Exam 2 MC
_____ refers to the idea that more evidence (data, or how many examples can be cited) increases the support for a conclusion.
Number of observations
_____ is a mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language.
a. a concept
According to Levels of Processing theory, deep processing produces better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in good memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____.
a. auditorially: auditorially
How is cognitive economy represented in the following example: "The property _____ is stored at the _____ node."
a. can fly: bird
Learning in a connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network;
a. connection weight
Imagine you're driving to a friend's new apartment. As you drive you rehearse the address until you arrive. Once there, you start thinking about a nice house-warming gift for your friend. To remember her new address you used a(n) _____ process in STM. a. control b. sensory c. encoding d. automatic
a. control
Given what you have learned about how the phonological loop works, which of the following lists would be the MOST difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? a. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP c. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG b. BIP, TEK, LAN, MOD, RIY d. PIG, DOG, CAT, RAT, HEN
MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
_____ is the idea that people will always seek to maximize their personal gain whenever making a decision.
Expected utility theory
_____ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving.
Gestalt psychologists
If you were to say "A German Shepherd" is my idea of a typical kind of dog", you'd be using the _____ approach to categorization.
c. exemplar
To say "A Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog", you would be using the _____ approach to categorization. a. definitional c. exemplar b. prototype d. family resemblance
21.c exemplar
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model? a. Hidden units. b. Working units. c. Input units. d. Output units.
23 b. Working units.
The word frequency effect refers to the fact we respond more;
24 c. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.
Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, to create sentences, which can then be components of larger structures. This demonstrates the _____ property of language. a. propositional b. relational c. hierarchical d. parallel
24.c. hierarchical
When the first part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end clarifies which meaning is correct, we say the sentence is an example of;
25 d. a garden-path sentence.
Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?
26 e. Family resemblance
The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by;
27 d. the distance that must be traveled through the network.
The idea that the rules governing grouping words in a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the _____ approach to parsing.
28 c. syntax first
Consider the following sentences: "The sidewalk was covered with ice." And, "Ramona fell down". The inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n);
29 a. causal inference
Coherence refers to the;
30 e. representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part.
Two different definitions of _____ offered by the text include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual", and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas".
31. a. concepts
Which of the following is NOT a property/characteristic of the connectionist approach?
32. d. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.
According to the situation model of text processing;
33. d. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.
Which of the following is an example of the "sentence verification technique"?
34. c. Indicate whether the following statement is true: "An apple is a fruit" Y/N
Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n);
novel object.
Actions that take the problem from one state to another are called;
operators.
Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up. The process of looking up unfamiliar words to learn their meaning will increase Ron's;
35. b. lexicon.
Consider the sentence "Because he always jogs a mile seem like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?
36. b. "Because he always jogs a mile..."
The prototype approach to categorization state that a standard representation of a category is based on;
37. d. an idealized or abstract model that includes all the most common features of the category.
If we conducted an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare botanists to those with no specialized knowledge of plants. If we asked each group to name as specifically as possible, five different plants seen on campus, we'd predict the expert group would label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.
38. c. subordinate : basic
The given-new contract is a method for creating;
39. c. comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation
One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments against Skinner's explanation of language learning is that children;
40. e. produces sentences they've never heard before.
Former boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacation with the statement "At our ranch in Texas there are lots of ponds and we take the kids out to fish. And then of course, we grill them." A reader understands that Foreman is referring to grilling the fish, rather than the children, because of a(n) _____ inference.
41. d. anaphoric
Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on;
42. d. the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.
Assume a psycholinguist conducts an experiment with two groups from highly different social and cultural backgrounds. She asked participants in both groups to describe some color tiles and in both cases each group of people could only report as many colors as their primary language had. Such results;
43. b. would support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
Not all the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack scales, yet are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _____ approach to categorization.
44. b. definitional
Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked the to make "warmth" judgments every 15 sec. to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of the experiment was to;
45. c. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.
Glick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves following three steps;
46. d. noticing, mapping, and applying.
Amber lives between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. Usually she takes the street to the south to work each morning, but it's now closed for repairs, but is now taking the street to the north instead. Once the closed street is reopened, if she continues taking the street to the north, even though it's a little longer, it would be an example of;
47. a. mental set
A heuristic is
48. c. a quick 'rule of thumb' to make decisions quickly and efficiently, sometimes at the cost of accuracy.
