture shock.

False

Inductive reasoning reflects a linear worldview and deductive reasoning reflects a relational worldview.

False

Many hand gestures, such as the gesture for "okay," are performed the same way across cultures.

False

Sojourners who have realistic expectations tend to have a more negative culture shock experience.

False

The linguistic relativity hypothesis states that language is relative, or arbitrary, and is not linked to culture.

False

The revised W-Shaped Adjustment Model describes the long-term adaptation process of immigrants and refugees.

False

The syntactic rules of a language refer to "how to say what to whom and under what conditions."

False

Attributing one's positive events to positive dispositional factors and creating derogatory explanations for out-group successes. ("I received an A on the exam because I'm smart but those people received As and they must have cheated.")

Favorable self-bias and other-derogation principle

Overestimating negative personality factors in explaining a stranger's negative event and underestimating situational factors. ("That stranger got in a car crash. He must have been drunk; it couldn't have had anything to do with the slippery roads or that the light wasn't working.")

Fundamental attribution error

When a minority coworker was laid off, Hakeem decided that it was much more likely due to the coworker's "laziness" and not the fact that there had been a significant drop in customer orders. Hakeem is engaging in which attribution error?

Fundamental attribution error

Study of the perceptions and meanings of touch behavior.

Haptics

"Don't say anything that will hurt the other's feelings."

High context communication

With regard to haptics, to what kind of culture does the woman belong?

High-contact

Are excited about their new cultural environment, where everything appears fresh and exhilarating.

Honeymoon

According to the revised W-Shaped Adjustment Model, in which stage might sojourners become very aggressive in the new culture, or totally withdraw from it?

Hostility

Experience major emotional upheavals and major loss of self-esteem and self-confidence.

Hostility

Start to realize that there are pros and cons in each culture, and they learn to laugh at their cultural faux pas.

Humorous

As a sojourner, Ernest has begun making new friends and has spent enough time in the new culture to realize that there are pros and cons in each culture. He is experiencing which stage of the revised W-shaped adjustment model?

Humorous.

As you tell a hairstylist that you want only one inch of your hair cut, using your fingers to show a space of one inch.

Illustrator

Positive attachment to and predisposition for norms and behaviors that are related to one's group.

In-group favoritism principle

Feel "at home" and experience identity security and inclusion, and can now "make sense" of the "bizarre" local customs and behaviors.

In-sync adjustment

In the third paragraph, Desi felt like she blended in with all the staff at the hospital and was comfortable at the hospital. In what stage of the W-Shaped Adjustment Model was she operating?

In-sync adjustment

Which of the following types of discrimination does the scenario reflect?

Indirect institutional

Goals such as fulfilling a business assignment or getting study abroad credits in college.

Instrumental goals

The short-term and medium-term adaptive process of sojourners in their overseas assignments.

Intercultural adjustment

Attaching meaning to the data that we have received and grouped into a pattern; also known as expectations.

Interpretation

An arbitrary symbolic system that labels and categorizes feelings, experiences, ideas, objects, and many other phenomena.

Language

Use this quiz to assess your cultural literacy of one set of cultural display rules: emoticons. Can you identify the following emoticons? 1.:-D 2. :-[ 3. :-/

Laughing Angry Skeptical

"Say what you mean; mean what you say."

Low context communication

With regard to haptics, to what kind of culture does the man belong?

Low-contact

How combinations of different sounds make up a meaningful word or parts of a word.

Morphology or morphological rules

Communicating without words through multiple communication channels.

Nonverbal communication

Guided by our culture and the language we speak, grouping our perceptions into similar objects and labeling them with a symbol or name.

Organization

The process of selecting cues from the environment, organizing them into a clear pattern and labeling that pattern, and then interpreting that pattern.

Perception

Chapter 8 gave some examples of racism. Which type of racism does this scenario reflect?

Perpetuating stereotypic images.

The accepted procedures for combining the basic sound units of a language.

Phonology or phonological rules

"How to say what to whom and under what situational conditions."

Pragmatics or pragmatic rules

Describes an individual's feelings and predispositions toward outgroup members in a pejorative or negative direction.

Prejudice

To place more emphasis on negative information concerning out-group members.

Principle of negativity

Study of space between persons, physical contact, and the inner anxiety we have when people violate our space.

Proxemics

Feelings of well-being and satisfaction during cross-cultural transitions.

Psychological adjustment

Feelings of superiority based on biological or racial differences, or both, along with strong in-group preferences and rejection of out-groups that are different in custom or belief.

Racism

Face an unexpected jolt, due to its unanticipated nature. Its impact is usually much more severe, and they usually feel more depressed and stressed than during entry culture shock.

Reentry culture shock

When Desi first returned to school after her brother's accident, what stage of the W-Shaped Adjustment Model was she in?

Reentry culture shock

Nodding your head rapidly to speed up a speaker during a conversation.

Regulator

Emphasizes rational or analytical thinking based on an objective reality. Includes inductive and deductive reasoning patterns.

