EXAM 2
Many plants have developed complicated defenses to protect themselves against __________.
herbivory
Green Revolution techniques ________.
have increased crop yields but may not be sustainable
If the farmers hope to reduce total infiltration rates to less than 400 seconds, which of the following strategies could help them reach their goal, based on these data? Select all that apply.
-No-till corn with cover crop -no-till corn, no cover crop -corn silage with cover crop and fall tillage
In which period did the number of species increase most rapidly?
0 to 20 years
In 2016, the population of the United States was approximately 325 million people, with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.7%. If the population of the United States were to continue to grow at this rate, what would be the approximate population size of the United States in the year 2216?
1.3 billion
How is energy transferred from one trophic level to the next? Select all that apply.
1.parasitism 2.herbivory 3.predation
If the area contaminated with heavy metals contained 10,000 kg of soil, after 5 years of phytoremediation one would expect alpine penny-cress to have removed:
10 kg zinc
Of all the crops included in the study, cotton ranks lowest in the percent of acres planted using conservation tillage. However, when looking at the gain over time, the data seem more promising. Based on the graph, what was the approximate increase in cotton planted using conservation tillage between 2003 and 2015?
10 percentage points
According to the graph with the logarithmic scale, after 200 generations the population had
1000 individuals.
In which year was the density of birds greatest?
105
After 20 years, what was the total number of bird species?
14
If plants continue to remove zinc at the rate shown, it would take _____ years to remove all the zinc.
15 years
Prior to phytoremediation the concentration of Cd in the soil was:
19 mg/kg soil
The annual global growth rate of the human population peaked in the ________ and has been declining ever since.
1960s
The world population growth peaked at ________% in the 1960s.
2.1
After 1 year of phytoremediation, alpine penny-cress removed ____ mg/kg soil of zinc.
200
Compare the world population index for 1960 to the world population index for 2000. Then express the world population in 2000 as a percentage of world population in 1960.
200%
At the point of peak consumption, how many barrels of MTBE were consumed in the United States?
300,000 barrels per day
A farmer in South Dakota plans to switch from corn silage with no cover crop and fall tillage to no-till corn with cover crop. Based on the outcomes in this study, by how many seconds might the farmer expect to eventually improve the total water infiltration time within the upper 2.28" of soil on his or her cropland?
312 seconds
If a country has a growth rate of 2%, how long will it take to double its population?
35 years
According to the scenario, if the United States continues to lose wetlands at current rates, in approximately what year would the country run out of wetlands?
3800
The figure illustrates that it requires roughly ________ times more feed input to produce 1 kg of eggs than 1 kg of milk.
4
Suppose that a system has 5000 grasshoppers. How many hawks would be expected?
50
How much lead was emitted in 1970 from nontransportation sources?
50,000 tons
Due to the PSA and other conservation efforts, forest cover within Costa Rica has recovered since 1983 to cover how much land today?
53%
Now compare fertilizer use in 1960 to fertilizer use in 2000. Express the year 2000 N fertilizer use as a percentage of N fertilizer use in 1960.
667%
There are approximately ________ people on Earth.
7.4 billion
What percentage of households in 2000 had 3 or fewer people?
74.9%
Globally, approximately how many people are undernourished?
800 million
If global fertility rates remain at 2008 levels, the United Nations predicts that world population will surpass ________ billion in 2050.
9
According to the graph with the linear scale, the population reached 8 billion individuals after approximately _____ generations.
900
What is the best estimate of the total yearly precipitation in the region represented by this graph?
900 mm
Which of the following is true?
A driver is exposed to more air pollution when commuting on a warm day than a cold day.
If current manufacturing, consumption, and energy use trends continue, an increase in global population with time will likely result in:
A higher GDP and higher environmental costs.
Countries with a high percentage of their population under the age of 15 have a potentially greater future population growth rate. Which of these is the most likely reason for this?
A large proportion of the population are in their pre-reproductive years and are yet to have children.
Which of the following would be most beneficial for the environment?
A long economic recession
Which of the following best illustrates the tragedy of the commons?
A nonprofit organization does a winter clothing drive, and the first people to show up to get winter clothing grab far more than they need, leaving nothing for the families that show up a few minutes later.
According to this study, which of the following is most likely?
A person who commutes by car in a large city will have more oxidative stress than a comparable person who does not commute.
Part complete What will occur if the demand for a product increases but the supply of that product remains the same?
A shortage of the product will cause the price of the product to increase.
You are an ecologist and wish to expand on this study by introducing a snail that meets different criteria than those already used. Which of the following should you include?
A snail species introduced deliberately to the waters near Washington.
The United States government commits to preserving the environment. Which of the following would likely push Earth Overshoot Day to the latest day of the year?
A strong commitment to reducing carbon output.
If this research proves correct, in the future crops could be given a probiotic to do what in order to use phosphate more effectively?
Activate PHR1 and PHL1
Which of the following would lead to a GPI value closer to the GDP value for any given year?
Adopting manufacturing processes with lower energy and resource use
In which country is the dependency ratio most likely NOT a significant economic concern?
Albania
Imagine a square meter of leafy forest soil underneath an oak or maple tree. Which of the following is likely to exist within this patch of soil?
All of the listed responses would be expected to occur within this patch of soil.
Comparing the graphs with the linear and logarithmic scales at 400 generations shows that:
Although you cannot read the exact value from the linear-scale graph, the population size is the same, just shown with different scales.
Which of the following is true?
An increase in oxidative stress causes an increased risk of some diseases.
Which of the following physical features is most commonly associated with the greatest number of days with heavy fog?
Appalachian Mountains
You study corn and find it shows the same response as Arabidopsis plants. Which of the following did you observe?
As less phosphate is available, corn shows a decreased immune response.