The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as;
c. encoding specificity
Which of the following statements about the differences between novices and experts when solving a problem is NOT true?
Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.
_____ refers to the idea that the participants in a sample will accurately portray the characteristics of the population the sample is drawn from.
Representativeness of observations
_____ is the behavioral tendency to avoid _____.
Risk aversion : unnecessary risks
_____ is an average representation of the members of a category
a. A prototype
Which of the following is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memory? a. Autobiographical memory can involve both episodic and semantic content. b. When autobiographical memory is impaired, episodic content will cause a blockage of access to related semantic content. c. It's impossible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content but not both. d. Autobiographical memory is highly accurate from as early as 3 months of age.
a. Autobiographical memory can involve both episodic and semantic content.
Kim and Laura have been studying most of the evening for their psychology exam the following day. Both are tired of studying; Kim decides to go to bed and get some sleep, while Laura decides to watch a movie. Based on this info, who do you think will do better on their psychology exam the next day?
a. Kim does better because of reactivation
A study had participants listen to a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording made it difficult for participants to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier. The results of this study illustrate the importance of _____ in forming long-term memories.
a. Organizational context during learning
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your textbook? a. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory. b. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer. c. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory. d. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with iconic memory
a. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory.
Working memory (WM) differs from short-term memory in that; a. WM both holds and processes information. c. STM consists of multiple components. b. STM has unlimited capacity. d. WM has unlimited capacity.
a. WM both holds and processes information.
When we look at an acoustigram of conversational speech, we see the speech signal; a. has no breaks and is continuous. c. has breaks at the words. b. has breaks at the phrases. d. has breaks at the phonemes.
a. has no breaks and is continuous.
According to your text, imagery enhances memory because;
a. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
A property of control processes in the modal model of attention of memory is that they; a. may differ from one task to another. c. do not require attention. b. are difficult to modify. d. are performed without conscious awareness.
a. may differ from one task to another
According to subsequent research on George Miller's proposal about the capacity of STM is 7 (plus or minus 2); a. meaningful units. c. sentences. e. phrases. b. words. d. letters or digits.
a. meaningful units
Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the;
a. neurotransmitter
Chandra has frontal lobe trauma. She is being tested on a problem solving task to assess the nature of her deficits. She is choosing a red object out of others of different color. However, when the doctor asks her to now pick out the blue object, she continues to pick our the red object, even after the doctor tells her she's made an incorrect choice. Chandra is displaying evidence of; a. perseveration. b. visual agnosia. c. sensory decay. d. iconic memory.
a. preservation
The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over again is most likely to;
a. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce long-term memories.
A person with a brain injury resulting in impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty; a. remembering having aced the final in her Cognitive Psychology class. b. recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen. c. recognizing famous people. d. remembering the meanings of words
a. remembering having aced the final in her Cognitive Psychology class.
The Standard Model of Consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is;
a. strongly active when memories are first formed and consolidated, but less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
When two people engage in conversation, if one produces a specific grammatical construction and then the other person does the same, it is referred to as; a. syntactic priming. c. phonemic restoration. b. garden-pathing. d. anaphoric inference.
a. syntactic priming.
Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird".
a. the same as
Imagine that you're walking to class, starting at the Psychology department, and form a mental picture of the route you take to the lecture hall from the department office. Your ability to perform this mental feat relies upon; a. the visuospatial sketch pad. c. the phonological loop. b. the familiarity effect. d. delayed response coding
a. the visuospatial sketch pad.
Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called;
a. transfer-appropriate processing
An algorithm is;
an exhaustive search through all possible decisions to arrive at the best possible decision
The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as;
analogical transfer
The _____ is mistakenly assuming the cause of an event because of frequency of exposure to the event, rather than the actual frequency of all instances of that event.
availability heuristic
Your text discusses the case of Henry Molaison, who underwent brain surgery as a teenager to relieve severe epilepsy. Henry's case has been extremely important for psychology by demonstrating that; a. impairment of one (STM or LTM) leads to impairment of the other. b. STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired. c. LTM can operate normally while STM is impaired. d. a double dissociation exists for STM and LTM.
b STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired
Info in sensory memory remains there before decaying for; a. as long as it's rehearsed. c. 15 - 18 seconds. b. seconds or a fraction of a second. d. 1 - 3 minutes.
b seconds or a fraction of a second
Research seems to indicate that the duration of STM, when rehearsal is prevented, is; a. indefinite. c. just under a fraction of a second. b. 15 - 20 seconds. d. 1 - 3 minutes.
b. 15-20 seconds
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
b. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.
