Exam 2 Review

Chisholm offers a distinction between doing something and making something happen. On Chisholm's view of human action, which descriptions involve doing something and which involve making something happen? -Brewing a cup of coffee -Changes in the brain from deciding to brew a cup of coffee

-Brewing a cup of coffee: doing something -Changes in the brain from deciding to brew a cup of coffee: making something happen

Weirob doesn't think that she will survive bodily death if the psychological continuity view is correct, because...

-For a person to actually remember some event, their body had to be there at the time. -There is a difference between seeming to remember and actually remembering

According to Parfit, what two (false) assumptions do people make in thinking about personal identity?

-It is always clear that either a person has persisted through time or they have not. -Our answers to the question of personal identity are important for thinking about personal survival

According to the Psychological Continuity view of personal identity, what two conditions are needed to preserve identity through time?

-One and the same "flow of consciousness" through time. -Overlaping memories at each moment of life.

In Chisholm's shooting example, which actions must be open to the agent for them to act freely? (Select all that apply) -shoot -not shoot

-shoot -not shoot

Suppose that I steal 100 dollars from you. But for the theft you could have invested that 100 dollars to earn 200 dollars. According to Nozick's principle of rectification, it would say that I owe you....

200

Chisholm thinks that factors that diminish freedom can be: internal external randomness All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following are premises in Hume's argument for thinking that freedom is compatible with determinism? -Free will is a lack of constraint or compulsion - an ability to do what you want. -Our imagination and inference from cause and effect lead us to confuse being caused to do what one wants with being constrained or compelled to act against one's will by some external force. -A deterministic agent is not necessarily constrained or compelled against their will. -All of the above

All of the above

What is the "original position"? -All of the answers listed -The position from which the principles of justice are to be chosen -A position behind the veil of ignorance -A position in which one is stripped of contingent features of one's person

All of the answers listed

According to Hume, what explains our tendency to think deterministic agents are unfree is that we are guilty of making a conceptual confusion about the concepts ______________ and ___________________.

Freedom / Determinism

According to Hume, we can directly observe the causal connection between two events.

False

According to Nozick, historical principles of justice look at a particular distribution of holdings at a given time and are not at all sensitive to how the distribution came about.

False

Chisholm claims that determinism threatens human freedom because, if it is true, then we are not the true source of our actions.

False

For Hume, we can know by observation the necessary causal connection between a person's actions and their beliefs, desires, and character traits.

False

In a well-ordered society, according to Rawls, the maximum possible satisfaction, summed across its members, is achieved.

False

Nozick's Principle of Acquisition says that we come to own things by mixing our labor with previously unowned material.

False

Nozick's entitlement theory allows for someone to come to possess a monopoly over the water supply.

False

For Rawls... -Inequality is okay in a society if everyone is the better for it -Inequality is never okay in a society -Inequality is okay so long as it produces a greater amount of happiness -Inequality is okay only if most people would agree to it

Inequality is okay in a society if everyone is the better for it

Rawls thinks that Laissez-faire capitalism cannot preserve justice because it rejects the fair value of equal political liberties. Why does Rawls think this the case?

It allows for massive disparities in wealth, and gives more political influence to those who are richer.

In the Fission cases, why does Parfit think that it is not true that you survive as only one of the two recipients?

It would arbitrary to pick one future recipient rather than another.

According to Rawls, which economic systems would preserve background conditions of justice?

Liberal socialism and Property-owning democracy

What is the main point of the brain transplant and brain fission cases offered by Parfit?

There is sometimes no definitive answer to questions of personal identity

According to the entitlement theory, no one is entitled to a holding except by (repeated) applications of the principles of acquisition and transfer.

True

Chisholm believes that both determinism and indeterminism threaten the existence of free will.

True

For Hume, the human will is composed of a person's desirings, believings, and valuings.

True

For Parfit, it is possible for two persons to survive being transplanted into a single body.

True

If Chisholm's view of human freedom is correct, then even if we know everything about a person (e.g., their beliefs, desires, character), we still cannot predict with 100% accuracy what that person will do in the future.

True

On Rawls's account, the principles of justice are chosen behind a veil of ignorance.

True

Parfit thinks that, if his argument is successful, we should not fear death.

True

To say that persons A and B are numerically identical is just to say that A and B are one and the same person.

True

To say that persons A and B are qualitatively identical is just to say that A and B share in similar attributes (e.g., eye color, personality).

True

Weirob thinks that it is insufficient for a person actually remembering some event that their memories are caused by past experiences. This is because, assuming the psychological continuity view of personal identity, it would be possible for one and the same person to exist in multiple places in the world at the same time.

True

In the Perry dialogue, when Gretchen Weirob wants reassurance that she will survive bodily death, she is asking about whether her survival is ________________.

imaginable

For Parfit, what matters in personal survival is...

psychological connectedness

Hume's description of necessity involves the idea that the future in some way _______ the past.

resembles

There are two conditions for Justice in Transfer according to Nozick, these include:

voluntary exchange and gift