Exam 2 Review
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of eating omega-3 fatty acids? 1. increasing blood pressure 2. relaxing blood vessels 3. reducing blood triglycerides 4. reducing inflammation
1. increasing blood pressure
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total protein intake is...
10% to 35% of total kcal
Which of the following foods is made of monounsaturated fatty acids and why? 1. butter, because it has no double bonds in its fatty acids 2. olive oil, because it has one double bond in its fatty acids 3. butter, because it has double bonds in its fatty acids 4. olive oil, because it has no double bonds in its fatty acids
2. olive oil, because it has one double bond in its fatty acids
The Food and Nutrition Board recommend that total fat intake should be ____ of total daily calories (also known as the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range or AMDR for fat).
20-35%
Joe is 5 feet, 10 inches tall and weighs 200 pounds. What is hes BMI?
28.7 Explanation: BMI = (200 lb × 703) ÷ (70 in × 70 in) = 28.7 kg/m2.
Basal metabolism is the largest component of total energy expenditure, typically accounting for 60% to 75% of total energy needs. What would decrease your basal metabolic rate?
A low calorie intake
State the AMDR for protein. Calculate an individual's recommended protein intake (RDA).
AMDR: 10-35% of calories RDA: .8 g protein per kg of body weight per day women: 46 g/day men: 56 g/day
How can amino acids be used in cells?
Amino acids can be converted to nonessential amino acids.
Triglycerides
An energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid. -makes up 95% of all fat
Waist circumference is a measure of...
Central obesity
What does fat add directly to a meal?
Enticing flavor and aroma
Saturated Fats
Fats that are solid at room temperature. Health implications- may increase risk for heart disease because it raises LDL cholesterol
List and describe the roles of protein in the body and explain protein balance.
Forms insulin, most enzymes, muscles, and bones
Characterize foods in terms of protein amount and quality and also identify proteins that are complementary.
High in protein- fish, poultry, cheese, eggs, milk, most soybean products Complementary proteins- grains and legumes
Description of gallstone formation
High-fat and high-cholesterol diet increases the cholesterol content of bile.
Which part of the chemical structure differentiates one amino acid from another?
Its side chain
What happens to protein synthesis when an essential amino acid is in short supply?
Protein synthesis is limited.
Describe the different types, structures, and functions of lipids including fatty acids.
Types- triglycerides (broken up into fatty acids and glycerol), phospholipids, sterols Structures-
What does the anus do in protein digestion and absorption?
Very little protein is present in the feces by the time it reaches this part of the large intestine.
Vegan diets are often low in ____, on account of animal foods being excluded from the diet.
Vitamin B12
Define LDL
arises from VLDL and carries mostly cholesterol to cells
Define HDL
arises mostly from the liver and intestines and carries cholesterol from cells to other lipoproteins and to the liver form excretion
The liver secretes ____ to emulsify fats in the chyme in the small intestine.
bile
Edema appears when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because...
blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts into extracellular spaces.
What is a peptide bond and what are the 3 kinds?
bond between amino acids 1. Dipeptide: Two amino acids strung together. 2. Tripeptide: Three amino acids strung together. 3. Polypeptide: More than three amino acids strung together.
Define Chylomicron
carries absorbed lipids from the small intestine to body cells
Define VLDL
carries to body cells mostly triglycerides taken up from the bloodstream by the liver as well as any fat made by the liver
Sterols
cholesterol-- Vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile
Before they can be transported through body fluids, dietary lipids must be packaged as lipoproteins called ____.
chylomicrons
What two forms can unsaturated fatty acids can exist in?
cis and trans
The unsaturated fatty acids can exist in one of two structural forms. When hydrogens on an unsaturated fatty acid lie on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond, a ____ formation exists. The ____ form occurs when hydrogens on both carbons forming the double bond lie on opposite sides of the bond.
cis, trans
When a person eats more protein than his body needs, the extra protein is...
converted to glucose or fat.