Scientists use a process known as the scientific method to conduct their research. There are various versions of this process, but they all have similar basic steps as indicated in the flow chart below. Torres-Porras took all of the steps in the flow chart after he observed differences between red deer populations in fenced and unfenced estates. Drag the description from the Torres-Porras experiment on to the position it represents in the scientific method.
Ask Question: Does the toc influence...Do background: Learn more about toc...Construct hypothesis: the toc is influencing...Develop predictions: Male red deer in fenced...Test:Collect demographic dataAnalyze results: Analyze the data to see if male redHypothesis supported: The results show deer are older with longer antlershypothesis rejected: The results show deer are NOT older with longer antlersReport results: Publish a paperMake Observation: populations of red deer do not all seem to be the same
The Payment for Environmental Services (PSA) program in Costa Rica collects payments from the beneficiaries of ecosystem services and pays landowners to:
Begin reforestation projects.
What occurs during the final stage, the postindustrial stage, of the demographic transition model?
Both the birth rate and the death rate continue along at very low levels. Population sizes stabilize or decline slightly.
What federal legislation passed in 1980 regulates the cleanup of hazardous waste sites?
CERCLA
Which statement best explains how emissions of developing BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) compare to those of wealthy developed countries?
CO2 and SO2 emissions by Russia and South Africa are roughly on a par with those of countries like Canada, Germany, and Japan.
Which two statements are supported by the graph?
Cambodia and Guatemala have similar fertility rates but differ in their secondary school enrollment rates. Increasing female secondary school enrollment is strongly associated with reduced fertility rates.
Because of the success of China's population control programs, ________.
China's population growth rate is much lower than it was in the 1970s
Which of the following is currently true?
Coal and oil both produce more global tons of carbon dioxide than natural gas.
Suppose you are a farmer worried about biodiversity loss. You are especially concerned with the reductions in the diversity of bees, which are essential pollinators for many agricultural crops. Although most of your land is used to grow maize, you want your land to support a diversity of bees for pollination. Using the information from the graph, which of the following would be the most effective strategy for supporting high bee diversity?
Consider converting from maize to switchgrass and adding strips of prairie.
In order for this endeavor to be successful many things need to occur, including which of the following?
Consumers must want to eat a lot of white breast meat.
If trends continue, which of the following will be true?
Conversion events will increase and become more dangerous.
The way it is currently used, phosphate is a component of which of the following?
Fertilizers
Which of the following is likely the best way to decrease the number of zoonotic diseases spreading to humans?
Decrease industrial production of animals for food.
Steven Herman describes the results of grazing on public lands as a "landscape holocaust." Which of the following conditions does he attribute to grazing?
Desertification of formerly productive ecosystems
Both authors discuss potential development of private Western lands adjacent to public land. Knight argues that public grazing prevents subdivision. Herman would
Disagree. Subdivision will happen regardless of whether we allow public lands grazing. As the value of private land increases, it will be sold.
Based on previous success, where should the Cucapá focus their conservation efforts to best make use of the tides?
Dredge the riverbed.
Which statement about food production since 1960 is true?
During this time our food production has grown even faster than our population.
In which part of Europe are rates of natural increase the lowest?
Eastern Europe
Which of the following would likely work best to decrease fossil fuel use in the U.S.?
End production subsidies and consumption subsidies.
For both France and the United Kingdom, most international immigrants in 2015 originated from which region?
Europe
According to this research, which of the following is true for Arabidopsis plants?
Even in a phosphate-rich environment, microbes can entice plants to turn on the phosphate stress response.
Land Cover is a generic term for the physical material at the surface of the Earth. It can include both natural features, such as various vegetation types, as well as anthropogenic features, such as urban areas. Select Land Cover and Average Annual Precipitation, then select Split map window. Which of the following vegetation types is often associated with the highest average annual precipitation range?
Evergreen forest
You are the assistant manager of a chicken farm in Iowa. Which of the following would be the best way to convince your boss to only raise Cobb 500s?
Explain that they grow quickly
Which of the following can be inferred from the figure?
For countries in which >50% of females attend secondary school, there is no relationship between TFR and the education of women.
How do economists assess (calculate) the economic health of a nation?
Gross Domestic Product
Which of the following areas in Central America has a high population density and areas of serious concern for soil erosion?
Guatemala
Demographers predict that global population will continue to increase. As population increases, which of the following statements represents future agricultural changes for maintaining an adequate food supply?
Higher food production per unit of agricultural land
What was the overall trend in household size from 1970 to 2000?
Household size decreased.
If current trends continue, with parents in the U.S. choosing to have fewer children on average (for example, 1 or 2 children versus 3 or more), how will future household sizes be affected?
Households of 3 and 4 people will increase and households with more than 5 people will decrease.
Earth Overshoot Day is determined by the estimate of which of the following?
How long it takes humanity to use one year's worth of resources.
n North America, which of the following climate zones fall within areas that primarily average between 40 and 59 inches of precipitation annually or higher?
Humid subtropical, moist all year, hot summer (Cfa)
IPAT stands for ________.
Impact, Population, Affluence, and Technology
Examine what the model shows about how the landscape surrounding a crop impacts the predation of pest eggs. Suppose you are a farmer struggling with aphids that feast on your crops. You identify a predator that eats the eggs of the aphids. Based on this research, what step might you consider taking in order to reduce the extent of damage from aphids on your crops?
Increase the proportion of grass in the landscape surrounding your crop.
Between 1972 and 1992, GDP increased by approximately 2 trillion dollars. In comparison, GPI:
Increased only slightly.
Due to many states' recent bans on MTBE, the use of ethanol in gasoline is increasing. What are some potential outcomes of the shift to ethanol?
Increased water pollution from fertilizers and pesticidesq
To improve on conservation efforts for gorillas and people, which of the following needs the most support, as they were left out of all other efforts?
Indigenous Batwa
You apply this study to land snails and the results are similar. Which of the following occurred?
