Exam 2 Multiple Choice

17. In the context of goal setting, SMART stands for A) specific, measurable, aligned, results-oriented, time-bound. B) specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, time-bound. C) sequential, measurable, aligned, results-oriented, time-bound. D) sequential, measurable, attainable, realistic, time-bound. E) specific, measurable, attainable, results-oriented, time-bound.

E

26. During a class lecture, Mike finds himself thinking about an argument he had last night with his girlfriend. Mike is displaying A) mindfulness. B) multitasking. C) PsyCap. D) negative emotions. E) rumination.

E

30. The concept of ________ is defined as a state of being completely involved in an activity for its own sake. A) mindfulness B) flourishing C) virtuousness D) achievement E) flow

E

32. ________ groups are assigned by organizations or managers, while ________ groups form when the members' purpose of getting together is friendship or a common interest. A) Departmental; divisional B) Focus; interest C) Organizational; individual D) Task; maintenance E) Formal; informal

E

40. In ________, one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party. A) mediation B) negotiation C) integration D) devil's advocacy E) conflict

E

44. Conflict is considered to be dysfunctional when A) it involves the compromising or integrating conflict handling styles. B) it involves alternative dispute resolution. C) it involves groupthink. D) it involves a devil's advocate. E) it hinders organizational performance.

E

49. The dean of Roan College is looking for a new head of admissions. She wants to be sure that Roan College has an admissions program with the highest standards. As the committee interviews various candidates, the dean tries to point out potential flaws in each person. She is playing the role of A) promoter. B) integrative specialist. C) dialectic advocate. D) dysfunctional conflict manager. E) devil's advocate.

E

5. Gerry, one of your subordinates, seems to care so much about being liked that he rarely states strong opinions in meetings of your department. Based on this, Gerry probably has a A) strong need for personal power. B) strong need for achievement. C) low need for achievement. D) strong need for institutional power. E) strong need for affiliation.

E

56. Rachel bought a table at a thrift store for $20. She had a feeling it might be valuable. When cleaned up and assessed, the table turned out to be an antique from the 1700s, worth $3,250. What was Rachel using to make her decision? A) explicit knowledge B) rationalization C) evidence-based decision making D) satisficing E) intuition

E

59. In the ________ bias, a decision maker is influenced by the first information received about a decision, even if it is irrelevant. A) confirmation B) framing C) availability D) representativeness E) anchoring

E

13. Which of the following statements about goals and goal setting is not true? A) Goals direct attention. B) Goals increase persistence. C) Goals should be set at a level just beyond reachable "stretch" goals. D) Goal achievement leads to job satisfaction. E) Specific goals lead to higher performance.

C

2. ________ results when an individual gains satisfaction and self-praise from an assignment. A) Extrinsic motivation B) Job dissatisfaction C) Intrinsic motivation D) Organizational citizenship behavior E) Job satisfaction

C

10. Chuck is concerned with what he considers to be an unfair situation at work. Although he put in 10 hours of overtime last week, he received the same pay as a co-worker who didn't put in any overtime. This week he decided to take an extra hour for lunch every day. Using the terminology of equity theory, Chuck has decided to A) decrease his inputs. B) increase his inputs. C) decrease his outcomes. D) increase his efficiency. E) increase his outcomes.

A

12. To enhance a worker's expectancy, a manager could A) give feedback and coach the employee. B) explain to the worker why he or she should trust the organization. C) get to know what rewards employees value. D) link rewards to desired outcomes. E) set specific, measurable goals.

A

15. The goal of the job characteristics model is to A) increase intrinsic motivation in jobs. B) apply scientific methods to job design. C) guide managers in applying job-swapping techniques. D) guide the goal-setting process. E) increase extrinsic motivation in jobs.

A

3. According to ________, the typical perspective held by managers is that employees dislike work, must be monitored, and can be motivated only with rewards and punishment ("carrots and sticks"). A) Theory X B) Theory Y C) motivator-hygiene theory D) acquired needs theory E) self-determination theory

A

34. Group members tend to be uncertain and anxious about such unknowns as their roles, the people in charge, and the group's goals during the ________ stage. A) forming B) conforming C) storming D) norming E) performing

A

36. A ________ is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. A) team B) informal group C) virtual team D) mature group E) formal group

A

4. In Maslow's needs hierarchy theory, ________ is the lowest level and ________ is the highest level. A) physiological; self-actualization B) love; esteem C) physiological; esteem D) safety; self-actualization E) safety; esteem

A

45. Which of the following situations is most likely to produce conflict? A) Maria cannot finish her report until Juan provides the financial spreadsheet. Juan is late and Maria is afraid she won't meet her deadline. B) Joe finishes his part of the project and then passes it to Marge for her part of the assignment. Each recognizes their role. C) John, Paul, and Peter have each been given additional resources for their three projects. D) Claire and Michele are on a tight deadline. Their manager comes in and says that they have an extra week to complete the assignment. E) The sales force at DNY Company follows clear and reasonable policies and rules.