_____ memories are to experiences as _____ memories are to facts. a. Procedural : semantic c. Semantic : implicit b. Episodic : semantic d. Implicit : episodic
b. Episodic : semantic
The _____ states that the nature of a culture's language can affect the way its people think. a. given-new contract c. cooperative principle b. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis d. interactionist approach
b. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Playing "20 Questions" requires using hierarchical organization strategies. The questions usually start at a general level and get more specific to determine the identity of the object. An example of an initial question would be "Is it an animal?", or "Is it a mineral?" These describe which level of categorization? a. Typical. b. Superordinate. c. Basic. d. Subordinate.
b. Superordinate.
The word-length effect means it is more difficult to remember; a. a list of different length words than a list of same length words. b. a list of long words than a list of short words. c. a long list of words than a short list of words. d. a list of same length words than a list of different length words.
b. a list of long words than a list of short words.
In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether; a. a stimulus is presented. c. two stimuli are associated. b. a presented stimulus is a word. d. a statement is true.
b. a presented stimulus is a word.
When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds a box of 20 year old photos from her wedding. As she sorts through the pictures she can't help but feel a sense of joy and cries gently. Seeing those photos of her wedding day has activated her;
b. amygdala
An experiment studying the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include; a. a garden-path sentence. c. two similar sounding letters. b. an extraneous cough. d. a categorical perception task.
b. an extraneous cough.
Carrie answers the phone with "Hello?" The response "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed the response "Hi, Carrie" using an; a. echoic code in SM. c. echoic code in WM. b. auditory code in LTM. d. auditory code in STM.
b. auditory code in LTM
The learning mechanism proposed by Hebb is associated with;
b. both changes at the synapse, and long-term potentiation.
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for _____ of a list. a. the middle words c. the first words b. both the first and last words d. the last words
b. both the first and last words
When studying the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds; a. increases both primacy and recency. c. has no effect on the curve. b. decreases the recency effect. d. increases the primacy effect.
b. decrease recency effect
Not all the members of everyday categories have the same set of features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack scales yet are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _____ approach to categorization
b. definitional
The dramatic case of Clive Wearing clearly illustrates that _____ is crucial for formation of explicit memories, and that the _____ is important for the formation of implicit memories. a. basal ganglia : frontal lobes c. basal ganglia : hippocampus b. hippocampus : basal ganglia d. amygdala : frontal lobes
b. hippocampus: basal ganglia
Chomsky proposed; a. as children learn language, the produce only sentences they've heard before. b. humans are genetically predisposed to acquire and use language. c. language is learned through reinforcement. d. the underlying basis of language varies across cultures.
b. humans are genetically predisposed to acquire and use language.
Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of;
b. increased transmission efficiency between the neurons.
Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who use sign language, they; a. lose the ability to communicate. b. invent their own sign language. c. demonstrate compensatory regeneration of auditory pathways. d. speak out loud even though they can't hear themselves.
b. invent their own sign language.
According to Endel Tulving, the defining property of episodic memory is that it; a. involves both explicit and implicit memory. b. involves mental time travel. c. accesses knowledge about the world that doesn't have to be linked to a specific personal experience. d. always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened.
b. involves mental time travel
Jill's friends tell her they think she has a very good memory, so one day she decides to test herself on it. At work each day her supervisor gives her a to-do list, but instead of checking them off the list, she decides to memorize the list. On Monday she is able to memorize 90% of the tasks. On Tuesday her recall drops to 80%. By Friday it has dropped to 30%. This drop in her memory performance is most likely due to; a. failure of echoic memory. c. anterograde amnesia. b. proactive interference. d. failing to "chunk" the items on the list.