The nitrogen from amino acid breakdown is...
converted to urea
Fatty acids are classified based on the degree to which the carbon chain is saturated with ____.
hydrogen
The chemical element found in all amino acids but not found in either carbohydrates or fats is...
nitrogen
omega-3 fatty acids
polyunsaturated fatty acids commonly found in fish oils that are beneficial to cardiovascular health. -most important is the linolenic acid -alson includes EPA, DHA, and ALA
What does the small intestine do for fat digestion?
site of most fat digestion and absorption
What is a triglyceride?
three fatty acid chains connected to a glycerol backbone
Describe the components of energy expenditure and the factors that affect BMR.
*basal metabolism = body processes - food digestion* Factors: age (higher when younger) , height (taller and heavier people = higher BMR), growth (goes up as growing), body composition (more lean tissue=higher the BMR), fever (goes up), stress & environmental temp (adapting to change, raises), fasting/starvation (lowers bmr to conserve energy), malnutrition (lowers), thyroxine (the more thyroxine = higher).
Describe functions of fat in the body and in foods.
-provide nutrients -transport nutrients -provides energy and used as fuel -stored as emergency reserve -provides padding and insulation -makes up cell membranes -lots of sensory appeal (flavor, texture, etc.) -satiety (or satisfaction with what we ate) -converted to bile, Vitamin D, and hormones
Quick, large changes in weight are most likely the result of all of the following EXCEPT... 1. Changes in fat stores. 2. Changes in body fluid content. 3. Changes in electrolytes and fluid balance. 4. Changes in the lean tissues such as muscle.
1. Changes in fat stores.
Explain the protein synthesis process
1. The DNA code is transferred by mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of the cell 2. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the DNA code to the ribosomes, where protein translation occurs 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) adds amino acids one at a time according to the mRNA instructions to form a polypeptide chain 4. Polypeptide chain twists and folds into three-dimensional structure of the intended protein
Components of amino acid structure
1. central carbon 2. amino group (contains nitrogen) 3. acid group 4. R group or side chain
What are components of an anti-atherosclerotic lifestyle.
1. dietary pattern high in fruits and veggies 2. includes 30mins of physical exercise everyday 3. dietary pattern low in trans and saturated fats 4. smoking cessation
Which of the following is NOT true of lipids in the body? 1. Lipids store energy. 2. Lipids are part of enzymes. 3. Lipids insulate the body. 4. Lipids are part of cell membranes.
2. Lipids are part of enzymes.
Which statement is TRUE about protein digestion and absorption? 1. Polypeptides are much better absorbed in the small intestine than single amino acids. 2. Protein digestion first begins in the acidic environment of the small intestine. 3. Proteins are broken down into individual amino acids and absorbed in the small intestine. 4. The nitrogen group is removed before amino acids can be absorbed.
3. Proteins are broken down into individual amino acids and absorbed in the small intestine.
What does the liver do in protein digestion and absorption?
The portal vein delivers absorbed amino acids to this organ, where they go on to enter the bloodstream.
What is denaturation?
When heat, acid, alkaline solution, or extreme agitation interrupts the forces between the amino acids in a strand. The strand becomes unwound. The amino acids remain strung together, however. This unfurling allows the enzymes access to start snipping peptide bonds at specific locations. Denaturation occurs in the acidic environment of the stomach during digestion.
What does the stomach do in protein digestion and absorption?
Where pepsin and acid work to digest protein.
omega-6 fatty acid
a fatty acid containing a carbon-carbon double bond between the sixth and seventh carbons from the omega end. -most important is linoleic acid
Phospholipids
a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
Fish oil capsules are associated with a(n) ____ in rheumatoid arthritis symptoms and some behavioral disorders and cases of mild depression. (decrease or increase?)
decrease
Omega-3 fatty acids ____ inflammation in the body. (decrease or increase?)
decrease
Omega-3 fatty acids tend to ____ blood clotting. (decrease or increase?)
decrease
Use of omega-3 fatty acids as a dietary supplement may ____ circulating triglyceride levels in the blood. (decrease or increase?)
decrease
Describe the consequences of consuming too much or too little protein.
deficiency: marasmus and kwashiorkor excess: heart disease, kidney disease, adult bone loss
Summarize healthy strategies for achieving and maintaining healthy body weight.