Invasive snail species fled in the presence of a single predator.
This study demonstrates which of the following?
Invasive snails are more wary of unknown predators than native snails.
Which of the following was a positive environmental aspect of the Flavr Savr tomato?
It is grown using less chemicals because it is less likely to rot.
If trends continue, which of the following will happen to Earth Overshoot Day?
It will move to earlier in the year.
Which two months have the highest average temperature?
July and August
In three years, global leaders meet to amend the Paris Climate Agreement, producing an agreement that is less effective than Paris. Which of the following do they agree on?
Limit the increase in average global temperature to 2.5 degrees Celsius.
Assume that the GDP and benefits for 2012 are the same as GDP and benefits for 2002. If the 2012 environmental costs increase by 100% but the social and economic costs decrease by 50%, the new GPI for 2012 would be:
Lower than the GPI in 2002.
Just as rainfall and snowfall are important factors influencing the distribution of vegetation, the lack of rainfall is also an important factor. Select Peak Drought Record, 2016 (U.S), replacing Average Annual Snowfall (North America). In 2016, which North American biome experienced D4 Drought-Exceptional, the most severe drought category, throughout most of its extent?
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
Which of the following is likely to get the most water from the Colorado river allotment as it is currently written?
Mexican farmers
A biome is a large, naturally occurring community of flora and fauna. Biomes are typically defined based upon the dominant vegetation type that have formed in response to shared climate characteristics. Remove Global Mean Temperature, January. Select Biomes and select Split map window. Zoom to sub-Saharan Africa and Change projection to Mollweide. Show Physical Labels. In the Ethiopian Highlands of East Africa, the climate zone of humid subtropical winters and dry, hot-to-warm summers is primarily associated with which of the following biomes?
Montane grasslands and shrublands
Compare the GNI per capita, HDI, and gender maps and determine the relationship among these indicators for the world regions.
Most of the countries in Latin America have high to very high HDI but the percentage of adult females with only a primary education is quite high.
What are the economic characteristics of former colonies?
Most of the former colonies of the United Kingdom and France have incomes that fall below $5,000 with a very high aid dependency.
A country-wide outbreak of African swine fever happens in China. Which of the following is most likely?
Mostly small pork farms will go out of business.
According to this study, which of the following is most likely true when it comes to marine snails?
Native snail species use more sources of information to determine potential threats from predators than invasive snail species.
How does Sars-CoV-2 differ from the most deadly strains of flu?
Neither is the intermediate nor wild host is avian
If you were traveling in a straight line, between which of these cities would you experience the least elevation change during the length of the entire journey?
New Orleans and Winnipeg (Manitoba)
Which of the following is true about the effect of the dependency ratio for these countries?
Niger with the highest dependency ratio in the world, would have to devote a lot of resources to cater for the younger population, more so than the aged.
Based on the map, which area appears to have the lowest population density?
Northern United Kingdom
Which statement below is true about the global distribution of gross national income per capita?
Norway has the highest income and Burundi records the lowest income per capita.
Consider all the economic and social indicators. Should these trends continue over the next 25 years, what effect would this have on the socio-economic conditions of various countries in the world?
Norway may be the richest nation, but may not have the highest life expectancy.
A higher proportion of net migration and a lower percentage of refugees may suggest that people are immigrating into a country for mainly economic reasons. Which of these group of countries have a high positive net migration rate (at least 5 people per 1,000) but a lower number of refugees (below 100,000 people)?
Norway, Spain, United Arab Emirates
Torres-Porras supported his hypothesis that the tragedy of the commons is influencing populations of red deer. His results showed the predicted demographic differences between the fenced and unfenced populations of red deer. Recall that underlying his hypothesis is the assumption that hunter behavior differs between fenced and unfenced estates. Differences in hunting behavior would affect red deer population demographics. If Torres-Porras could show evidence that hunters do behave differently in fenced estates versus unfenced states, that would provide further support for his hypothesis that the tragedy of the commons is influencing the populations. Suppose that Torres-Porras decides to perform a second study where he will survey hunters to assess their behavior. He wrote 8 survey questions, but he wants you to select the 4 best questions. (The survey should be short so that hunters will be more likely to take it.) Select the 4 best questions to include in the survey. Be sure to avoid:Questions that are not strongly related to the predictions or hypothesisQuestions that are complex or confusingQuestions that directly ask participants about the hypothesisQuestions with biased language
On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very unlikely and 10 is very likely, how likely are you to harvest a female deer when you encounter one?( harvest female deer)On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very unlikely and 10 is very likely, how likely are you to harvest a male deer with short antlers when you encounter one? (harvest male deer, short antlers)On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very little control and 10 is a great deal of control, how much control do you feel you have over the population of deer where you hunt? (control over population of deer)On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very unlikely and 10 is very likely, how likely are you to harvest a male deer with long antlers when you encounter one? (male with long antlers)
You are at the grocery store deciding which pasta to purchase. Which of the following labels on pasta is the most highly regulated and enforced?
Organic
Which of the following statements best describes the implications of household size for energy consumption and land use and development?
Overall energy and land use will depend on the type and density of housing developments in an area.
How does predation differ from parasitism?
Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey.
Given these results, what is the best hunting regulation the government could enact in order to increase the harvest of male red deer with long antlers in unfenced populations?
Pass a law that restricts harvesting young male deer
As forest cover has been rising due to the PSA, how has per capita income responded?
Per capita income increased.
Suppose you are a farmer who is considering how to best manage an area of marginal cropland for both biofuel production and biodiversity. Based on the data above, which of the following approaches would likely support the highest diversity of organisms, ranging from plants to vertebrates?
Plant a mix of perennial grasslands, including prairie and switchgrass.
Pollution changes the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) How does this occur?
Pollution changes the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) How does this occur?