b. proactive interference
Lucy is helping Kendra get used to her new racing bicycle. She explains that the shifters and brake levers are integrated, and that different actions with the levers either shift the gears, or activate the brakes. These skills that Lucy has acquired from her own experience with cycling are an example of _____ memory. a. working b. procedural c. semantic d. autobiographical
b. procedural
These multiple choice questions are examples of a _____ test. a. word-completion c. personal semantic memory b. recognition memory d. recall memory
b. recognition memory
The statement "The Beatles broke up in the early 1970's" is an example of what kind of memory? a. Autobiographical b. Semantic. c. Episodic. d. Procedural.
b. semantic
The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation. a. connectionist network c. neural network b. semantic network d. parallel distributed processing
b. semantic network
In Sperling's study of iconic memory, compared to the whole report task, the partial report task involves; a. a smaller stimulus set. c. a longer response delay. b. a smaller response set. d. a shorter response delay.
b. smaller response set
Syntax is; a. the way people pronounce words in conversation. b. the rules for combining words into sentences. c. the meanings of words. d. the mental grouping of words into phrases and sentences
b. the rules for combining words into sentences.
Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with US and Itzai participants. Given the results, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, US participants would answer _____ and Itzai participants would answer _____. a. oak : oak b. tree : oak c. oak : tree d. tree : tree
b. tree : oak
Which of the following is is the best example of a basic level category?
b. truck
Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrated that for the best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created;
by the person whose memory will be tested
Which of the following examples best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
c. Although Emily doesn't often think about her first boyfriend, she can't help but have memories of him when "their song" (the first song they danced to) comes on the radio.
Which of these statements best describes Levels of Processing theory?
c. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better encoding.
Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cortex? a. Frontal and parietal. c. Frontal and temporal. b. Parietal and occipital. d. Temporal and parietal.
c. Frontal and temporal.
According to Levels of Processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a list of words?
c. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned.
Which of the following is MOST CLOSELY modeled on the way the nervous system operates?
c. Parallel Distributed Processing Theory
Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network? a. Enhancement from priming. c. Parallel distributed processing theory. b. Semantic network theory. d. The prototype approach.
c. Parallel distributed processing theory.
Which of the following members most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "bird" category? a. A crow. b. A goose. c. A sparrow. d. A hummingbird
c. Sparrow
The example of a brief episode of retrograde amnesia, such as when a football player is hit particularly hard and can't recall the last play, reflects;
c. a failure of memory consolidation
Explicit memory is to _____, as implicit memory is to _____. a. self : other c. awareness : unawareness b. semantic : episodic d. primacy : recency
c. awareness: unawareness
Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted from the property units. a. error verification c. back propagation b. spreading activation d. graceful degradation
c. back propagation
_____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted or altered, to a more permanent state in which they are resistant to this
c. consolidation
Peterson & Peterson found their participants could remember the three letter strings (like QEX and RDZ) with 80% accuracy after 3 seconds, but only about 12% accuracy after 18 seconds. They concluded this performance decrease was due to _____, but Keppel & Underwood later showed it was due to _____. a. decay : lack of rehearsal c. decay : interference b. priming : interference d. interference : decay
c. decay: interference
The definitional approach to categorization; a. is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects. b. sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. c. doesn't work well for most natural objects like plants and animals. d. was proposed to replace the prototype approach.
c. doesn't work well for most natural objects like plants and animals.
Our brief sensory memory for sound is called _____ memory a. iconic b. auditory c. echoic d. linguistic
c. echoic
Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus; a. acts as a cue telling the participant his/her response was correct. b. relates to a prototype in a way that is unrelated to associated exemplars. c. facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely after. d. disrupts the processing of another stimulus.
c. facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely after.
The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of chairs even though no one category member may have *all* the characteristic properties of chairs is known as; a. prototypicality. c. family resemblance. b. instance theory d. graded membership
c. family resemblance
The primary function of "chunking" is to; a. visually supplement auditory info with visual encoding. b. maximize the recency effect. c. increase capacity of STM. d. increase memory by grouping items based on sound
c. increase capacity of STM.
