Exam 2 Review Sheet

A lawyer most likely has ( ) intelligence

Analytical

Roberto kept seeing signs on the highway advertising Pizza Hut. He started to salivate at the possibility of having a slice of pizza/ The signs were a. conditioned stimuli b. conditioned responses c. unconditioned responses

a. conditioned stimuli

Benjamin entered a pizza-eating contest when he was in college. He finished five large pizzas by himself, but he felt nauseated and threw up a few hours later. For several years, the sight and smell of pizza made him feel sick. In this scenario, Benjamin's aversion toward pizza occurred through ( ) a. counter conditioning b. classical conditioning c. neither a or b

a. counter conditioning Positive reinforcements adds certain behavior Negative reinforcement removes certain behaviors

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers? a. they increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed b. they focus on decreasing unwanted behavior rather than increasing good behavior c. they involve the removal of a pleasant stimulus d. they involve the application of an aversive stimulus

a. they increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed

Roy hypothesized that children ages 6-10 have more hours of "screen time" per day than children ages 11-14 do. In order to test this hypothesis, he has to provide a specific description of behaviors which he would count as "screen time". This specific description of the behavior to be counted is called a. the theory b. the operational definition c. neither a or b

b. the operational definition

Which of the following statements is true in the context of classical conditioning? a. an unconditioned stimulus cannot elicit a response prior to conditioning b. Reflexes cannot be unlearned c. Reflexes can be learned by association

c. Reflexes can be learned by association Every person is born with reflexes. But some reflexes can be learned. Ex: Driving and seeing a deer -- hitting the brakes

Positive reinforcement ( ) the probability of a behavior occurring, and negative reinforcement ( ) the probability of a behavior occurring. a. decreases; increases b. increases; decreases c. neither a or b

c. neither a or b Punish. = decrease behavior Reinforce. = increase behavior

Brandon had a fear of dogs. To extinguish this fear, his mother baked him his favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to him while he ate the cake. In this scenario, Brandon's mother used ( ) to cure his fear. a. counter conditioning b. negative reinforcement c. neither answer

c. neither answer

Sternberg's 3 types of intelligence

creative, analytical, practical

The processes of memory?

encoding, storage, retrieval

In conditioning, the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned is ( )

generalization

Gardner's 8 Multiple Intelligences

linguistic/verbal, logical/mathematical, spatial, body/kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist

Ability to solve problems to which there are no preexisting solutions and no proven formulas

Creative

The ability to do things that are unique and beneficial and to generate novel combinations out of existing elements describes what?

Creativity

True or False: Telling your young child on Monday that their good behavior will be rewarded on Saturday is more effective than giving them an immediate reinforcer

Flase The best way to change behavior is by acting immediately.

True or False: Food, water, and warmth are primary positive reinforces and pain can be considered a primary negative reinforcer

True

True or false: If you learn how to do something once, and then forget it, you will relearn it more quickly than you originally learned it

True

True or false: Anterograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma and retrograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma.

True Retro -- prior to Antero -- after

True or False: Systematic desensitization is a form of counter conditioning

True Step by step exposures to things that scare people

Memories of the events that happen to a person

Episodic Memory

True or False: In classical conditioning, generalization is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur

False Extinction (not generalization)

In operant conditioning, voluntary responses cannot be conditioned

False Voluntary responses -- operant cond. Involuntary responses -- c.c.

Mental repetition of information to keep it in memory?

Maintenance rehearsal Ex: Chunking

A procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations to the target behavior is

Shaping approximation

A behavioral fear reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning; fear evoking stimuli are presented continuously in the absence of herm so that fear responses are extinguished is ( ).

Systematic desensitization

Stages of Memory?

sensory, short term, long term