Which of the following statements is correct about the population distribution of South America?
Population densities in Brazil are highest along the coasts, especially along the southeastern coast.
The population policies of most nations are based on the Cornucopian view held by many economists. Under what idea do these policies operate?
Population growth is not a problem as long as resources can be replaced when depleted.
When an agrarian economy transitions to an industrial economy, what effect does it have on the population?
Population growth rate slows.
What is the name given to the idea that we should not market genetically modified organisms until their environmental and human health effects are well documented?
Precautionary principle
What is the best description of the pattern of precipitation shown by this graph?
Precipitation is greatest in the spring and summer.
_______ capture solar energy and use photosynthesis to produce sugars.
Producers
Which of the following is the main concern of neoclassical economics?
Production
Which of the following would likely do the most to reduce carbon emissions over time?
Prohibit big businesses from donating to political campaigns.
In 1962 environmental costs amounted to approximately 1 trillion dollars. By 2002 environmental costs had:
Quadrupled
Of the following cities, which receives the most snowfall and has the highest overall average annual precipitation?
Québec, QC
Of the following, which provides the most complete picture of whether a population of humans grows, shrinks, or remains stable?
Rates of birth, death, immigration, and emigration
A slaughterhouse owned by Tyson Foods wishes to increase the amount of moist, soft, light pork they are packing. Which of the following should they do?
Reduce the stress the hogs are in when they arrive at the packing plant.
Who signed the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)?
Richard Nixon
Which large country is currently experiencing zero or even negative population growth?
Russia
Wetlands in the United States ________.
have decreased due to human development
Which of the following best describes the human population from early times to the present?
Slow, uneven growth until the 1800s, then increasingly rapid growth
Rainfall is the only form of precipitation that may influence biogeographic distributions. Snowfall may also be an important ecological factor. Reset your map. Select Biomes and Average Annual Snowfall (North America), then Select Split map window. Zoom to North America and Change projection to Albers (North America). Which of the following accurately describes average annual snowfall and biome distribution in North America?
Some areas of the boreal forests/taiga receive the highest amounts of annual snowfall among the North American biomes.
What is the pattern of infant and maternal mortality rates and how do these two indicators compare with life expectancy for these countries and regions?
Some countries with the highest maternal mortality and infant mortality rates include Afghanistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Sudan.
Assuming they all consume the same amount of calories, which of the following people is responsible for the least amount of greenhouse gases from their diet?
Someone who does not eat any animals or animal products at all.
Climate determines the type and nature of the vegetation of North America. It also affects human settlement patterns and the length of growing seasons. Select Average Annual Precipitation and Split map window. Show Political Labels. Precipitation between 30-60 inches and a subtropical climate that is wet all year round are prerequisites for a long growing season. Which of these states are likely to have a longer growing season than other states?
South Carolina
Assuming both birth and death rates remain constant over the next 25 years, which region is most likely to experience one of the highest population growth rates?
Southwest Asia and North Africa
Consider the current proportion of urban populations in the various world regions. Assuming urbanization rates continue, which region is likely to experience most of the future urbanization, and why?
Sub-Saharan Africa, because even though urbanization is lower, it has the highest urbanization rate.
Which kind of development would be promoted if a government worked on finding a balance between economic security, environmental protection, and social equity?
Sustainable
________ involves meeting the needs of the present without sacrificing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable development
What does the T stand for in the IPAT model?
Technology.
What type of biome has been converted most frequently by humans for agricultural use?
Temperate grassland
A young Cucapá woman is interested in learning her people's history. What will she discover when it comes to why they have so little water?
The Cucapá were never consulted regarding the allotment.
If trends continue, which of the following is most likely?
The Cucapá will have to find a new food source as sea bass are declining.
How does the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) differ from the GPI (Genuine Progress Indicator)?
The GPI takes into account externalities (both good and bad) and other nonmarket values, while the GDP does not.
The Payment for Environmental Services Act (PSA) was designed to protect forests and their services. How did Costa Rica fund the PSA?
The PSA was funded mostly through taxes on industries that benefited most from the program.
Which of the following organizations is described accurately?
The World Trade Organization has recently acquired the ability to impose fines on nations that trade unfairly. These actions can then have effects that worsen or improve the environment.
The climax, or final stage, of old-field succession is an oak-hickory forest, which is usually well established after 160 years. What happens to the diversity of bird species after 160 years?
The answer cannot be determined from this graph.
What is meant by "family planning"?
The effort to plan the number and spacing of one's children
Richard Knight describes the public and private land in the West. Which statement represents one aspect of this landscape?
The families that hold Bureau of Land Management and US Forest Service grazing permits also own more than 100 million acres of private land.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the average number of annual hail storms in the U.S. and thunderstorm occurrence?
The greatest number of annual hail events occurs in northeastern Colorado, though this area has between 51 and 60 thunderstorms a year.
You purchase a carton of certified organic eggs. Which of the following is guaranteed by that label?
The hens were not given antibiotics.
Which of the following is true regarding the Non-GMO Project label?
The label is left to the decision of the company that made the product.
Suppose that the initial population was 10, but the growth rate was 5% (instead of 2.3%). How would the linear-scale graph differ?
The linear graph would show rapid population growth beginning at an earlier generation.
Which statement is true about the pros and cons of representing data on the two graph scales?
The linear-scale graph clarifies the timing of rapid population growth while the logarithmic-scale graph simplifies identifying actual population sizes as a population goes from quite small to quite large.
Suppose that the initial population was 10, but the growth rate was 5% (instead of 2.3%). How would the logarithmic-scale graph differ?
The logarithmic graph line would have a greater slope than the graph shown.
You are assigned to study car exhaust. Which of the following can you expect to find?
The makeup of exhaust changes quickly during a commute.
An ideal valuation model achieves the following:
The model output incorporates both ecosystem-service values and aesthetic and cultural values.