Your text describes an Italian woman who after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily happenings. Her memory deficit reflects; a. intact procedural memory, but defective episodic memory. b. intact semantic but defective episodic memory. c. intact episodic memory, but defective semantic memory. d. intact episodic memory, but defective procedural memory.
c. intact episodic memory, but defective semantic memory
Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different identification task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as red and green, than when presented with "poor" examples such as fuschia or teal. The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.
c. prototype
The primacy effect is attributed to; a. forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items. b. recall of info still active in STM. c. recall of info stored in LTM. d. a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list.
c. recall of info stored in LTM
Jeanne loves to dance, and has done ballet for many years. She's now learning Salsa; although the steps are very different from what she's familiar with, she's developed a strategy of linking the new steps she's learning with her previous experiences in ballet and her own love of dancing. This is a _____ encoding strategy.
c. self-reference
Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of _____ memory. a. iconic b. auditory c. semantic d. episodic
c. semantic
Which of the following is NOT an example of implicit memory? a. Procedural memory. c. Semantic memory. b. Classical conditioning. d. Repetition priming.
c. semantic memory
A researcher had participants read each of the following sentences and measured the time to read each one. Sentence 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Sentence 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard. a. sentence 2 : word superiority c. sentence 1 : word frequency b. sentence 2 : word frequency d. sentence 1 : word superiority
c. sentence 1 : word frequency
Failures of the modal model to explain some kinds of memory behaviors, such as rehearsal, challenged the model's conceptualization of; a. sensory memory. c. short term memory. e. implicit memory. b. explicit memory. d. long term memory
c. short term memory
Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model. a. cognitive economy c. spreading activation b. back propagation d. typicality
c. spreading activation
Wickens' "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because; a. tomatoes are actually fruit. d. the stimulus category changed. b. the response task changed. e. the response task remained the same. c. the stimulus category remained the same.
c. stimulus category remained the same
Jenkins & Russell (1952) presented a list of words such as "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. When tested, they recalled the words in a different order. This happened because of the;
c. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.
When the beam from a flashlight is moved quickly around on a wall in a dark room, it can appear as if there's a trail of light on the wall, even though the beam is at a given spot for only a fraction of a second. This experience occurs because of a. top-down processing. c. visual persistence. b. episodic buffer. d. echoic memory.
c. visual persistence
The _____ states that the probability of two events occurring together cannot be higher than the probability of either even occurring alone.
conjunction rule
In an experiment where participants are briefly flashed (for approximately 50 ms) a sequence of letters and are then told to write them down in the same sequence they were presented, it is most likely that the letter "P" will be misidentified as; a. "I" ' b. "R" c. "S" d. "C" e. "L"
d. "C"
According to Rosch, the _____ level of categories is the "psychologically privileged" level of category reflecting people's everyday experience.
d. Basic
Which of the following is true of the semantic network approach?
d. Concepts are represented by patterns of activation in the network.
Which of the following is NOT a conclusion based on the cases of Clive Wearing and Henry Molaison? a. STM and LTM can operate independently. b. STM and LTM are controlled by different mechanisms. c. Implicit memory relies on the basal ganglia pathway. d. LTM is unaffected by hippocampus damage. e. The hippocampus is necessary for formation of new LTMs.
d. LTM is unaffected by hippocampus damage.
In the classic Bill Murray move "Groundhog Day", his character Phil Connors grows increasingly frustrated as he experiences the same day over and over again. With each "new" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of; a. distributed practice. c. reconsolidation. b. mental time travel. d. repetition priming.
d. Repetition Priming
According to Baddeley & Hitch's model of working memory, which of the following tasks would LEAST affect a person's driving performance on an unfamiliar winding road? a. Imagining what an interesting painting from a museum looks like. b. Remembering a map of the area they're driving in. c. Mentally picture how many knobs are on their kitchen stove. d. Thinking about the definition of an unusual word they just learned.
d. Thinking about the definition of an unusual word they just learned.
A memory research participant is given a list of words to memorize. One week later she is tested on the list. If one of the words was "Pear", which of the following words, which actually didn't occur on the memorized list, would most likely be incorrectly recalled? a. Bear. b. Fear. c. Pair. d. Apple. e. Rear.
d. apple
An experimental task with the instructions "Read the following word list while repeating "the" out-loud, look way, and then write down the words from the list" would most likely be studying; a. central executive processing. c. the visuospatial sketchpad. b. echoic memory. d. articulatory suppression.
d. articulatory suppression
One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.
d. connectionist
Sperling's experiment using the delayed partial report task demonstrate that; a. information in STM must be rehearsed to encode it into LTM. b. sensory memory has a limited capacity. c. STM and LTM are separate components of memory. d. information in visual sensory memory decays in less than a second
d. information in visual sensory memory decays in less than a second.
