Exam 2 Material Elbow/Wrist/Hand

What do the collateral ligaments prevent in the IP joints?

Abduction and adduction by remaining taught throughout IP joint range of motion

What is/are the motion/s of the thumb CMC joint?

Abduction, adduction, flexion, extension

What does the triangular fibrocartilaginous complex (TFC/TFCC) represent?

All of the structures that stabilize and support the distal radioulnar joint

What is the significance of the arrangement of the annular ligament?

Allows the radius to rotate within the annular ligament without binding, stretching, or tearing the synovial membrane

Elbow joint capsule -> Where does the elbow joint capsule attach?

Around periphery of distal end of the humerus and proximal end of the radius and ulna (anteriorly and posteriorly)

Osteology of the radius -> What covers the concaved top of the radial head, and the periphery of the head?

Articular cartilage

What is there a layer of deep to the annular ligament?

Articular cartilage

What makes up the TFCC? And what is their role as a unit?

Articular disc (ulnocarpal disc), palmar radioulnar ligament, dorsal radioulnar ligament, ulnocarpal meniscus homologue; stabilizers for the distal radioulnar joint

What forms the proximal row of the carpal bones?

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform (Some, Lovers, Try, Positions)

Compare the structure of IP joints to MCP joints

Similar in shape to MCP joints except there is a groove going from anterior to posterior on the head of proximal phalanx and a bony ridge on the base of the middle phalanx

What movement occurs at the CMC joint?

Slight sliding/gliding

What movement do the proximal and distal radioulnar joints help with?

Supination and pronation

What type of joint is the MCP joint?

Synovial

What type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint?

Synovial

What type of joint is the CMC joint?

Synovial; it is surrounded by a joint capsule

What is the volar plate slackening going from extension to flexion analogous to?

The axillary recess of the glenohumeral joint

Elbow joint capsule -> True or false; there is an anterior and posterior aspect to the joint capsule

True

True or False; the wrist can move in more planes of motion than the elbow

True

True or false; IP joints also contain palmar ligaments/volar plates and collateral ligaments

True

True or false; We can move the thumb in more directions than CMC joints of digits 2-5

True

True or false; the MCP joint capsule has a number of specialized thickenings associated with it

True

True or false; the heads of the metacarpals and the proximal phalanx are bi-convexed

True

What happens to the true part of collateral ligament as the MCP joint moves from extension to flexion, and what does it allow?

True part becomes lengthened/flexed; allowing us to abduct and adduct in extension and is useful in being able to grab onto something (such as a large object) to be able to grasp it

What are the two parts of the collateral ligaments called and what do they connect?

True part: goes from bone to bone Accessory part: goes from side of metacarpal head and attaches to the volar plate

Elbow collateral ligaments -> What ligament is on the medial side?

Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL)/Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)

Osteology of humerus -> what structure is located behind the medial epicondyle?

Ulnar nerve

What is the main uniting structure of the distal radioulnar joint and what does it do?

Ulnocarpal disc (Fibrocartilaginous articular disc); binds the ends of the ulna and the radius together

Attachment of the annular ligament?

Wraps around the head of the radius and inserts into the posterior aspect of the radial notch on the ulna

What happens during pronation?

Radius crosses over the ulna and the proximal head of the radius spins in the ring formed by the annular ligaments

Osteology of humerus -> what is the rounded bony region only present on the anterior aspect of the humerus?

Capitulum

What other structures are found at the MCP joint on the ulnar and radial sides?

Collateral ligaments

What do the extrinsic ligaments in the wrist do?

Connects carpal bones to the wrist and carpal bones to the bones of the fingers

Osteology of the humerus -> What is the notch above the trochlea and what is its significance?

Coronoid fossa, area where bony process of the coronoid process of ulna moves into during end range motion to allow full motion

Osteology of the ulna -> what is the name of the process at the bottom of the proximal end of the ulna?

Coronoid process

What connects the palmar ligament/volar plate to one another?

Deep transverse metacarpal ligament (Only on digits 1-4)

Elbow joint capsule -> What is the joint capsule made out of?

Dense irregular tissue

what is the interosseous membrane made of?

Dense irregular tissue

What type of tissue is the proximal radioulnar joint made out of?

Dense regular connective tissue

How does the CMC joint of the thumb differ from the CMC joint of digits 2-5?

Distal end of trapezium and proximal base of first metacarpal make up the joint; in one direction the articular surface is convexed, in the other it is concaved

What makes up the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint?