A

47. ________ is employees' shared perceptions of policies, practices, and procedures of an organization. A) Climate B) Groupthink C) Culture D) Civility E) Socialization

A

50. The styles of conflict handling are differentiated along two dimensions: A) concern for others and concern for self. B) internal and external. C) social and cognitive. D) perceptual and real. E) functional and dysfunctional

A

1. ________ refers to the amount of effort that we invest in an activity. A) Direction B) Intensity C) Integration D) Volume E) Persistence

B

11. ________ are the three elements of expectancy theory. A) Expectancy, institution, and variance B) Expectancy, instrumentality, and valence C) Expectancy, institution, and values D) Expectancy, instrumentality, and values E) Expectancy, instrumentality, and variance

B

16. ________ is the set of processes and managerial behaviors that involve defining, monitoring, measuring, evaluating, and providing consequences for performance expectations. A) Performance appraisal B) Performance management C) Performance review D) Goal setting E) Coaching

B

18. Avoiding extreme judgments and rating people and objects as average or neutral is known as the ________ perceptual error. A) leniency B) central tendency C) halo D) recency E) contrast effects

B

22. Positive practices that escalate positive outcomes because of their associations with positive emotions and social capital are having a(n) ________ effect. A) mindful B) amplifying C) positivity D) attentional E) buffering

B

23. Prosocial behaviors are A) mindful acts of kindness. B) positive acts performed without expecting anything in return. C) acts performed to build friendships. D) an essential part of corporate social responsibility. E) part of PsyCap.

B

24. Chris just finished a calculus test. Afterward, he walked all the way across campus without being aware of anything or anyone he passed. Chris is being A) mindful. B) mindless. C) thoughtful. D) delinquent. E) positively deviant.

B

35. In which stage of the group development process do group members resolve their power struggles so that something can be accomplished? A) forming B) norming C) storming D) performing E) conforming

B

38. Michele is a freelancer who works with a publishing company on an editorial team. She resides in Connecticut, while the company is based in Illinois. Michele attends team meetings via Skype and is in constant email contact. This is an example of a(n) ________ team. A) intranet B) virtual C) self-managing D) internet E) cross-functional

B

39. A(n) ________ helps guide behavior as well as avoid and overcome conflict. A) strategic plan B) charter C) contract D) agenda E) norm

B

46. Carol and Dee have never gotten along. Carol feels that Dee acts superior, while Dee believes that Carol just tries to please everyone. This is ________ conflict, which is defined as interpersonal opposition based on individual dislike or disagreement. A) programmed B) personality C) devil's advocate D) distributive E) integrative

B

54. ________ is the idea that decision makers are restricted by constraints when making decisions. A) Holistic intuition B) Bounded rationality C) Explicit knowledge D) Optimal satisfaction E) Normative intuition

B

58. We all use shortcuts or ________ when making decisions. A) bounded rationality B) judgmental heuristics C) holistic hunches D) rational thought E) personal biases

B

20. Negative reinforcement is A) weakening a behavior through contingently presenting something displeasing. B) strengthening a behavior by contingently presenting something pleasing. C) strengthening a behavior by contingently withdrawing something displeasing. D) weakening a behavior by ignoring it. E) weakening behavior by contingently withdrawing something positive.

C

27. ________ is the characteristic of PsyCap that consists of having confidence. A) Health B) Hope C) Efficacy D) Resilience E) Effectiveness

C

28. Hope consists of A) faith and charity B) self-confidence and kindness. C) willpower and waypower. D) dependability and compassion. E) optimism and creativity.

C

29. Flourishing represents the extent to which our lives contain PERMA— A) position, equanimity, respect, money, and acceptance. B) positive emotion, enrichment, relationships, money, and acceptance. C) positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement. D) peace, emotions, reflection, management, and action. E) positive emotions, enrichments, realism, meaning, and action.

C

31. ________ are powerful forms of social control that influence group and member behavior. A) Common identities B) Outcomes C) Group roles and norms D) Cross-functional rules E) Group and team cohesiveness

C

33. A person who clarifies key issues for a group has taken on the role of A) initiator. B) orienter. C) information seeker/giver. D) evaluator. E) elaborator.

C

37. ________ teams are created with members from different disciplines within an organization, such as finance, operations, and R&D. A) Virtual B) High extraversion C) Cross-functional D) High introversion E) Self-managed

C

41. Which of the following situations is most likely to result in conflict? A) independent tasks B) clear job boundaries C) competition for limited resources D) clear policies, standards, and rules E) realistic expectations

C

48. Teddy is a project manager at a consulting firm. He travels a lot and works very long hours. When he's home, he is always checking e-mail. He has a three-year-old son and a brand-new daughter, and his wife is upset that he doesn't help more. He is experiencing A) dysfunctional conflict. B) incivility. C) work-family conflict. D) functional conflict. E) conflict handling issues.