According to the typicality effect; a. objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. b. objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered. c. we remember typical objects better than non-typical objects. d. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.
d. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.
It's easier to do two mental tasks at the same time if; a. both are handled by the phonological loop. b. the central executive is distracted during the dual task. c. both are handled by the sketchpad. d. one is handled by the sketchpad, and the other by the phonological loop.
d. one is handled by the sketchpad, and the other by the phonological loop
Lamar is attending a company function at his new workplace. His supervisor introduces him to his new coworkers in small groups over the course of the event, introducing each of the coworkers by first name. At the end of the event, Lamar realizes he can only remember the names of the people in the last group of people he met. This is an example of; a. proactive interference. c. phonological similarity. b. the cocktail party effect. d. retroactive interference.
d. retroactive interference
The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true; a. only when we disagree with them. b. unless we are told explicitly that the statements are false. c. only when we agree with them. d. simply because we've been exposed to them before. e. only when we are aware we've seen them before.
d. simply because we have been exposed to them before
Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This revealed that when we experience events; a. semantic and episodic memories about events tend to last about the same time in LTM. b. semantic memory of events is enhanced when it is not interfered with by associated episodic content. c. episodic memory for events lasts longer than semantic memory for events. d. the knowledge making up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory
d. the knowledge making up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.
Recent research on memory, based largely on classical conditioning of a fear response in rats, indicates that;
d. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a juice company. Sales of their calcium enhanced OJ were poor, and the product was cancelled. Her factory still had three cases of the produce, and she was told she could have them. With the cartons, she made several bird feeders and seedling planters, and a fort for her four year old son. This use of the cartons represents;
divergent thinking.
Suppose you have been studying for your Japanese vocabulary test for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to studying for your biology mid-term and do much better. You are experiencing; a. biological independence. d. retroactive inhibition. b. the self-reference effect. e. release from proactive interference. c. disinhibition.
e. release from proactive interference
Retrograde amnesia is typically less severe for _____ memories
e. remote
Experts categorize problems based on;
general principles the problems share.
The "fortress problem" involves a castle and marching soldiers, while the "radiation problem" involves a tumor and X-rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different;
surface feature
Work with brain injured patients such as Clive and Henry reveals that _____ memory does not depend on conscious awareness. a. declarative and non-declarative c. implicit and procedural b. personal semantic and remote d. semantic and episodic
implicit and procedural
A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, analyzing the discussions, she identifies particular problem solving techniques. This an example of _____ research.
in-vivo problem solving
Decisions based on _____ are usually going to be correct, but there's always the chance they could be mistaken.
inductive reasoning
Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem, the;
initial state
In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _____ state.
intermediate
The _____ states that as the size of the sample increases, it will become steadily more representative of the population it's drawn from.
law of large numbers
Based on the behavior of HM who had his hippocampus removed to cure epilepsy, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in;
long-term memory acquisition
The solution to the "candle problem" involves realizing that the;
match box can be used as a shelf
Jack is a psychology grad student studying _____. To study this topic, he researches several sources, but decides not to consult several of them after more than a cursory inspection because he doesn't feel they accurately represent the current state of psychological knowledge on the topic
myside bias.
Experimental evidence suggesting the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data showing that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of _____ memories.
recent and remote episodic
The Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving a process that involves;
reorganization or restructuring
The Gestaltist's "circle problem" in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate;
representation and restructuring.
The _____ is assuming something belongs in a particular group because it shares features with that group, but is actually a member of a different group.
representativeness heuristic
Newell and Simon's early work on problem solving was based on the idea that it is a processing involving;
search
The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well learned, it may prevent us from;
seeing more efficient solutions.
The predominant type of coding in LTM is; a. concrete. b. semantic. c. phonological. d. implicit.
semantic
Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represent the _____ problem.
source
In analogical problem solving, the _____ problem is the one the participant is trying to solve, and the _____ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching a solution.
target : source
The base rate is;
the relative frequency at which an event/person occurs in the population.
Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because;
the solution is immediately obvious.
Insight refers to;
the sudden realization of a problem's solution.
Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that;
the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of solving
Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinger solution of a problem?
two-string
The best description of think aloud protocols is that they are used to determine;
what info a person is attending to while solving a problem.
Confirmation bias is;
where we favor info confirming our position, and discount evidence contradicting it.