If trends of the last 20 years continue, which of the following will happen?
The mountain gorilla population will slowly increase.
Assuming trends continue, which of the following will occur?
The number of people in the middle class will increase in China and pork consumption will also increase.
Which of the following statements best describes the bird populations during the period from 100 to 160 years?
The number of species slowly increased, while the number of breeding pairs reached a peak and then slowly declined.
The colors of the bars on the graphs indicate the life stage of the people in that age class. What does it mean if a bar is colored red?
The people in that age class are past reproductive age.
When an increase in the population of prey occurs, which of the following usually occurs in the population of its predator?
The population of the predator increases.
Explain the pattern or distribution of acid rain and water resource vulnerability in the United States from the previous two maps in Part D.
The presence of acid rain on the East Coast may be due to the existence of many industrial plants.
Assuming that current trends continue, predict how the age structure of the Netherlands in 2034 will likely differ from that in 2014
The proportion of the population made up of older adults (65+) will increase.
Which of the following contributed to the Dust Bowl of the 1930s?
The removal of native prairie plants
The period in a woman's life between sexual maturity and menopause is known as what?
The reproductive window
You wish to study the symbiotic relationship between certain bacteria and plants related to phosphate availability. Which of the following would be best for you to study?
The soil/root interface
Due to differences in terrain, latitudinal range and the vastness of the North American region, its climate and vegetation are very diverse. Reset the map. Select Climate Zones. Change Projection to Albers (North America), then select Show Political Labels. Which of these descriptions best fits the climate of North America?
The southeastern portion of North America is moist all year round with a subtropical climate.
Which of the following is an example of the use of a biological control?
The use of the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, in the 1920s to control the invasive prickly pear cactus that was overrunning rangeland in Australia.
You visit a traditional Tanzanian village while on a service trip. Which of the following is most likely?
The village residents keep chickens from their eggs
Which of the following correctly identifies the relationship between high and low pressure cells and average annual precipitation?
The world's subtropical deserts, which receive under 10 inches of rainfall annually, are found under high pressure systems.
Douglas McCauley argues we should protect natural resources by valuing:
Their cultural significance to humans.
When it comes to pork production, the US is similar to China. Which of the following is true?
There are many small-scale producers, but they only produce a little of the supply.
Which of the following is true?
There is likely more air pollution in a car during a commute on a sunny day.
What is occurring in the region around the Chilkat River in Alaska that allows chum salmon to spawn during the winter months?
Thermal springs heat and break up the ice.
Why are diseases such as AIDS, which reduce population density, undermining the ability of developing countries to make the transition to more modern, industrialized societies?
They are causing "demographic fatigue," which leaves these countries without a professional class.
Why do soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola dominate the GM crop market?
They are ingredients in processed foods, so they are more easily accepted
They are often keystone species.
They are often keystone species.
Why do cows require a large quantity of feed, proportional to body size?
They take time to grow and have a low energy conversion efficiency.
One of the key elements of climate is precipitation, which helps to determine the distribution of Earth's biomes. Add Average Annual Precipitation to the map. Add Biomes and select Split map window. Which of the following biomes is most likely to be found in areas that average 80 or more inches of precipitation a year?
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Which of the following biomes features distinct wet and dry seasons?
Tropical dry forest
In North America, which of the following climate zones fall within areas that have mean January temperatures of 15° to 17° Celsius (C) (59° to 62.6° Fahrenheit, or F)?
Tropical, subtropical hot desert (BWh)
Which statement correctly describes the urban geography of Europe?
Urban populations are likely distributed across multiple urban areas within one country.
Why is variety in crop plants important for "food security"?
Varieties contain genes that, through conventional breeding, might confer resistance to disease.
Human-caused climate change is affecting the boreal forests/taiga and tundra biomes due to rising temperatures, changes in precipitation, and other phenomena such as wildfires. For example, in 2016, a devastating wildfire destroyed about 6,000 square kilometers of forest around Fort McMurray and nearly overwhelmed the city itself. Over time, these effects will bring about changes in the geographic distribution of these biomes and the types of land cover in this region. Add Global Surface Warming: Worst-Case Projections. Refer to the arrow you drew with the Annotate feature in Part D. Based on the temperature change that is predicted to occur according to the worst-case projections of global surface warming, which of the following answer choices best describes how land cover will most likely change along your line from Fort McMurray, Alberta to Repulse Bay, Nunavut by the end of the twenty-first century?
Warmer temperatures will cause the region of evergreen forest to shift northward.
If you were on a federal agency panel that re-issued grazing permits only on the basis of ecosystem function, which of the following criteria would you use?
Watershed measures such as percent change in bank-side vegetation and % native grass cover versus shrub cover
Based on the data, in which crop did the percent of planted acres using conservation tillage increase the most during the study period?
Wheat
When a species is moved from its native area to a new area, it can become an invasive species and damage its new ecosystem. What is one reason these species are able to do damage to an ecosystem?
When a species is transported, it leaves behind its predators and the diseases that previously kept its population in check. Therefore, the species is able to grow to large and damaging numbers.
Just as climate has affected the settlement and agricultural activities of humans, likewise, humans have extensively modified the physical environment. Such modifications have been facilitated by globalization and urbanization. Human action such as the operation of industrial plants and power generating facilities has increased acid precipitation. Acid rain has the potential to damage forests, kill fish, and damage lakes. Excessive use of water is depleting ground water systems and creating water resource shortages. Reset the map. Select Water Resources Vulnerability. Select Acid Rain (U.S) and Split map window. Compare the two maps and determine which statement is true.
Whereas the Southwest generally has extremely high water resource vulnerability, acid rain is a major issue on the East Coast.