Relational worldview

Emphasizes the importance of relational loyalty, extended family connections, ingrou dignity and honor. Includes dramatic spiral reasoning and understated spiral reasoning patterns.

Relational worldview

May quietly assimilate themselves back to their old roles and behaviors, while others never fit back into their home cultures, and others act as agents of change in their home cultures.

Resocialization

Takes into account the reentry and resocialization stages.

Revised W-shaped adjustment model

Refers to how words are sequenced together in accordance with grammatical practices of a linguistic community.

Syntactics or syntactic rules

Felicia uses incorrect grammatical structure when she refers to a boy's sailor suit by saying "Handsome outfit, that." She is violating which rule of language?

Syntactics.

Use this quiz to learn about the "being," "doing," and "being-in-doing" value orientations. Which value orientation does the phrase, "I prefer to enjoy life with my full five senses present in each waking moment" represent?

This preference reflects a "being" value orientation.

Use this quiz to learn about the "being," "doing," and "being-in-doing" value orientations. Which value orientation does the phrase, "I feel useless if I am not doing something constructive every day" represent?

This preference reflects a "doing" value orientation.

Black English (Ebonics) is a distinctive language that is governed by rules with specific historical derivations.

True

Individuals going through reentry culture shock may feel more severe emotions than when they experienced the hostility stage of the revised W-Shaped Adjustment Model.

True

More than half of a message is inferred through nonverbal channels.

True

Oculesics is the study of eye contact behavior.

True

Sometimes there are returnees who never quite fit back into their home culture. These are called "alienators" and they often seek out more sojourner experiences.

True

The self-enhancement verbal style involves drawing attention to one's credentials, accomplishments and abilities.

True

You may feel negative feelings if someone touches you when you don't know them well, because it violates unspoken rules regarding haptics.

True

3 stages: initial adjustment, crisis, and regained adjustment.

U-curve adjustment model

Use this quiz to learn about the social change function of language. Can you picture in your mind what a "fireman" or a "mailman" looks like? If so, what gender do you picture them to be?

You most likely pictured a male fireman and a male mailman. Research has demonstrated that using a masculine word to refer to both genders influences receivers to think of male images, not female.

Francis has decided to write a history of his family's immigration to England. Because language is _____________, he can write about the past.

abstract

When Farrell, who is from Georgia, pronounces the word "father," it sounds noticeably different from Frank, who is from Boston. This describes the language feature of a(n) ____________.

accent

When Gabrielle typed "I NEED TO GO ON VACATION NOW!" in a letter that was mostly written in conventional uppercase and lowercase typing, Gabrielle was using capital letters to ________ that part of the verbal message.

accent

As Gemma participates in her study group meeting, she uses her hands to play with her pencil, which indicates the use of nonverbal behavior as a(n) ____________.

adaptor

In the ABCs of culture shock, "A" stands for the _________ dimension of disorientation, which includes feelings of anxiety, bewilderment, and confusion.

affective

When Desi first learned of her brother's accident, she describes her feelings as "tears, fear, and shock." According to the ABC's of culture shock, she is describing the ____________ dimension of disorientation, which includes feelings of anxiety, bewilderment, and confusion.

affective

Gigi's beaded necklace and Grant's ankle bracelet are examples of __________.

artifacts

You have two hours to prepare for an examination for one class and an oral report that you and several fellow students will present in another class. The exam score is your own; the oral report earns a group grade. Both are worth 25 percent of your grade in each class. In the two hours, you can only do one well. You prepare for the group report—don't let down your team members.What value pattern are you reflecting?

collectivistic value pattern

The word "hit" has many definitions, but when Fatima hears the word used with regard to musical hits, it brings many good thoughts and feelings due to her experiences with listening to music. This illustrates the __________ meaning of a word.

connotative

Nonverbal cues can __________ the verbal message; this is a form of leakage, or hiding how we really feel.

contradict

Desi's U.S. school experience and her U.S. hospital experience indicate that one can still experience culture shock even though _______________ factors, such as language and values, are very small.

cultural distance

Elaine travels from the United States to study abroad in Canada. She notices that her culture-shock experience does not involve very intense experiences with negative feelings. This is due to the fact that there is not a great difference in ____________ factors such as language, cultural values, verbal styles, and nonverbal gestures between the two countries.

cultural distance

Ephraim was excited at first about his study abroad trip to the United States. After he arrived, he was surprised to find out that he had periods of loneliness and disorientation. What Ephraim should know is that he is in the process of

culture shock

The word "rap" has as one of its dictionary definitions, "to tap or knock." It also describes a particular music style. These two dictionary definitions illustrate that words have ______________ meanings.

denotative

Hajna believes that her native Hungarian customs, beliefs, and ways of doing things are superior to other cultures. Hajna is engaging in ________________.

ethnocentrism

You have two hours to prepare for an examination for one class and an oral report that you and several fellow students will present in another class. The exam score is your own; the oral report earns a group grade. Both are worth 25 percent of your grade in each class. In the two hours, you can only do one well. You study hard for the exam—it reflects your individual achievement. What value pattern are you reflecting?

individualistic value pattern