Distal surface of distal row of carpal bones and bases of the metacarpal bones

True or false; the carpal tunnel is NOT a common place for injury

False

True or false; the ulna contributes to the wrist joint directly

False

Verus force

Force that pushes medial side of elbow away from midline, RCL ligaments resists this movement

Valgus force

Force that pushes medial side of elbow toward midline, UCL resists this movement

Elbow collateral ligaments -> In which plane do these ligaments resist movement in?

Frontal

What makes up the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint?

Head of metacarpals and the base of the proximal phalanx

What does the dorsal radioulnar ligament do?

Hug the ulnocarpal disc on the dorsal side

What does the palmar radioulnar ligament do?

Hugs the ulnocarpal disc on the palmar side

Elbow joint -> What joint is formed on the lateral side what forms it?

Humeroradial joint; capitulum and the head of the radius

Elbow joint -> What joint is formed on the medial side what forms it?

Humeroulnar joint; trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch

Osteology of the ulna -> what is the name of the indent on the lateral side of the ulna and what is its significance?

Radial notch, it is where the head of the radius makes contact with the ulna

In what way does the elbow move?

In one plane; only allows flexion and extension

What is the name of the group of ligaments that go between the carpal bones and what do they do?

Intercarpal ligaments; keep all of the bones in position

What connects the radius and ulna at their shafts and what does it do?

Interosseous membrane; helps annular ligament and TFCC

What is the role of the palmar ligament/volar plate?

It is embedded within the palmar aspect of the MCP joint capsule which helps to thicken and reinforce it

As the MCP joint goes from extension to flexion what happens to the proximal part of the volar plate?

It slackens

Why is the ulnocarpal meniscus homologue called a homologue?

It's not 100% fibrous tissue, it's a combination of dense irregular tissue and fibrocartilage

Osteology of the humerus -> what are the medial and lateral bumps on the distal end of the humerus called?

Medial and lateral epicondyles

Osteology of the humerus -> what leads into the medial and lateral bumps of bone (medial and lateral epicondyles)?

Medial and lateral supracondylar ridges

What joint connects the distal row of carpal bones to the proximal row of the carpal bones?

Midcarpal joint

What joint connects the proximal row of carpal bones to the radius?

Radiocarpal joint

Osteology of the ulna -> what is the name of the process at the top of the ulna?

Olecranon process

What structure is on the palmar side of the MCP capsule?

Palmar ligament/volar plate

Where can sets of these extrinsic ligaments be found in the wrist?

Palmar side, dorsal side, radial side, and ulnar side (Palmar extrinsic ligaments, Dorsal extrinsic ligaments, Radial extrinsic ligaments, Ulnar extrinsic ligaments)

Where are interphalangeal (IP) joints located?

Proximal and distal aspects on the middle phalanx

Elbow joint -> What is the name of the joint where the radius and ulna articulate and where is this joint contained?

Proximal radial-ulnar joint; within the elbow joint capsule

What makes up the wrist joint?

Proximal row of carpal bones, radius, TFCC

Elbow collateral ligaments -> what ligament makes up the RCL complex?

RCL, annular ligament, lateral ulnar collateral ligament

Elbow collateral ligaments -> Attachments of RCL, lateral ulnar collateral ligament?

RCL: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and blends into annular ligament Lateral ulnar collateral ligament: Lateral epicondyle of humerus to proximal end of the ulna

Elbow collateral ligaments -> what ligament is on the lateral side?

Radial Collateral Ligament (RCL)/ Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) (technically a complex)

Osteology of the humerus -> What is the notch above the capitulum and what is its significance?

Radial fossa, area where the head of the radius moves into during end range motion to allow full motion

Why does the area on the palmar side have more of these extrinsic ligaments that are thicker?

The palmar aspect is subject to greater amounts of forces, so they are thicker to provide stability and resist these forces

What forms the distal row of the carpal bones?

Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate (That, They, Can't, Handle)

Osteology of humerus -> What is the spool like structure that continues from the anterior surface of the humerus to the posterior?

Trochlea

Osteology of the ulna -> what is the name of the depression in between the olecranon process and the coronoid process?

Trochlear notch

What type of joint is the elbow?

synovial hinge joint

Elbow joint capsule -> What is being nourished by the synovial fluid in this joint capsule?

the cartilage of the humeroradial joint, humeroulnar joint, and proximal radial-ulnar joint

What makes up the distal radioulnar joint?

ulnar notch of radius and head of ulna