The intensity of solar radiation decreases with increasing latitude from the equator. Additionally, day length also varies with latitude throughout the year. These combined effects drive seasonal variations in temperature by latitude. Show City Labels and select the "+" button to further zoom into North America as necessary to see the appropriate cities. San Francisco, CA is located at approximately 37.7° N while Wichita, KS is at 39.6.5° N. Which of the following best describes the climate and mean January temperature for these two cities?
While San Francisco has a Mediterranean climate with mild winters, Wichita has a humid continental, hot summer climate with cold winters averaging -5° to 0° C.
Many communities are considering river floodplain restoration as a viable alternative to floodwalls and other "engineering solutions." The use of natural system restoration:
Will provide both flood control and ecosystem function benefits.
What is the best description of the yearly temperature range shown by this graph?
Winters are cold and summers are hot.
Mountain gorilla conservation efforts have demonstrated which of the following?
Work across countries can be a success.
You are an ecologist and decide to recreate this study on freshwater snails in Minnesota. How do you replicate the presence of the predator?
You use crushed shells of the same snail species you are studying.
Which of the following would be considered a monoculture?
a 100-acre field, all of which is planted with the same variety of corn
A new power plant is being built in your area. Which of the following would be best for the environment?
a natural gas power plant
lichen is often the first organism to appear in an area that has had all life stripped from it because of some disturbance. What is lichen in this regard?
a pioneer species
If you wanted to represent the relative importance of the trophic levels in a food chain, the most accurate way to do so would be a graph in the form of __________.
a pyramid of energy
Ignoring migration, the age structure diagram of a human population likely to maintain a relatively stable size will have what shape?
a rectangle tapering toward the top
In the Netherlands in 2014, people between the ages of 45 and 54 made up the largest percentage of the population. What factor is most likely to have caused this bulge in the age pyramid?
a surge in the birth rate after World War II ended in 1945
Which of the following biomes has acidic soil with few nutrients and little organic matter?
a tropical rainforest
We will be able to support more people with the same amount of food supply if most people eat which of the following types of diet?
a vegetarian diet
In 2014, how many 25- to 29-year-old women lived in Niger?
about 0.6 million
Enforcement and elaboration of U.S. legislation is given to ________.
administrative agencies
In the Netherlands in 2014, which age classes contained the largest number of people?
adults between 45 and 54
The breakdown of large rocks into smaller pieces is ________.
affected by rainfall, freezing, and thawing
The original Clean Air Act was designed to reduce lead emissions, and the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments were designed to reduce urban smog. As implied by the graph's data, one unintended consequence of the legislation and its amendments was _________.
an increase in water pollution
What will China's age structure look like several decades from now due to its one-child policy?
an inverted pyramid
What does the red line on the graph represent?
average temperature (°C)
Which of the following are probably the most abundant but least understood of all forms of life on Earth?
bacteria
After examining every single cell in your body, you would conclude that humans are made up mostly of __________.
bacterial cells
Raising which of the following requires the most land and water?
beef cattle
What kinds of organisms pollinate three-fourths of our crops?
bees
If global climate change results in an area of temperate grassland receiving less rainfall and higher temperatures, it will ________.
begin to support more desert species
Autotrophs, at the base of the trophic pyramid, exist in greater numbers than organisms at higher levels of the pyramid and also have greater stores of energy as well as greater __________.
biomass
Zero population growth occurs in a population when ________.
birth rate equals death rate and there is no migration
In which of the following ways did neoclassical economics contribute to environmental problems?
by encouraging society to view the supply of resources as infinite
What potential energy-bearing compound is produced through photosynthesis and made available for consumers?
carbohydrates
A new flu strain emerges and scientists rush to stop it before it becomes a pandemic. Which of the following is most likely to be the intermediate host they need to study?
chickens
Which of the following items is most likely to be labeled Fair Trade?
chocolate
Managing crop competitors and pests has been challenging to agronomists for centuries. One approach, integrated pest management, ________.
combines synthetic chemical pesticides with biocontrol techniques
Most of the environmental progress made over the past few decades has come about through __________ methods.
command-and-control
A high concentration of eagles that spend several days in a small region is most likely the result of __________.
concentrated food
Which of these behaviors is not involved in determining the market price of a product?
consumers seeking to maximize external costs
In a country where there are increasingly more households, ________.
consumption should increase
Which of the following soil conservation strategies prevents erosion by using furrows plowed sideways across a hill, perpendicular to the slope of land?
contour farming
Imagine that you are in charge of a new federal program aimed at promoting the adoption of conservation tillage in areas where it is currently underutilized in the United States. To get started, you decide to select a region where there is a large disparity in conservation tillage among crops. In other words, you want to choose an area where conservation tillage is highly utilized on some crops but underutilized on others. In doing so, you hope to harness the expertise and experience of farmers already using conservation tillage to mentor those still using conventional methods. Based on this plan, which two crops from which region would you select to start the program?
cotton and soybeans in the Prairie Gateway
According to the graph's data for lead and MTBE use, from 1992 to 2000 lead emissions ________ and MTBE consumption _________.
declined nearly 100%; increased nearly 200%
In neoclassical economics, the practice of "discounting" is used to ________
decrease the importance and value of future people and goods
In comparison to 1970, the overall percentage of households with 4 or more people in 2000______.
decreased by approximately 10%
In 1960 the ratio of food production to N fertilizer use was 40:15 or 2.7:1. By 2000 the ratio was 1:1. The efficiency of N use in agriculture _____.
decreased—over time we have produced less food with the same amount of N fertilizer
As the price of a good increases, the quantity of that good that buyers are willing to purchase ________.
decreases
According to this diagram, you should find ________.
deserts anywhere in the world where hot and dry conditions prevail
Genetically modified (GM) crops have spread with remarkable speed since their commercial introduction in 1996. From 2007 to 2012, which group of nations saw the greatest increase in GM crops?
developing nations
Aside from contraception, human society and government policy can ________ to control population growth's negative effects on the environment.