eating habits, physical activity and behavior modification -set realistic goals -5-10% of weight -one or two pounds a week is safe. -keep records. can help you see trends. -appropriate calorie intake -adequate, variety intakes (fruits, veggies, nuts, and legumes, fish, whole grains, unsaturated oils) -choose foods low in energy density -meal plan -increased physical activity -follow MyPlate guidelines -when loosing weight, maintain it
Coconut oil is ____ in saturated fatty acids than butter and beef fat.
higher
Diets high in trans fatty acids tend to ______ a person's risk of heart disease.
increase
Omega-6 fatty acids ____ clotting and ____ inflammation in the body. (decrease or increase?)
increase, increase
essential polyunsaturated fatty acids
linoleic acid- found in corn, safflower, soybean, mayonnaise linolenic acid- found in fish, canola oil, soybean oil, flax seed, chia seed
The salivary glands, stomach, and pancreas secrete ____ enzymes to break down triglycerides into monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol.
lipase
A fatty acid is ____ if it contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
polyunsaturated
A fatty acid is ____ if it contains no carbon-carbon double bonds
saturated
What does the liver do for fat digestion?
secretes bile to emulsify fats
What does the pancreas do for fat digestion?
secretes pancreatic lipase and other enzymes for fat digestion
Characteristics of Marasmus
severe energy and protein deficit, little to no fat stores, little muscle mass and poor strength, anemic, can't heal well, diarrhea
Characteristics of Kwashiorkor
severe malnutrition in children resulting from a diet excessively high in carbohydrates and low in protein, belly bulges from enlarged liver because lack of proteins to carry fat out of the liver, liver can't function properly so they have low immunity and toxins
What does the stomach do for fat digestion?
small amounts of fat digestion by gastric lipase
What does the mouth do for fat digestion?
small amounts of fat digestion by salivary glands
Immediately after absorption, the products of fat digestion are resynthesized into triglycerides within the cells of the ____.
small intestine
The products of fat digestion (monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol) are absorbed into the cells of the ____.
small intestine
Identify the strengths and limitations of vegetarian and meat-containing diets.
strengths of veg: defense from obesity, lower heart disease, lower BP, lower cancer-they have to eat healthier things to get needed nutrients strengths of omni: in pregnancy and infancy, in childhood, no risk of B12 and other deficiencies, basically easier to get needed nutrients
Functions of protein in the body
synthesizes enzymes, supports the immune response, forms structure of bones, synthesizes hormones
When protein is converted to glucose or fat, nitrogen is eliminated from the body via...
the kidneys.
monounsaturated fats
Fats that are liquid at room temperature and become cloudy at colder temperatures. Health implications- decrease LDL, but do not effect HDLS
polyunsaturated fats
Fats that are liquid at room temperature. Health implications- may decrease risk for heart diseases, lower LDL, but also lower HDL Ex: Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
What does the small intestine do in protein digestion and absorption?
Final digestion of amino acid chains to single amino acids occurs in the walls of this organ.
Describe protein digestion, absorption, and metabolism.
1. It starts in the stomach where partial protein is digested by stomach acid and enzyme pepsin. Denaturation occurs here as well. 2. Next it moves to the pancreas where enzymes will digest polypeptides into the small intestine. Into di and tri peptides. 3. Final digestion of peptides happens in the small intestine. The partially digested proteins trigger release of the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) which makes the pancreas release protein-splitting enzymes, such as trypsin. 4. The amino acids are then absorbed and transported to the liver, following which they enter the bloodstream. 5. Finally little dietary protein is present in feces.
Describe lipid digestion, absorption, and transport in the body.
1. Starts in the stomach where only small amounts of digestion occurs through salivary and gastric lipase enzymes. 2. Next it moves to the liver where bile digests and absorbs fat by emulsifying lipids in the digestive juices. 3. Following, it moves to the pancreas where it pushes the fat into the small intestine along with enzymes, including pancreatic lipase. 4. In the small intestine the majority of digestion and absorption occurs. Long-chain fatty acids are packaged as chylomicrons then transported through the lymph and then the bloodstream. 5. Finally it passes through the large intestine on its way to the anus. Less than 5% of ingested fat is normally excreted in feces.
Identify the recommendations for fat intake from the Food and Nutrition Board (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) and the American Heart Association.