C

51. The ________ model of decision making assumes that managers are completely objective and possess all information for their decisions. In this model, decisions demonstrate excellent logic. A) intuition B) satisficing C) rational D) evidence-based E) holistic

C

57. ________ bias is especially evident in entrepreneurs who are deciding to start and sustain new ventures. A) Confirmation B) Escalation of commitment C) Overconfidence D) Representativeness E) Framing

C

6. ________ theory assumes that competency, autonomy, and relatedness influence our behavior and well- being. A) Job characteristics B) Herzberg's motivator-hygiene C) Self-determination D) Acquired needs E) Expectancy

C

14. Randall wants to put more variety into his assistant's job by combining specialized tasks of about the same level of difficulty. This is A) vertical loading. B) job enrichment. C) job rotation. D) job enlargement. E) scientific management.

D

19. Carolyn is a very likable employee. Recently, her boss rated her at the highest level in all areas of performance, even though in some areas her performance did not warrant this judgment. This is an example of a ________ perceptual error. A) contrast B) recency C) leniency D) halo E) central tendency

D

21. ________ is a key input to positivity from person factors. A) Flourishing B) Amplification C) Positive deviance D) Mindfulness E) Buffering

D

25. Dr. Beswick was writing questions for a test, but found herself listening to reggae music coming from an adjoining office, and thinking about her upcoming trip to the Caribbean. She is experiencing A) PsyCap. B) positive deviance. C) mindfulness. D) attentional deficit. E) attention delinquency.

D

42. Which of the following statements about conflict is true? A) Organizations experiencing excessive conflict tend to also be apathetic, uncreative, and indecisive. B) Conflict should be completely eliminated across the organization. C) Use of technology and virtual teams can minimize conflict. D) Organizations can suffer from too little conflict. E) Conflict should be encouraged in some departments and discouraged in others.

D

43. Harry, Marsha, Eve, and Don are discussing ways to increase sales. Harry and Eve want to stick with the current sales promotion plan created four months ago. They say it needs more time to show results. Marsha and Don disagree; they feel sales have continued to decline and will not turn around. As the discussion progresses, various alternatives are proposed. Harry then suggests a modification to the current sales promotion plan that meets with everyone's approval. This is an example of the benefits of ________ conflict. A) dysfunctional B) alternative resolution C) integrative D) functional E) escalating

D

52. Nicole is a manager at a fast food restaurant. She is under a lot of pressure from headquarters to increase her monthly profits. Nicole isn't sure what the solution is for her financial dilemma. She decides to use the rational decision-making model to determine the best path for a solution. The problem has already been defined by headquarters. Now Nicole has to A) implement a solution. B) identify additional opportunities. C) evaluate the alternative solutions. D) generate alternative solutions. E) evaluate the solution.

D

53. ________ is solving problems by producing the best possible solution. A) Rationalizing B) Using intuition C) Satisficing D) Optimizing E) Minimizing

D

55. Madetra makes low-priced leather handbags and wallets. They keep their costs down, but have to cut some corners. Now, their rate of return is 25 percent. Madetra considers this a(n) ________ or "good enough" solution. A) minimizing B) optimizing C) rationalizing D) satisficing E) intuitive

D

60. Oliver was known for his innovative promotional ideas. His boss loved listening to his presentations and trusted his ideas. Though Oliver's ideas started to get monotonous after a while, his boss took only his ideas and did not accept ideas from others. Which of the following was Oliver's boss using? A) anchoring B) creativity C) inclusion heuristic D) availability heuristic E) fundamental attribution error

D

7. Inez was content with her job at Pieces Packaging until the company added two levels of supervision, lowered bonuses, and decreased breaks. Her current dissatisfaction reflects ________ factors. A) achievement B) motivating C) affiliation D) hygiene E) relatedness

D

8. Wayne is on the production line for Medical Services Inc. He has been there for five years and has won Employee of the Month more than anyone else. Zander, his coworker, who has only been at Medical Services three years and hasn't even been nominated for Employee of the Month, just received a promotion. Wayne perceives a A) positive output. B) positive inequity. C) negative expectancy. D) negative inequity. E) negative output.

D

9. Brian has a Master's degree in electrical engineering and brings 10 years of experience to his current job. He puts in long hours of hard work. Brian receives a salary of $75,000, medical and dental coverage, and two weeks of paid vacation every year. From Brian's perspective, which of the following is an input in the individual-organization exchange relationship? A) medical coverage B) his salary of $75,000 C) dental coverage D) his Master's degree in electrical engineering E) paid vacation

D