discourage population movement into sensitive environmental areas
An ______________ is a social system that converts resources into goods (material commodities made and bought by individuals and businesses) and services (work done for others as a form of business).
economy
Cheetahs are critically endangered. Based on the success of the International Gorilla Conservation Program, which of the following would most benefit cheetahs?
ecotourism
You go to a large grocery store. Which of the following products is likely to have the most different labeling options available?
eggs
Insects serve what beneficial role(s) in agriculture?
essential pollinators and predators
The boreal forests/taiga and tundra biomes cover a vast circumpolar region of northern North America, Europe, and Asia. Land cover across the transition between these two biomes, however, is not uniform. Remove Global Mean Temperature, July. In the Legend, select the Map options icon and then select Show Political Labels and Show City Labels. Select the Annotate feature, then use the Draw an arrow tool to draw an arrow from the city of Fort McMurray, Alberta to Repulse Bay, Nunavut. Turn off the Annotate feature to data probe the map. Which of the following answer choices best describes how land cover changes along the line from Fort McMurray to Repulse Bay?
evergreen forests → savannas → shrublands → grasslands
When a parasite lives inside the human gastrointestinal tract, absorbing some of the human's nutrients at the human's expense, it is considered a(n) __________ interaction.
exploitative
Environmental damage from industry or land development has traditionally been labeled as ________ by economists.
external costs
Published in the 1960s, Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring ________.
focused on chemical pollutants, including industrial chemicals
Since 1960, pesticide use has increased ________ worldwide.
fourfold
Torres-Porras supported his hypothesis. There were 3 major demographic differences that he found between the fenced and unfenced estates.There were a greater proportion of males in fenced estates compared to unfenced estates.When considering just the males in each population, there were a greater proportion of young males in unfenced estates compared to fenced estates.The males in fenced estates had larger antlers on average compared to males in unfenced estates.Scientists communicate their research by publishing papers in scientific journals. These journals are known as primary literature. A scientist will submit a paper to the journal, and other scientists will decide if the research meets the high standards necessary for publication. When Torres-Porras published his research, he needed to make the best possible graphs to represent the results from his study.Select the 3 graphs that best represent the results from the experiment. Drag a check mark to each graph that should be included. Drag an X to each graph that should not be included.
graph 1: Xgraph 2: checkmarkgraph 3: checkmarkgraph 4: Xgraph 5: checkmarkgraph 6: X
Part complete A tax on an environmentally harmful activity or product is called a __________ tax.
green
You spend the night at a hotel and notice a sign in the bathroom asking you to place dirty towels on the floor and to hang up towels that you wish to reuse. By doing so, the hotel chain can help "save the planet" by conserving water and detergent. You recognize that the hotel chain would also save a lot of money by not having to launder so many towels, and you begin to wonder cynically whether the hotel isn't just practicing ________.
greenwashing
Industrial agriculture ________.
has increased our ability to obtain more food from the same area
Bt crops ________.
have been given a bacterial gene that gives chemical protection against pests
Both taiga and tundra ________.
have comparatively low temperatures throughout the year
In comparing the removal of cadmium with the removal of zinc, the alpine penny-cress removed a _____ % and a ____ mass of cadmium than of zinc.
higher, lower
Which of the following has made gorilla conservation even more challenging?
human conflict
Precipitation is just one factor that determines climate zones and biomes. Other factors include temperature and the variability of insolation (solar energy) with latitude and the seasons. Add Climate Zones and replace Average Annual Precipitation. In the Legend, change projection to Albers (North America), then select Show Political Labels. Which climate zone in North America is most closely associated with the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome?
humid subtropical, moist all year, hot summer (Cfa)
When decomposers break down organic molecules, a dark crumbly organic material called __________ that improves soil quality is formed.
humus
Imagine that the i-Tree program was used to determine the value of an urban tree island. Given the abilities and limitations of the i-Tree program, if the parcel is adjacent to high-value commercial real estate, the most likely outcome is:
i-Tree will incorrectly assess the true value of the trees and land because it does not assign monetary values for their inherent natural qualities.
The entire environmental policy process ________.
includes more steps than the average citizen is able to accomplish alone
In order to reduce the number of zoonoses, which of the following would be best?
increase genetic variability in livestock flocks and herds
As the price of a good increases, the quantity of that good that sellers are willing to supply to the market ________.
increases
The most accurate terms describing the trend over the past 50 years for human use of natural resources are ________.
increasing and unsustainable
The most serious problem caused by population growth is ________.
increasing demand for resources
What factor is most likely to have caused the change in the number of bird species that occurred between years 30 and 60?
increasing number of bird habitats
Which of the following is a pathogen?
influenza virus
What features of GM crops make them appealing to farmers? Select all that apply.
insect resistance, increased food yields, drought tolerance
Imagine a large state park near your home. Which of the following are probably the most crucial and essential part of that park's ecosystem?
insects
International environmental policies arise from ________.
international conventions or treaties ``
Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to decrease in size will have what shape?
inverted pyramid
Monoculture farming ________.
is a development of industrial agriculture
The World Bank ________.
is a major source of funds for global economic development
Recombinant DNA ________.
is the merging of DNA from unrelated organisms to create new genetic varieties
According to the figure, Nigeria has a ________ population size than Canada, with a ________ median age and a ________ proportion of the population at postreproductive age.
larger; lower; smaller
Recent, warmer Arctic temperatures have meant that polar bears have __________.
less food and must spend more time swimming
Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species.Which of the following might be first to populate an area after a glacier in northern Alaska melts in response to global climate change?
lichens
Global climate change may cause shifts in biomes because ________.
mean temperature and precipitation for many areas will change
What do the blue bars on the graph represent?
monthly precipitation
Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species (such as flowering plants and bees) "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. The relationship between flowering plants and bees is best described as ________.