1. The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat intake for adults is 20-35 percent of overall calories 2. Saturated fat should be limited to less than 300 milligrams per day 3. Keep trans fat intake as low as possible
Describe BMI and other ways to assess weight, body composition, and fat distribution, and identify their limitations. Calculate and interpret BMI & interpret waist measurements to assess chronic disease risks.
BMI=body mass index- an indicator of health risk from obesity or underweight, calculated by dividing the weight of a person bythe square fo the persons height. Other ways: skinfold measures- the thickness of a fold of skin on the back of arm, triceps, below shoulder blade, or in other plases using a caliper, waist circumference- measured snugly around the waist, DEXA (dual-energy Xray absorptiometry)- two x-rays differentiate among fat-free soft tissue, fat tissue, and bone tissue and determine total fat and its distribution. *> or equal to 35 inches higher risk for obesity women > equal to 40 inches higher risk for obesity for men*
What is NOT a component of plaque? Oxidized LDL, Platelets, Chylomicron, or Calcium
Chylomicron
What is the average protein content per serving (cup or ounce-equivalent) of each MyPlate food group
Dairy: 8-10 g/cup Fruit: <1 g/cup Veggies: 2-3 g/cup Grains: 2-3 g/oz Proteins: 7 g/oz
Define atherosclerosis and identify dietary, lifestyle, blood lipid levels, and blood pressure measurements that are helpful or harmful for cardiovascular disease risk.
Definition: the condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries. leads to cardiovascular disease, hardening of the arteries, blood clots, etc. it is the most common form of CVD Helpful: increase whole grains, fruits and veggies, things high in viscous fiber, & omega-3 fatty acids. physical activity. Harmful: a diet high in saturated and trans fat. high blood triglycerides. hypertension.
Describe the structure of proteins and explain why adequate amounts of all the essential amino acids are required for protein synthesis.
Each has an amine group (contains nitrogen) at one end and an acid group (COOH?) at the other plus a distinctive side chain (called the R group) that makes each amino acid different from each other. Proteins contain nitrogen which are the building block of protein. without these essential nutrients, our bodies can't make the proteins needed to do work.
Desctiption of heart disease
Excess weight and enlarged adipose cells cause increases in LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, blood clotting, and inflammatory factors.
Description of erectile disfunction in men
Excess weight causes inflammation and reduced function of blood vessels.
Description of sleep apnea
Excess weight in the upper body places pressure on the lungs and pharynx.
Description of liver damage
High-fat diet and weight gain lead to excessive fat accumulation in the liver.
What is a potential problem associated with taking individual amino acid supplements?
Impaired absorption of other amino acids
Which of the following is an essential fatty acid? Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, Palmitic acid, or Stearic acid
Linoleic acid
Identify food sources of different types of lipids including saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol.
Saturated- lard, butter, bacon, fatty meats, tropical oils Monounsaturated- canola and olive oil, avocado, nuts, peanut butter Polyunsaturated- soy, safflower, corn oils, nuts, fish
What is a ribosome?
This is the unit inside of a cell that reads the mRNA copy of the DNA. It facilitates the creation of a protein (or strand of amino acids) by using the code written on mRNA and pairing the code with free amino acids in the cell. It is the location in the cell that peptide bonds are formed between amino acids.
Explain why plant oils are hydrogenated and describe the health implications of trans-fats.
Trans fats are oils that have been chemically-altered (through a process called hydrogenation) from their original liquid states, into solid shortening. It adds Hydrogen and is more saturated.
Why do food manufacturers use trans fatty acids like partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in packaged and processed foods?
Trans fatty acids increase a food's shelf life.
What does the pancreas do in protein digestion and absorption?
Triggered by CCK, this organ releases trypsin for the digestion of proteins.
What is the most common type of lipid in foods and in the body?
Triglycerides
Which of the following foods is cholesterol free? butter, whole milk, turkey (light meat), peanut butter
peanut butter
What is a good food source of EPA and DHA?
fish
Triglycerides are the most common lipid found in food and in the body; they consist of a ______ backbone attached to __#__ ____ acids.
glycerol, three fatty
These lipoproteins are transported from the gastrointestinal tract to the rest of the body via the ____ system.
lymphatic
A fatty acid is ____ if it has only one carbon-carbon double bond
monounsaturated
Olive oil contains mostly ____ fatty acids.
monounsaturated