mutualism
During the second wave of U.S. environmental policy, in 1872, Congress designated Yellowstone as the world's first __________.
national park
According to the graph, what type of relationship exists between a nation's total fertility rate and its female secondary school enrollment rate?
negative
Compare data from 2004 and 2017. Which of the following farming practices increased in use on South Dakota cropland between 2004 and 2017? Select all that apply.
no-till
What does the left y-axis of the graph represent?
number of breeding pairs per 100 acres
What does the blue graph line represent?
number of species
Secondary succession ________.
occurs after a fire or flood
If a human consumes both plant and animal products, then he or she is considered a(n) __________.
omnivore
All of the following are negative impacts of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) EXCEPT:
overgrazing
The environmental justice movement started because __________.
people realized that environmental damage is not equally distributed among all classes and racial groups; minority and low-income communities tend to contain a much larger share of the environmental damage (such as landfills, incinerators, toxic waste sites, etc.)
Cap and Trade is a system that ________.
permits industries that pollute under the federal cap to sell credits to industries that pollute over the cap
What organisms, abundant in the Arctic ecosystem, produce about half the oxygen we breathe?
phytoplankton
A restoration ecologist may do all of the following EXCEPT:
place levees in sensitive areas to prevent seasonal flooding.
Which of the following is an ecosystem service?
pollination of crop plants
Herbivory is actually a type of ________.
predation
Increasing regulations on wet markets in China may have prevented COVID-19 in which of the following ways?
preventing transmission from the intermediate host to humans
The main obstacle for consumers to organic foods is ________.
price
The O horizon is ________.
primarily composed of organic materials
Based on a comparison of the age-structure pyramids, which of the following would likely be a higher priority in the Netherlands than in Niger?
providing long-term care for the elderly
Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to increase in size will have what shape?
pyramid
In the Arctic, factors that __________.
reduce phytoplankton populations will most likely reduce fish populations
Madagascar's age-structure diagram ________.
reflects a population with a high growth rate
A climax community always ________.
remains in place until a disturbance restarts succession
What keeps a population size stable?
replacement fertility
Which of the following can be caused by irrigation of cropland?
salinization
In the Arctic, scientists are using a device called the "rosette." The rosette helps the scientists __________.
sample water from surface to seabed
Fish that eat zooplankton would be considered ________.
secondary consumers
What does the S that is sometimes included in the I = PAT equation stand for?
sensitivity, to denote how sensitive a given environment is to these pressures that cause more damage for sensitive habitats
When many bald eagles are concentrated within a small region, their feeding behavior usually involves __________.
sharing prey and taking turns feeding on the same organism
Knight describes three "inescapable truths" about today's West. He implies that _______.
the public ultimately benefits because ecologically rich private lands are kept open if ranchers can use public land for grazing
Geographers define biomes in terms of the species and vegetation that occur in a region in the absence of human activity. Land cover maps focus more narrowly on the physical materials that cover the Earth's surface, and they show the existing pattern of vegetation, including modifications made by human land uses such as cropland, rangeland, forestry, and urban development. Reset the map. Add Land Cover. Add Global Mean Temperature, July and select Split map window. In the Northern Hemisphere, which land cover type is associated with mean July temperatures of 8 degrees Celsius and below?
snow and ice, grassland
Recent research suggests that ________ has/have contributed to the large drop in fertility rates in Brazil over the past several decades.
soap operas
The process of soil declining in quality and productivity is called __________.
soil degradation
We lose 5 to 7 million hectares of productive cropland per year to ________.
soil degradation
Overirrigation can result in ________.
soil salinization and waterlogging
As industrial chicken farming increases in Africa, which of the following groups will likely benefit most as a supplier of feed for chickens?
soybean farmers
________ composes/compose just over half of all of the world's GM crops.
soybeans
Which of the following biomes does this climatograph most likely represent?
temperate grassland
Which of the following is/are an abiotic factor?
temperature
The Cucapá hope to negotiate a deal to get more water by talking to those in charge of the allotment. Who are they in discussions with?
the U.S. government
Look at the age-structure pyramids. The numbers between the bars (in the middle of the graphs) serve as the y-axis. What do these numbers represent?
the age classes, in 5-year ranges
The use of biocontrol runs the risk of __________.
the control agent negatively impacting other species besides the species needing to be controlled
Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species.Some models of climate change for North America predict that the grassland regions of the prairie states will become warmer and drier. This would result in ________.
the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions
What do the bars on the graphs represent?
the number of males and females in each age group
Calculate the ratio of the agricultural land index to the population index for 1960 and compare it to the ratio for 2000. The ratios suggest that _____.
the per capita demand on agricultural land has increased over time
At what stage is the United States in the demographic transition model?
the postindustrial stage
What does the y-axis show?
the price of a good or service
Regarding the issue of global warming, until the hurricane season of 2005, the federal government's official stance was that the information available from the scientific community was neither conclusive nor persuasive. This governmental position was probably due to ________.
the private sector's reluctance to change manufacturing and land use strategies
Which of the following is the most accurate definition of economics?
the study of how humans use potentially scarce resources to meet demand
What does the blue graph line represent?
the supply of a good or service
Gross domestic product (GDP) is ________.
the total monetary value of goods and services produced by a country
A trophic cascade is the effect of ________ on ________.
top consumers; lower trophic levels
You wish to decrease your harmful impact on the environment. Which of the following diets would likely be the best choice?
vegan
Which of the following organisms has a feeding pattern most similar to a bald eagle?
vulture
The 2014 age-structure pyramid for Niger indicates that the population of Niger ________.
was increasing
When does the equilibrium price of a product (good or service) occur?
when the supply of the product is equal to the demand for the product
Based on the joined map, which country would be the most likely to experience food insecurity (i.e., experience high food prices and/or suffer from food shortages)?
yemen